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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Molecular-based reclassification of the bovine enteroviruses.

Bovine enteroviruses are currently classified into two serotypes within the species Bovine enterovirus (BEV). Comparison of the sequences of six American and eleven German BEV isolates with published BEV sequences revealed the necessity to revise the taxonomy of these viruses. Molecular data indicate that the bovine enteroviruses are composed of two clusters (designated BEV-A and -B) each with two and three geno-/serotypes, respectively. Whereas low amino acid identity of the capsid proteins 1C (VP3) and 1D (VP1) is the main criterion for the discrimination of geno-/serotypes, the BEV clusters, presumably representing species, differ in sequence identity of all viral proteins. In addition, characteristic lengths of (i) the capsid proteins 1B, 1C and 1D, (ii) the 2C protein, and (iii) the 3'-non-translated region are observed. The BEVs can be distinguished from the other enteroviruses by sequence identity and unique features of the 5'-non-translated region, i.e. a conserved second cloverleaf and characteristic RNA structures of the internal ribosome entry site. Phylogenetically, the closest relatives of the bovine enteroviruses are the porcine enteroviruses. Incongruent phylogenies of the 5'-non-translated region, the capsid proteins and the 3D polymerase indicate frequent intraserotypic and interserotypic recombination within the non-capsid and the capsid region of the BEV genome.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1987

Studies on the classification of bovine enteroviruses.

Bovine enteroviruses isolated from cattle and other ruminants in various areas of the world were classified into three distinct serotypes by cross-neutralization tests using criteria established for the differentiation of human enteroviruses. According to Western blot analysis, however, immunodominant structural polypeptides VP1 of the viruses tested have common epitopes, recognized by antisera to each of the three serotypes. These findings indicate that non-neutralizing epitopes on VP1 are generally conserved. It is, therefore, conjectured that bovine enteroviruses were derived from a common ancestor.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Preliminary crystallographic analysis of bovine enterovirus.

Bovine enterovirus (BEV) strain VG-5-27 derived from an infectious cDNA clone has been crystallized as extended hexagonal plates. Virus recovered from crystals produced cytopathic effect in BHK cells. These crystals diffract X-rays from high energy synchrotron sources to beyond 2.7 A. The crystal system is monoclinic, space group P2(1) with unit cell dimensions a = 388 A, b = 390 A, c = 360 A, beta = 113 degrees. The virion is 300 A in diameter and one whole particle constitutes the crystallographic asymmetric unit, giving rise to 60-fold non-crystallographic redundancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Application of genome sequence information to the classification of bovine enteroviruses: the importance of 5'- and 3'-nontranslated regions.

Comparative genomics of viruses in evolutionary and phylogenetic studies is well established. Previous nucleic acid sequence analyses have demonstrated that enteroviruses and rhinoviruses of the family Picornaviridae exhibit a similar structure of the 5'-nontranslated region (NTR) differing significantly from the 5'-NTR of cardiovirus, aphthovirus, hepatovirus, and echovirus 22 (provisionally parechovirus 1). Available nucleotide sequence information of the 5'- and 3'-nontranslated regions of more than 70 serotypes of enteroviruses, bovine enteroviruses and rhinoviruses has been compared and correlated with previous findings obtained after analysis of the coding and noncoding genome regions. As a result, the 5'- and 3'-NTRs of all three virus groups are characterized by group-specific nucleotide sequences. Focusing on bovine enterovirus (BEV) serotypes, unique characteristics in all secondary structures of the NTRs were observed. These features clearly separate the BEVs from the human enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Concerning the 5'-NTR, the most remarkable property is an insertion of about 110 nucleotides between the putative cloverleaf structure at the very 5'-end of the viral genome and the IRES element. This insertion was demonstrated for BEV 1 and 2 and has a predicted folding pattern which is very similar to the 5'-cloverleaf structure. One stem-loop of this second cloverleaf is almost identical to the 3CDpro-binding domain of rhinoviral 5'-cloverleafs. It was also demonstrated that the IRES elements and the 3'-NTRs of both, enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, have group-specific features which differ significantly from the corresponding genome regions of BEV. These results suggest that bovine enteroviruses hold an exceptional taxonomic position besides the established genera Enterovirus and Rhinovirus. Within the Enterovirus and Rhinovirus genera, the existence of virus clusters representing subgenera was previously proposed. Whereas the 5'-NTRs of the four human enterovirus clusters fall into two groups, all four clusters have characteristic secondary structures at the 3'-NTR supporting the concept of enterovirus clusters. For rhinoviruses, the existence of two virus clusters was confirmed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The inactivation of a bovine enterovirus and a bovine parvovirus in cattle manure by anaerobic digestion, heat treatment, gamma irradiation, ensilage and composting.

A bovine enterovirus and a bovine parvovirus seeded into liquid cattle manure were rapidly inactivated by anaerobic digestion under thermophilic conditions (55 degrees C), but the same viruses survived for up to 13 and 8 days respectively under mesophilic conditions (35 degrees C). The enterovirus was inactivated in digested liquid manure heated to 70 degrees C for 30 min, but the parvovirus was not inactivated by this treatment. The enterovirus, seeded into single cell protein (the solids recovered by centrifugation of digested liquid manure), was inactivated by a gamma irradiation dose of 1.0 Mrad, but the parvovirus survived this dose. When single cell protein seeded with bovine enterovirus or bovine parvovirus was ensiled with cracked corn, the enterovirus was inactivated after a period of 30 days, while the parvovirus survived for 30 days in one of two experiments. Neither the enterovirus nor the parvovirus survived composting for 28 days in a thermophilic aerobic environment when seeded into the solid fraction of cattle manure. It was concluded that, of the procedures tested, only anaerobic digestion under thermophilic conditions appeared to be reliable method of viral inactivation to ensure the safety of single cell protein for refeeding to livestock. Composting appeared to be a suitable method for the disinfection of manure for use as a soil conditioner.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1976

Immunoglobulin concentrations and bovine enterovirus inhibitors in fetal bovine fluids.

Fluids from 53 bovine fetuses ranging in age from 90 to 240 days were examined for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) and neutralizing activity to ten bovine viruses. Non-specific inhibitors to bovine enteroviruses were found in serum, allantoic, and amniotic fluids of most samples tested. In most cases, serum IgG were within normal values. Neither IgG nor IgM was detected in amniotic fluids, whereas 2 samples of allantoic fluid contained traces of IgG.

Allantois↗
PubMed2026

Development of a rapid antiviral screening assay based on GFP reporter virus of bovine enterovirus.

In recent years, bovine enterovirus (BEV) has been increasingly associated with diarrhea in cattle in China, posing new challenges for disease control in the cattle industry. However, the mechanisms underlying BEV pathogenesis and virulence remain poorly understood. Infectious cDNA clones provide a powerful tool for dissecting viral replication and pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we generated a full-length infectious cDNA clone of the BEV-F isolate HB19-1. Three overlapping fragments spanning the complete viral genome were amplified by RT-PCR and assembled downstream of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter placed immediately upstream of the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR). To establish a reporter virus system, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was inserted between the 5'UTR and the N terminus of VP4, followed by a 2A cleavage sequence (IKTAG) at the C terminus of GFP. The recombinant rHB19-GFP virus was successfully rescued. Growth curve analysis demonstrated that rHB19-GFP exhibited slower replication kinetics at early time points relative to the parental HB19-1 virus, with no significant difference in their peak viral titers. This GFP-expressing reporter virus enables convenient monitoring of BEV replication and provides a useful platform for antiviral screening. Using this system, we found that 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA) inhibited BEV replication, suggesting its potential as an antiviral candidate. Overall, the rHB19-GFP infectious clone developed here offers a practical tool for studying BEV biology and for identifying antiviral compounds against BEV.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Morphogenesis of picornaviruses: characterization and assembly of bovine enterovirus subviral particles.

Bovine enterovirus-I (BEV-I) infection results in the production of a low amount of infective virus. A large number of non-infectious virus particles can be detected in BEV-I lysates by haemagglutination. Attempts to isolate DI particles that might be responsible for this effect failed. However, infected cells were shown to contain large amounts of 80S particles as well as lesser amounts of 160S, 130S, 45S, 14S and 5S particles. The proportion of these subviral particles detectable by density gradient sedimentation depended on the ionic strength of the gradient buffer. At high ionic strength 130S particles were transformed into 160S particles, and 45S into 80S particles. The polypeptide composition of each virus particle was examined. Pulse-chase experiments confirmed that 80S particles were the predominant virus particles accumulating. No precursor-product relationship could be established for the 80S particle, although 5S and 14S particles were shown to be precursors of mature virus particles.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of virucidal activity of three commercial disinfectants and formic acid using bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO virus), mammalian orthoreovirus type 1 and bovine adenovirus type 1.

A modified version of the test method of the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) was developed using formic acid and three commercial disinfectants to evaluate virucidal activity against three non-enveloped viruses, bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO virus), mammalian orthoreovirus type 1 and bovine adenovirus type 1 (BAV 1). Determination of the effects of temperature was carried out at 20 and 10 degrees C. All tests with protein load used bovine serum albumin (BSA) and yeast extract. The investigations were performed in suspension tests and in carrier tests using poplar wood virus carriers. The carrier tests showed that ECBO virus could be inactivated at 20 degrees C with 1% formic acid within a 60 min reaction time. For disinfection of ECBO virus at 10 degrees C within 60 min, a 2% concentration of formic acid was necessary. Formic acid was ineffective against reovirus and bovine adenovirus and cannot be recommended as a reference disinfectant. Inactivation of ECBO virus and adenovirus type 1 using a disinfectant containing aldehydes and alcohols could be achieved, but only at room temperature. The disinfection of reovirus type 1 at room temperature with this product was possible without a protein load. This disinfectant exhibited disinfection ability at 10 degrees C at a concentration of more than 2% or with a longer exposure time. A disinfectant containing aldehydes was effective at room temperature but its effect was reduced in the presence of organic matter. Inactivation at 10 degrees C was found only against adenovirus. The fourth disinfectant, which contained peroxiacetic acid, inactivated all test viruses at a concentration of 0.5% within 15 min independent of temperature and protein load.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An indirect sandwich ELISA for the identification of bovine enteroviruses.

An indirect sandwich ELISA is described for the detection of bovine enteroviruses. The assay was developed as an alternative to the complement fixation test and proved to be more sensitive and convenient. Ten bovine enterovirus prototype strains were easily discriminated. No cross-reactions were observed with other picornaviruses including foot-and-mouth disease viruses, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine enteroviruses and bovine rhinovirus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bovine enterovirus as an oncolytic virus: foetal calf serum facilitates its infection of human cells.

Many viruses have been investigated for their oncolytic properties and potential use as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Most of these replication-competent viruses are human pathogens. We investigated the oncolytic properties of an animal virus which is non pathogenic for both its natural host and humans. Bovine enterovirus has previously been shown to exhibit a very wide tissue tropism for cell types in vitro. We compare the ability of bovine enterovirus to replicate in and to cause cytopathic effect in freshly isolated human monocytes and monocyte derived macrophages with the monocyte-like U937 tumour cell line. We also include the adherent ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell line. We have also carried out infections of bovine enterovirus in the presence and in the absence of serum of bovine origin. Our study shows that the virus will replicate in and produce cytopathic effect in the U937 and ZR-75-1 cell types to the same extent as the cells (BHK-21) in which the virus is routinely propagated. We believe bovine enterovirus to be a worthwhile candidate for further study as an anti-tumour agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bovine enterovirus 2: complete genomic sequence and molecular modelling of a reference strain and a wild-type isolate from endemically infected US cattle.

Bovine enteroviruses are members of the family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus. Whilst little is known about their pathogenic potential, they are apparently endemic in some cattle and cattle environments. Only one of the two current serotypes has been sequenced completely. In this report, the entire genome sequences of bovine enterovirus 2 (BEV-2) strain PS87 and a recent isolate from an endemically infected herd in Maryland, USA (Wye3A) are presented. The recent isolate clearly segregated phylogenetically with sequences representing the BEV-2 serotype, as did other isolates from the endemic herd. The Wye3A isolate shared 82 % nucleotide sequence identity with the PS87 strain and 68 % identity with a BEV-1 strain (VG5-27). Comparison of BEV-2 and BEV-1 deduced protein sequences revealed 72-73 % identity and showed that most differences were single amino acid changes or single deletions, with the exception of the VP1 protein, where both BEV-2 sequences were 7 aa shorter than that of BEV-1. Homology modelling of the capsid proteins of BEV-2 against protein database entries for picornaviruses indicated six significant differences among bovine enteroviruses and other members of the family Picornaviridae. Five of these were on the 'rim' of the proposed enterovirus receptor-binding site or 'canyon' (VP1) and one was near the base of the canyon (VP3). Two of these regions varied enough to distinguish BEV-2 from BEV-1 strains. This is the first report and analysis of full-length sequences for BEV-2. Continued analysis of these wild-type strains should yield useful information for genotyping enteroviruses and modelling enterovirus capsid structure.

Animals↗