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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

High frequency of human enterovirus species C circulation in Madagascar.

Four poliomyelitis outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses have been reported recently, including one in Madagascar in 2002. In all cases, the viral strains involved were recombinant between poliovirus vaccine strains and nonpoliovirus strains, probably enterovirus species C. Nevertheless, little is known about the circulation and epidemiology of enteroviruses in the regions where these outbreaks occurred. To assess the circulation of enteroviruses (particularly enterovirus species C) in Madagascar, we genetically characterized 55 enterovirus strains isolated between 1994 and 2002. The strains were identified and compared by partially sequencing the region encoding the VP1 capsid protein. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparison with prototype enterovirus strains distinguished two different species: 25 isolates belonged to human enterovirus B species, and 30 isolates were identified as coxsackievirus A13, A15, A17, A18, A20, A21, and A24, belonging to the human enterovirus species C. The relatively high frequency and the wide distribution of species C coxsackie A viruses in different regions of Madagascar suggest that they had been silently and widely circulating in the country during the whole study period. The circulation of coxsackie A viruses, combined with the low routine oral polio vaccine coverage, may have played a role in the emergence of the recent outbreak in Madagascar.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Development and evaluation of a nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) protocol for the detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid samples.

A nucleic acid sequence based (NASBA) assay for the generic detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples was developed and compared with an established reverse transcription/nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol. The sensitivity of NASBA followed by detection of amplicons with a biotinylated oligonucleotide probe was < or = ten copies of enterovirus RNA, indicating that enterovirus NASBA achieves a similar sensitivity as nested PCR. Moreover, NASBA detected a panel of 22 different serotypes of the species poliovirus, human enterovirus A, human enterovirus B and human enterovirus C completely. For evaluating NASBA as a diagnostic tool, 61 CSF samples of patients suffering from aseptic meningitis were tested in parallel with NASBA and nested PCR. NASBA detected enterovirus RNA in four CSF samples, two of these were also positive by nested PCR and two other CSF samples were positive only by nested PCR (in total six positive samples). All other 55 of 61 CSF samples were concordantly enterovirus negative by both methods. In conclusion, the more simple to handle 'one step' NASBA is as sensitive as nested PCR and may be used as an alternative method for the detection of enterovirus RNA in CSF samples. Enterovirus NASBA is a 'one step' RNA amplification procedure that is less prone to cross-contamination compared to a three step nested PCR.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Complete genomic sequencing shows that polioviruses and members of human enterovirus species C are closely related in the noncapsid coding region.

The 65 human enterovirus serotypes are currently classified into five species: Poliovirus (3 serotypes), Human enterovirus A (HEV-A) (12 serotypes), HEV-B (37 serotypes), HEV-C (11 serotypes), and HEV-D (2 serotypes). Coxsackie A virus (CAV) serotypes 1, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 24 constitute HEV-C. We have determined the complete genome sequences for the remaining nine HEV-C serotypes and compared them with the complete sequences of CAV21, CAV24, and the polioviruses. The viruses were most diverse in the capsid region (4 to 36% amino acid difference). A high degree of capsid sequence conservation (96% amino acid identity) suggests that CAV15 and CAV18 should be classified as strains of CAV11 and CAV13, respectively. In the 3CD region, CAV1, CAV19, and CAV22 differed from one another by only 1.2 to 1.4% and CAV11, CAV13, CAV17, CAV20, CAV21, CAV24, and the polioviruses differed from one another by only 1.2 to 3.6%. The two groups, however, differed from one another by 14.6 to 16.2%. The polioviruses as a group were monophyletic only in the capsid region. Only one group of serotypes (CAV1, CAV19, and CAV22) was consistently monophyletic in multiple genome regions. Incongruities among phylogenetic trees based on different genome regions strongly suggest that recombination has occurred between the polioviruses, CAV11, CAV13, CAV17, and CAV20. The close relationship among the polioviruses and CAV11, CAV13, CAV17, CAV20, CAV21, and CAV24 and the uniqueness of CAV1, CAV19, and CAV22 suggest that revisions should be made to the classification of these viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

A Sabin 3-derived poliovirus recombinant contained a sequence homologous with indigenous human enterovirus species C in the viral polymerase coding region.

Outbreaks of poliomyelitis caused by circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have been reported in areas where indigenous wild polioviruses (PVs) were eliminated by vaccination. Most of these cVDPVs contained unidentified sequences in the nonstructural protein coding region which were considered to be derived from human enterovirus species C (HEV-C) by recombination. In this study, we report isolation of a Sabin 3-derived PV recombinant (Cambodia-02) from an acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case in Cambodia in 2002. We attempted to identify the putative recombination counterpart of Cambodia-02 by sequence analysis of nonpolio enterovirus isolates from AFP cases in Cambodia from 1999 to 2003. Based on the previously estimated evolution rates of PVs, the recombination event resulting in Cambodia-02 was estimated to have occurred within 6 months after the administration of oral PV vaccine (99.3% nucleotide identity in VP1 region). The 2BC and the 3D(pol) coding regions of Cambodia-02 were grouped into the genetic cluster of indigenous coxsackie A virus type 17 (CAV17) (the highest [87.1%] nucleotide identity) and the cluster of indigenous CAV13-CAV18 (the highest [94.9%] nucleotide identity) by the phylogenic analysis of the HEV-C isolates in 2002, respectively. CAV13-CAV18 and CAV17 were the dominant HEV-C serotypes in 2002 but not in 2001 and in 2003. We found a putative recombination between CAV13-CAV18 and CAV17 in the 3CD(pro) coding region of a CAV17 isolate. These results suggested that a part of the 3D(pol) coding region of PV3(Cambodia-02) was derived from a HEV-C strain genetically related to indigenous CAV13-CAV18 strains in 2002 in Cambodia.

Cambodia↗
PubMed2004

A nonpolio enterovirus with respiratory tropism causes poliomyelitis in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transgenic mice.

Coxsackievirus A21 (CAV21) is classified within the species Human enterovirus C (HEV-C) of the Enterovirus genus of picornaviruses. HEV-C share striking homology with the polioviruses (PV), their closest kin among the enteroviruses. Despite a high level of sequence identity, CAV21 and PV cause distinct clinical disease typically attributed to their differential use of host receptors. PV cause poliomyelitis, whereas CAV21 shares a receptor and a propensity to cause upper respiratory tract infections with the major group rhinoviruses. As a model for CAV21 infection, we have developed transgenic mice that express human intercellular adhesion molecule 1, the cell-surface receptor for CAV21. Surprisingly, CAV21 administered to these mice via the intramuscular route causes a paralytic condition consistent with poliomyelitis. The virus appears to invade the CNS by retrograde axonal transport, as has been demonstrated to occur in analogous PV infections. We detected human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression on both transgenic mouse and human spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons, indicating that members of HEV-C may share PV's potential to elicit poliomyelitis in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

COMPARISON OF THE ELUTION AND ADSORPTION OF PICORNAVIRUSES BY COTTON AND CALCIUM ALGINATE WOOL SWABS.

The recovery of picornaviruses by cotton and calcium alginate wool swabs was studied by use of prototype strains of poliovirus 1, echovirus 1, coxsackievirus A9, and rhinovirus 16/60. No significant differences in recovery of viruses by the two types of swabs could be demonstrated. It is suggested that use of cotton swabs in the virus laboratory be continued, since wool swabs may favor the recovery of undesirable bacterial contaminants. Adsorption of viruses by cotton and wool swabs was similar from virus-buffer mixtures at pH 4.0, 7.0, and 8.0 at 24 and 37 C. Elution of virus from cotton and wool swabs was also studied. There was no significant difference in the amount of virus eluted at pH 5.5, 7.1, or 8.4.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Variation in liposome binding among enteroviruses.

Liposome-binding properties of native virions and in vitro generated 135S particles of eight enteroviruses were studied. The temperature required for the structural transition from the native 160S virion to a 135S particle was virus-specific, ranging from +38 degrees C to more than +50 degrees C. While the 135S particles of poliovirus 1/Mahoney (PV1) and coxsackievirus A21 (CAV21) were capable of binding to liposomes, the other viruses showed minimal binding. Both of the viruses that bound to liposomes as 135S particles also bound as native virions. In addition, PV3/Sabin bound to liposomes as native virions but not as 135S particles, and the flotation patterns were different from those of PV1 and CAV21. The nonbinding viruses included coxsackieviruses A7, A9, A16, and B5, and enterovirus 68. The results follow the new classification of enteroviruses, as CAV21 is a member of the human enterovirus C species, which is genetically close to the poliovirus species.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗