[Assignment of the genus Paracoccidioides to the imperfect Entomophthorales (Entomophthorales Coccidioidaceae)].
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Blastomyces↗
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Cavernous sinus anatomy as a basis for interpretation of the clinical picture and radiological investigations in a case of Entomophthorales infection.
Several cranial nerves traverse the cavernous sinus producing the typical symptom complex seen during cavernous venous sinus thrombosis in Mucorales infection. Fungi of the order Entomophthorales display different pathological and histological characteristics although belonging to the same class of fungi. A case is presented, wherein the anatomy of the cavernous sinus forms the basis in explaining the presenting symptoms of a patient with Entomophthorales infection. The anatomical explanation for the presenting neurological symptoms is confirmed by radiological investigations and further supports the diagnosis of Entomophthorales infection.
Adult↗
Relationships of the insect-pathogenic order Entomophthorales (Zygomycota, Fungi) based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (SSU rDNA).
We sequenced the nuclear small subunit of ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) from seven species within the insect-pathogenic order Entomophthorales. These sequences were aligned with other published SSU rDNA sequences and phylogenies were inferred using phenetic and cladistic methods. Based on three different phylogenetic methods the Entomophthorales (excluding Basidiobolus ranarum) is monophyletic; B. ranarum was more closely related to chytrids from Chytridiales and Neocallimasticales than to Entomophthorales, as was proposed by Nagahama et al. (Mycologia 87: 203-209, 1995). Nuclear characters (large nuclei containing conspicuous condensed chromatin and lack of a prominent nucleolus) were of predictive value for the monophyly of the family Entomophthoraceae. Conidial characters separate the Entomophthoraceae, which only includes obligate pathogens, into at least two lineages: one lineage with uninucleate conidia and another with multinucleate conidia. The two species of Conidiobolus studied were paraphyletic in our analyses and only distantly related to each other. This information may prove to be important in the use of these fungi as biocontrol agents.
Animals↗
Entomophthora leyteensis Villacarlos & Keller sp. nov. (Entomophthorales: Zygomycetes) infecting Tetraleurodes acaciae (Quaintance) (Insecta, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a recently introduced whitefly on Gliricidia sepium (Jaq.) Walp. (Fabaceae) in the Philippines.
Entomophthora leyteensis Villacarlos & Keller sp. nov., a species of Entomophthorales infecting the whitefly Tetraleurodes acaciae on Gliricidia sepium in the Philippines is described. Disease prevalence monitored weekly for 8 weeks indicated that the fungus could cause 8-31% infection within the whitefly population. Epizootics due to this fungus occurred in Inopacan, Leyte. Sampling live whitefly adults and dissecting them on glass slides for microscopic examination of fungal structures was found to give a better measure of prevalence than actual counts of infected insect cadavers. E. leyteensis is an important mortality factor for T. acaciae. Some speculations on the origin of the fungus are discussed here.
Animals↗
Neozygites abacaridis sp. nov. (Entomophthorales), a new pathogen of phytophagous mites (Acari, Eriophyidae).
A new entomopathogenic fungus, described here as Neozygites abacaridis n. sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), has been found on the mites Abacarus hystrix, Aculodes dubius, and A. mckenziei (Acari: Eriophyidae). It differs from other Neozygites species affecting mites by its small, globose primary conidia, short-ovoid, smoky coloured capilliconidia, and very short capillary conidiophores-which are usually not longer than the spore length. This pathogen infected mite individuals in autumn (from mid-August until mid-November) on Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera, and Festuca rubra. It caused 0.5-1% host's mortality in the vicinity of Siedlce (Eastern Poland) and up to 2-8%, on an average in Puszczykowo (Wielkopolski National Park near Poznań), where its prevalence on some plants reached 13%.
Acari↗
Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites.
Entomophthorales pathogenic to insects and mites often cause epizootics in their host populations, but some have been difficult to culture in vitro and, therefore, to develop as biopesticides. Grace's insect cell culture medium supplemented with lactalbumin hydrolysate and yeastolate has allowed growth of several species which until recently were referred to as obligate parasites. The research reported here was designed to evaluate the effects of the salts, vitamins and amino acids used to prepare the insect cell culture medium on in vitro growth of Batkoa sp. and Furia sp., pathogens of the spittlebug pests of pasture and sugar-cane in Brazil, and Neozygites floridana, a pathogen of several mite species. Also, several sources of carbon and nitrogen were examined. Batkoa sp., Furia sp. and N. floridana were similar concerning their growth patterns in a basic medium with added salts, vitamins and amino acids, as well as with a combination of all three compoments. The addition of salts to the basic medium of sugars plus lactalbumen hydrolysate and yeastolate caused a significant increase in biomass production of the three fungal species. The addition of vitamins and amino acids had less effect. Batkoa sp., Furia sp. and N. floridana are similar in growth patterns in media with various sources of carbon, but different in media with different sources of nitrogen. The production of the three fungal species is significantly higher in medium containing 2.66% glucose than in medium with 2.66% sucrose. The addition of 0.1% monossacarides to media containing 2.66% sucrose did not significantly increase biomass production.
Animals↗
Wide dispersal of aphid-pathogenic Entomophthorales among aphids relies upon migratory alates.
Entomophthoralean mycoses are of general importance in the natural control of aphids, but mechanisms involved in their dissemination are poorly understood. Despite several possible means of fungal survival, the dispersal of the mycoses in aphids has never been related to the flight of their migratory alates that are able to locate suitable host plants. In this study, aphid-pathogenic fungi proved to be widely disseminated among various aphids by their alates through migratory flight based on the following findings. First, up to 36.6% of the 7139 migratory alates (including nine species of vegetable or cereal aphids) trapped from air > 30 m above the ground in three provinces of China were found bearing eight species of fungal pathogens. Of those, six were aphid-specific Entomophthorales dominated in individual cases by Pandora neoaphidis, which occurs globally but has no resting spores discovered to date. Secondly, infected alates were confirmed to be able to fly for hours, to initiate colonies on plants after flight and to transmit fungal infection to their offspring in a laboratory experiment, in which 238 Sitobion avenae alates were individually flown in a computer-monitoring flight mill system after exposure to a spore shower of P. neoaphidis and then allowed to colonize host plants.
Animal Migration↗
Observation on the initial inoculum source and dissemination of Entomophthorales-caused epizootics in populations of cereal aphids.
A total number of 1092 migratory alates were trapped from air in wheat grown area of Yuanyang County, Henan Province from early April through May 2002 in order to confirm the source and dissemination of entomophthoralean inocula to cause epizootics of cereal aphids. Those included 415 Sitobion avenae, 642 Rhopalosiphum padi, 22 Metopolophium dirhodum, and 13 Schizaphis graminum. The trapped alates were daily collected and individually reared for 7 days on wheat plants in laboratory. Of those 341 alates died of fungal infection, taking 31.2% in the trapped alates. These included 224 S. avenae, 106 R. padi, 8 M. dirhodum, and 3 S. graminum. Deaths of all infected alates occurred during the first 5 days and 78.9% of the deaths occurred within the first 3 days. Individual examination under microscope proved that all deaths were attributed to entomophthoralean fungi. Of those Pandora neoaphidis accounted for 84.6%, Conidiobolus obscurus for 9.9%, and Entomophthora planchoniana for 5.5%. Four alate deaths died of cross infection of P. neoaphidis and C. conidiobolus. Based on the high infection rate of the migratory alates trapped from air and the field occurrence of epizootics in populations of cereal aphids during the trapping period, Entomophthorales-caused epizootics were likely disseminated by infected alates through their flight and colonization. This makes it reasonable to interpret worldwide distribution of aphid epizootics, particularly caused by P. neoaphidis that has no resting spores discovered.
Animals↗
Mycosis of bandedwinged whitefly (Trialeurodes abutilonea) (Homoptera: aleyrodidae) caused by Orthomyces aleyrodis gen. & sp. nov. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae).
A new genus and species of fungus, Orthomyces aleyrodis Steinkraus, Humber & Oliver gen. & sp. nov. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) is described. In 1994 and 1995, this fungus caused epizootics in high populations of bandedwinged whitefly (Trialeurodes abutilonea) on cotton and cocklebur in Alabama. In 1996, T. abutilonea populations were lower and no infected specimens were found. This is the first report of an entomophthoralean infecting an aleyrodid in the New World and the first report of entomophthoralean epizootics in whiteflies.
Animals↗
Natural host range and prevalence of the genus strongwellsea (Zygomycota: entomophthorales) in denmark
The natural occurrence and host range of species of the insect pathogenic fungal genus Strongwellsea [Zygomycota: Entomophthorales] were studied by extensive sampling and examination of adult Diptera [Cyclorrhapha]. The host range for Strongwellsea spp. was significantly enlarged. Three families were documented as new hosts: Muscidae (three species), Calliphoridae (one species), and Sarcophagidae (one species). Further, within the family Anthomyiidae six new host species were recorded and three new host species were documented in the Fanniidae. Strongwellsea castrans was identified as the pathogen in the Anthomyiids, while records from Fanniidae belonged to S. magna. The records of S. magna were the first outside the type locality (California). Primary conidia morphology indicated that muscid and calliphorid species were infected by three undescribed species of Strongwellsea. For the sarcophagid fly, no conidia were encountered, so the Strongwellsea species could not be identified. The tested sampling methods had each different advantages. Sweep netting and diagnosis in situ gave the best opportunity to sample a high number of infected dipterans per time unit spend, while sweep netting followed by incubation in the laboratory was the only method for the documentation of resting spores. The prevalence of S. castrans in the cabbage root fly Delia radicum was obtained by two methods: Samples collected by sweep net and incubated and water trap samples. Water trap captures gave higher prevalences of conidial infections than sweep-net captures. Measured prevalences of Strongwellsea spp. infections are therefore highly dependent on sampling method. The occurrence of resting spores of S. castrans in D. radicum was almost exclusively restricted to females and varied during the season. In samples from 1988 through 1993, no infected females in June contained resting spores, while 43.0% of the S. castrans-infected females from samples in August contained resting spores. During September and October, a decreasing proportion of S. castrans-infected D. radicum contained resting spores. The results document that species from the genus Strongwellsea are common fungal pathogens of adult flies from different families, occasionally with high prevalences. It also appears that the two described species of Strongwellsea, S. castrans and S. magna, have a range of dipterous host species that may always belong to a single family, Anthomyiidae and Fanniidae, respectively. Our data shows also that the host family Muscidae may be exploited by two new species of Strongwellsea. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Journal Article↗
Sporulation by Entomophthora schizophorae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) from housefly cadavers and the persistence of primary conidia at constant temperatures and relative humidities.
The duration of discharge of Entomophthora schizophorae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) conidia from house fly (Musca domestica, Diptera) cadavers was measured at 7, 18, and 25 degrees C. The higher the temperature, the shorter the duration of conidia discharge. Significantly more conidia were produced per cadaver at 7 degrees C over a period of 120 h than at 18 and 25 degrees C. At 25 degrees C, the initial discharge over the first 10 h was much larger than at the other temperatures, and at 7 degrees C, no peak in discharge was observed. The persistence of E. schizophorae primary conidia was measured on fabricated non-host surfaces typically found in stables (straw, wood, plaster, and glass) at 7, 18, and 25 degrees C or constant relative humidities of 45, 65, and 85%. Persistence, as measured by the subsequent ability to infect flies, was usually only a few days and depended on the temperature and type of surface. It was greatest on straw, followed by wood, glass, and plaster, and at 7 degrees C, followed by 18 and 25 degrees C. Limited transmission took place between flies exposed to conidia and previously unexposed mates.
Animals↗
Immunological separation of Entomophthorales genera.
Exoantigens from Erynia neoaphidis, Conidiobolus major, C. thromboides, C. obscurus, Zoophthora radicans, and Basidiobolus ranarum were obtained from culture filtrates of fungal material grown in a yeast extract, peptone dialysate, dextrose medium and were tested against specific hyperimmune antisera prepared from E. neoaphidis, C. major, C. thromboides, and B. ranarum by the immunodiffusion technique. Specific precipitins were observed for E. neoaphidis and B. ranarum, while cross-reactions were detected among C. major, C. thromboides, and C. obscurus. The results suggest that genera of Entomophthorales can be easily separated by this simple immunological procedure.
Antigens, Fungal↗
Rhizoferrin: a complexone type siderophore of the Mucorales and entomophthorales (Zygomycetes).
The present investigation presents evidence that rhizoferrin, a novel polycarboxylate or complexone-type siderophore, originally isolated from Rhizopus microsporus, represents the common siderophore within the Zygomycetes. Thus, rhizoferrin could be detected by HPLC analysis in various families of the Mucorales, e.g., Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, Mucor mucedo and Phycomyces nitens (Mucoraceae), Chaetostylum fresenii and Cokeromyces recurvatus (Thamnidiaceae), Cunninghamella elegans and Mycotypha africana (Choanephoraceae) and Mortierella vinacea (Mortierellaceae) and in Basidiobolus microsporus (Entomophthorales). The function of rhizoferrin as a siderophore in the fungus R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis was demonstrated by time- and concentration-dependent uptake of [55Fe]-labelled rhizoferrin, yielding saturation kinetics with values of Km = 8 microM and V(max) = 1.2 nmol min-1 (mg dry wt)-1.
Fungi↗
Cloning of two chitin synthase gene fragments from a protoplastic entomophthorale.
Chitin synthase expression was studied in spontaneously produced protoplasts and in hyphal bodies of the Entomophthorale species Entomophaga aulicae. The absence of wall in protoplasts was correlated to an absence of chitin synthase. Two chitin synthase activities with different biochemical characteristics have been detected in the hyphal bodies. Two chitin synthase gene fragments EaCHS1 and EaCHS2 of 600 bp were obtained using PCR amplification of genomic DNA. Their amino acid sequences showed 75% identity. Compared with other fungal chitin synthases, they belong to class II. EaCHS1 and EaCHS2 were used to probe total RNA from E. aulicae hyphal bodies and protoplasts. A single transcript of 2.4 kb hybridized only with EaCHS1 in protoplasts and hyphal bodies.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Entomopathogenic fungi of the order Entomophthorales (Zygomycotina) in adult black fly populations (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Quebec.
Infections by insect-pathogenic fungi of the order Entomophthorales in two adult black fly populations were studied in the Réserve Faunique du Saint-Maurice (Quebec). Entomophaga near limoniae infected Simulium verecundum/rostratum in June whereas Erynia curvispora predominantly parasitized Simulium decorum from the 2nd week of July to September and Erynia conica attacked the Simulium venustum complex, Simulium verecundum/rostratum, and the Simulium vittatum complex from May to September. The fungi did not infect the adult stage of Prosimulium species. Possible evidence of host specificity for Erynia conica is discussed.
Animals↗
Entomophthorales infection of the maxillofacial region.
Phycomycosis infections caused by the fungi Rhizopus and Mucor are commonly termed mucormycosis. Mucormycosis infections exhibit a rapidly progressive course characterized by angioinvasion and necrosis. The rhinocerebral form has been described thoroughly in the literature. However, there exists another order of Phycomycetes, the Entomophthorales, which rarely cause clinical disease. Their infection is indolent and is associated with granulomatous inflammation and a protracted clinical course. Presented here is a rare case of suspected Canidiobolus coronato infection occurring in the maxillofacial region of a previously healthy male. The authors believe this to be the first reported case occurring in the United States. Because of the poorly documented natural history of this infection and the patient's relative intolerance to parenteral antifungal therapy, a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach was designed. It consisted of long-term, low-dosage amphotericin-B, hyperbaric oxygen and sequential surgical debridements. This unusual disease entity must now be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous disorders of the head and neck.
Amphotericin B↗
[Nutritional requirements of Entomophthorales (author's transl)].
Twenty-six species of Entomophthorales were classified considering their ability to utilize mineral or organic nitrogen, metabolize oxydized or reduced form of S and synthetize vitamins. Intergeneric, interspecific but also intraspecific variations were found concerning the nutritional requirements of the 73 strains studied.
Culture Media↗
[Influence of lipids and fatty acids of egg yolk over growth and sporulation of Entomophthorales (author's transl)].
Proteic and lipidic fractions of the egg yolk were chemically isolated and used in solid synthetic media to study sporulation of 4 species of Entomophthorales. Neutral lipids are as good for growth and sporulation as polar lipids; the proteic fraction is only utilized as a nitrogen source. No specific factor of the sporulation was shown. The effect of fatty acids is studied: caproic, lauric, myristic, palmitic and oleic acids are the best for growth and sporulation. The results are discussed in view of considering the role of the lipids of the egg yolk and aphids on the physiology of Entomophthora.
Aphids↗