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Results for “Epidemiological Monitoring”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Intracranial pressure monitors. Epidemiologic study of risk factors and infections.

An increase in the number of cases of gram-negative ventriculomeningitis in patients followed with intracranial pressure monitors when compared with patients with craniotomy alone was revealed by routine surveillance data. A study was undertaken at four area institutions to describe the infections, risk factors, and management. Two hundred fifty-five patients with diagnoses of intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 86), closed trauma (n = 66), open trauma (n = 21), tumor (n = 66), and miscellaneous other conditions were compared with their nonmonitored counterparts for type of intracranial pressure monitor used, use of drains, prophylactic antibiotics, and steroids, and remote presence of infection. The presence of intracranial pressure monitor with craniotomy was associated with an 11 percent infection rate whereas craniotomy alone demonstrated a 6 percent rate. Of the intracranial pressure monitors used, the subarachnoid screw was associated with the lowest infection rate (7.5 percent) followed by the subdural cup catheter (14.9 percent) and the ventriculostomy catheter (21.9 percent). Regardless of the monitor used, infection was twice as likely to develop in patients with open trauma or hemorrhage. The use of bacitracin flush solutions for maintenance of lumen patency was more often associated with infections. Use of prophylactic antibiotics did not significantly influence outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal study of respiratory conditions among schoolchildren in Israel: interim report of an epidemiological monitoring program in the vicinity of a new coal-fired power plant.

Second and fifth grade schoolchildren living within 19 km of a 1400 megawatt coal-fired power plant were followed-up. The children were first studied in 1980, before the power plant went into operation, and in 1983 after two units were operating. They performed pulmonary function tests (PFT), and their parents filled out American Thoracic Society-National Heart and Lung Institute health questionnaires. In the younger cohort, respiratory symptoms and pneumonia and measles were more common in 1983 than in 1980, while in the older cohort pneumonia and measles showed higher prevalence in 1983 but most respiratory symptoms became less common. Temporal changes in prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases and annual increases in PFT within three communities in the region with different expected levels of pollution were analyzed. It appears that effects of age, epidemics, and background variables rather than environmental pollution are responsible for the observed differences.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic monitoring and decentralized planification: the use of sentinel sites in Guerrero].

With the current decentralization of health care in the Mexican state of Guerrero, there is need for detailed but inexpensive information for the planning of health services. A cyclical process of measurement is proposed using sentinel sites, characterized as places of concentration of measurement resources, which are not special intervention areas or health facilities. The sites in Guerrero were selected to be representative of the health conditions in the state. During the first two years, study cycles were carried out regarding acute respiratory infections and diarrhoeas in infants, the risk factors associated with these afflictions and the attention paid to them within the community. Later cycles focussed on the importance of scorpion stings and Chagas' disease, the impact of measles vaccination and the prevalence of tuberculosis. Three types of community-based data are considered in each cycle, to optimize their use in planning (impact, coverage and costs) which, in summary formats, facilitate rapid analysis and presentation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1985

Use of growth charts as a simple epidemiological monitoring system of nutritional status of children.

Community monitoring of the nutritional status of children has hitherto involved field surveys and lengthy computer analysis. These procedures are complex and cannot always be carried out on a routine basis. In addition, they do not provide immediate feedback or longitudinal information on the population under surveillance. This study describes a simple, universally applicable community survey system for monitoring the growth of infants and children that affords both cross-sectional and longitudinal data.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

A short-term diffusive sampler for nitrogen dioxide monitoring in epidemiology.

An automated timed exposure diffusive sampler (TEDS) for sampling nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was developed for use in epidemiological studies. The TEDS sequentially exposes four passive sampling devices (PSD) by microprocessor controlled valves while a pump and air flow guide prevent sampler "starvation." Two TEDS units and two portable, real-time NO2 monitors were tested for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and linearity of response. The accuracy of the TEDS was within 10 percent of the calibrated NO2 values, and precision was within 10 percent of the means of the measured values. The TEDS sensitivity was 20 to 30 ppb-hour for NO2. Co-location of the TEDS with a chemiluminescent NOx monitor (EPA reference method) showed similar responses to ambient NO2 (R2 = 0.9991). TEDS allows better time resolution than traditional diffusive samplers (i.e., Palmes tube) while sharing their ability to sample a variety of gases.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1992

Parasuicide in Europe: the WHO/EURO multicentre study on parasuicide. I. Introduction and preliminary analysis for 1989.

The WHO/EURO multicentre study on parasuicide is a new, coordinated, multinational, European study that covers two broad areas of research: monitoring trends in the epidemiology of parasuicide (epidemiological monitoring study); and follow-up investigations of parasuicide populations, with a view to identifying the social and personal characteristics predictive of future suicidal behaviour (repetition prediction project). This article provides background information on the development and organization of the multicentre study, and presents selected findings from the epidemiological monitoring project, based on a preliminary examination of data collected in 15 centres on parasuicides aged 15 years and over treated in health facilities in defined catchment areas during the year 1989. The overall parasuicide incidence varied considerably across the centres, from a high (event) rate of 414 per 100,000 males in Helsinki to a low of 61 among males in Leiden. The highest female event rate was 595 in Pontoise, and the lowest 95 in Guipuzcoa. The mean event rate across all centres was 167 among males and 222 among females. Parasuicide incidence tended to be elevated among 15- to 34-year-olds, with lowest rates among those aged 55 years and over. With one exception (Helsinki), the female parasuicide rate was higher than the male rate, the F:M ratio ranging from 0.71:1 to 2.15:1, with a median of 1.5:1 (events). Short-term repetition rates (as measured by the event:person ratio) differed between centres, from 1.03 to 1.30 (median = 1.12) among males, and from 1.07 to 1.26 (median = 1.13) among females. Although we warn against generalizing from our findings to make statements about differences in parasuicide between countries, we argue that the differences between centres are valid and should be addressed in further research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Epidemiology and monitoring of closed abdominal injuries].

The authors review the epidemiological and aetiopathogenetic characteristics of abdominal blunt injuries (118 cases) monitored in a homogeneous manner. The relatively young age of the patients, the diagnostic difficulties encountered and the frequent presence of associated lesions call for the rigorous application of a predetermined clinico-diagnostic protocol.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective lung health monitoring in relation to a new power plant.

A new power plant has been in operation in Ashkelon since the end of 1990. In order to record the effect of the environmental changes on lung health, a prospective monitoring system was established during the planning and construction phase of the plant. Data about lung health in the general population as well as the sensitive population (asthma patients) are recorded, and air pollution is monitored by seven monitoring stations located within a 5-25 km radius of the power plant. The lung health monitoring system includes: (1) A record of all visits to the local emergency room. (2) A record of visits to ten representative outpatient clinics related to cardiac and pulmonary symptoms. (3) A close follow-up of 200 asthmatic children enrolled in the local pediatric pulmonary clinic. This includes spirometry four times yearly, an annual winter check-up by a pediatric pulmonologist, and daily symptoms diary filled in by each patient for two weeks after the spirometry. (4) Spirometry and health questionnaires filled out by the parents of the 3600 studied children once in three years. (5) Mortality rate monitoring, relying on the Ministry of Health death registration. This system has been in operation since 1988, collecting base line data; the follow-up is planned to be operating for ten years. A dynamic interaction of the environmental and epidemiological monitoring systems will facilitate more efficient control of the emmissions from the power plant and better protection of the health of the population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of epidemics from the Compulsory Disease Report. The case of measles in Las Palmas].

The system of Compulsory Disease Reports (CDR) is an epidemiological monitoring regarding cases of contagious diseases which has been in use in Spain for over forty years. In 1982, new additions were made to the list of diseases for which a report is to be filed and, since that time, it was insisted upon that the centers falling under the National Health Institute be included among those having to file said reports. Nevertheless, many physicians question the need for this system and its usefulness. The cases of measles for which reports were filed in the province of Las Palmas from 1983 to 1988 were studied. Two waves of epidemics, occurring in early 1983 and in mid-1988, were observed, being patently distinguished from the noise of the reports between. Both waves of epidemics coincide with the hospitalization of cases of measles-related pneumonia in the pediatric hospital of that province. Based on these waves of epidemics, the importance of carrying out accurate measles vaccination studies for immunizing the populations against this disease is implied. The epidemiological importance of this CDR system is discussed both from a historic point of view and from that of epidemiological monitoring, and the need of drawing up and using operational definitions for each one of the diseases which is to be reported is reiterated. In conclusion, a positive evaluation of the usefulness of the CDR system, in spite of its current limitations, is provided, for which reason the importance of continuing to improve this system is stressed.

Communicable Disease Control↗