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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

The incidence of cone epiphyses and ivory epiphyses of the hand in Nigerian children.

Radiographs of the left hand of 594 children from Ibadan, Nigeria were inspected for skeletal anomalies to determine differences in the incidence of cone and ivory epiphyses for the rich and poor children and differences in incidence for four hemoglobin types. Ivory epiphyses ovvurred more often in children in the lower socio-economic class and children with hemoglobin AA. The cone epiphyses observed in Hb SS children were primarily a result of bone infarcts, while cones in children of other hemoglobin types appeared to be normal variants. The incidence of ivory epiphyses was higher in the Nigerian children than in American black children in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey. The incidence of cone epiphyses was much lower than those reported for other normal populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Epiphyseal osteosarcoma: distinguishing features from clear cell chondrosarcoma, chondroblastoma, and epiphyseal enchondroma.

In a retrospective radiologic and histologic study of 286 osteosarcomas in files of a metropolitan hospital, four patients (three men and one woman) with osteosarcomas confined to the epiphysis were identified. In this series, there were also 16 metaphyseal osteosarcomas that extended to the epiphysis with penetration through the cartilaginous growth plate, a structure that ordinarily resists tumor growth. All tumors occurred in the femoral condyle. Characteristically, all four patients had histories of knee joint pain, and three reported antecedent trauma. Radiologically, the tumors showed predominantly lytic features. Histologically, three of the tumors were osteoblastic in type, and one was mostly chondroblastic. Purely epiphyseal osteosarcoma has overlapping radiologic features with clear cell chondrosarcoma, epiphyseal chondroblastoma, and epiphyseal enchondroma. The epiphyseal osteosarcomas of the distal femur reported here were characterized by a history of symptoms localized to the knee joint itself as a consequence of their epiphyseal location and joint involvement. This is in contrast to the usual metaphyseal osteosarcomas, which present with lower thigh pain and swelling. Because osteosarcomas may present as lytic tumors confined to the epiphysis, they should be included in the differential diagnosis of such lesions.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bilateral femoral head dysplasia and osteochondritis. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, and bilateral Legg-Perthes disease.

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia tarda (MEDT) and spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT) are genetically transmitted conditions affecting the hips, which may resemble bilateral Legg-Perthes disease (LPD). Misdiagnoses are not uncommon, with serious implications for treatment, prognosis and genetic counseling. An epidemiologic study of MEDT and SEDT in a well-defined population of 453,921 persons in Denmark was performed. A population prevalence of 0.7 per 100,000 inhabitants with SEDT and 4.0 per 100,000 inhabitants with MEDT was found. Distinguishing features between MEDT, SEDT and bilateral LPD based on radiologic findings in the hips, other joints, and spine were ascertained. Bilateral LPD is always asymmetric, exhibits patches of increased density in the epiphyses and often metaphyseal cyst-like changes. No spinal lesion or affection of other joints is present, and the acetabula are normal. In MEDT and SEDT the capital femoral epiphyses are symmetrically flattened, fragmented and uniformly slightly sclerotic. Generalised platyspondyly is a constant finding in SEDT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Elimination of partial premature epiphyseal closure by transplantation of epiphyseal cartilage. An experimental study (author's transl)].

An experimental study was made on 118 rabbits aimed at restoring bone growth after partial epiphyseal closure. In a first stage, a partial epiphyseal closure was made at the level of the lower femoral growth plate by excision of the growth cartilage and insertion of a bone graft. In a second stage, the bony bridge was removed and a segment of iliac crest growth cartilage was transplanted. It was concluded, on the basis of radiographic and histological studies that the best results were obtained when the growth cartilage was transplanted alone or with a thin layer of bone. The results were poor when the layer of bone transplanted with the cartilage was too thick.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[The effect of hypophysectomy on the epiphyseal cartilage plate of the rat tibia--electron microscopy and histochemistry of the epiphyseal proliferative zone (author's transl)].

It is a well-known fact that longitudinal bone growth is affected especially by hypophysis among other various endocrine organs. Using young rats, changes in body weight and in length of the tibia were studied after removal of hypophysis, and alterations occurring in the proximal epiphyseal cartilage plate of the tibia playing an important role in longitudinal bone growth were examined under light and electron microscopes, with special emphasis on the proliferative zone. Alterations of ATP-ase activity of ruthenium red affinity were also examined electron microscopically. Further, quantitative analyses of the alterations of cell organelles were performed using low power electron micrographs. 1) Following hypophysectomy, immediate suppression in weight gain occured, and little or no gain was seen from 14 to 28 days after removal of the gland with plateau in body weight. Longitudinal bone growth of tibia was also suppressed, and little or no growth was seen from the 14th day afterward as was the case for body weight. 2) Changes revealed by light microscopic examination included reduced width of epiphyseal cartilage plate, decreased number and disturbed arrangement of chondrocytes, rapid transition from proliferative zone to degenerative zone, and disturbed formation of the subchondral trabecula. 3) Electron microscopic examination revealed poor development of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the cell of proliferative zone, Golgi apparatus ocnsisting of lamellae and a relatively large numbers of vesicles and pronounced decrease in vacuoles. In addition, accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen granules were seen together with mitochondria exhibited swelling and elevation of electron density in their matrices. ATP-ase activity was decreased. In the cartilage matrix of the proliferative zone, collagen fibrils and ruthenium red positive granules were decreased in number. 4) Rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were treated quantitatively by dividing the proliferative zone into two parts of upper and lower layers. The data showed marked decrease in the every item examined after hypophysectomy. 5) These results indicate that hypophysectomy causes a decrease in intracellular metabolism of chondrocytes in the proliferative zone with a reduced function of matrix formation. The suppression of longitudinal bone growth after hypophysectomy appears to occur under an intimate correlation with a decrease in matrix formation by the chondrocytes of proliferative zone and inhibition of proliferation of the cells in this zone.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of thyroid hormone and growth hormone on recovery from hypothyroidism of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and its adjacent bone.

Hypothyroidism was induced in young female Sprague-Dawley rats by the addition of methimazole (0.67 mg/ml) to drinking water for a period of 7 weeks (7-14 weeks of age). The responses of the articular cartilage, epiphyseal growth plate cartilage, epiphyseal trabecular bone, and metaphyseal trabecular bone in the proximal tibia were assessed by structural parameters. In addition, replacement therapies were introduced for the last 2 weeks of the experimental period. These included 0.7 U/kg BW human GH (hGH), 15 micrograms/kg BW L-T4 (T4), and a combination of hGH and T4 at the same doses. In the hypothyroid rats, the width of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage decreased by 27%, that of articular cartilage by 35%, epiphyseal trabecular bone volume by 30%, and metaphyseal trabecular bone volume by 66% relative to those in age-matched control tissues. T4 treatment led to a full restoration of the epiphyseal trabecular bone and surpassed by 40% the control value. The magnitude of the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal trabecular bone volume returned to control values, while that of metaphyseal trabecular bone was 68% of control values. Treatment with hGH did not improve the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage or articular cartilage. It did restore epiphyseal trabecular bone to almost normal values, but metaphyseal trabecular bone improved to only a small though significant level (45% of control value). The combination of T4 and hGH resulted in an additional enlargement in the width of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and an increase in metaphyseal trabecular bone volume compared to those in the T4 group. Qualitative examinations indicated that it was only in the T4 and T4 plus hGH groups that the lowest chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage resumed their normal hypertrophied size. These results suggest that the change in the hypothyroid state do not rely solely on the lack of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion, as replacement by exogenous GH did not restore normal epiphyseal growth plate cartilage morphology or its remodeling into metaphyseal trabecular bone. Treatment with T4 (which restored endogenous pituitary GH to 30% of control levels) results in full recovery of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage morphology along with its associated metaphyseal trabecular bone. In addition, it can also be concluded that the decrease in epiphyseal trabecular bone volume observed in the hypothyroid animals was due solely to the GH-deficient state that accompanied hypothyroidism.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The histology of epiphyseal union in mammals.

Epiphyses of man and dog in various stages of union are described. As union approaches, new cartilage is added to the epiphyseal surface of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate by chondrification of the epiphyseal marrow. Before and during early union the cellular arrangement of the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate is well preserved, with good cartilage columns. Mineralization of the cartilage, demarcated by tide-lines, spreads from both surfaces, engulfing the cartilage columns. The first union of an epiphysis is by such mineralized tissue, a form of metaplastic bone. In the smaller and earlier-uniting epiphyses, the mineralized cartilage and the sheets of lamellar bone that cover its surfaces are first removed in one restricted area and replaced by new bone and marrow. The original perforation is later enlarged until all the cartilage is destroyed and union in complete, leaving no scar. In the larger and later-uniting epiphyses there are multiple perforations in the epiphyseal plate and remnants of epiphyseal bone often persist as an epiphyseal scar. In both types of union remnants of the peripheral parts of the plates may be found for a while with the cartilage columns set at right angles to the axis of the bone as a whole, an unexplained peculiarity. At full union all such "residual" cartilage is destroyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Epiphyseal injuries in the growing athlete.

The epiphyses and epiphyseal plates are vital structures in the bone development of the growing athlete. The epiphyseal plate is two to five times weaker than the surrounding fibrous tissue in children and adolescents; consequently a force causing a ligamentous tear in adults is likely to cause an epiphyseal plate injury in growing children. Two types of epiphyseal injury that are common in the growing athlete are (a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction, and (b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis. Each epiphyseal site has specific anatomic features and the forces causing injury differ slightly at each site. An improperly treated separation of an intra-articular pressure epiphysis can have a disastrous effect on the proper functioning of the normally well-fitted articulation of bone ends in the joint. Consequently, proper diagnosis and treatment are essential. Traumatic epiphysitis can result in chronic inflammation or fragmentation, or both, if the condition is not arrested. Therefore the athlete must discontinue the activities that are causing the trauma until the inflammation is completely arrested. Absolute rest may even be required.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1989

Direct administration of testosterone increases rat tibial epiphyseal growth plate width.

Local injection of hormones into the tibial epiphyseal growth plate offers a possible model to answer whether sex steroids can affect bone growth directly. To answer this question, we injected different doses of testosterone enanthate (4, 40, 120 and 400 micrograms/100 g of rat weight) once into the tibial epiphyseal growth plate of castrated 35-day-old male rats. The contralateral tibia was injected with sesame oil and served as control. All animals were sacrificed at age 42 days. Tibias were removed for measurement of epiphyseal growth plate width and blood was collected for measurement of serum IGF-I and testosterone. The lower doses of testosterone enanthate (4, 40 and 120 micrograms/100 g) did not produce any significant change in epiphyseal growth plate width. Testosterone at the largest dose tested (400 micrograms/100 g) increased epiphyseal growth plate width by about 15% compared to control (p less than 0.01). At this dose, serum testosterone was not increased, suggesting that the effect on epiphyseal growth plate width was not due to higher systemic testosterone concentrations. No differences in IGF-I levels were observed among the groups. We conclude that direct administration of testosterone enanthate at a dose of 400 micrograms/100 g into the rat tibial epiphyseal growth plate can increase epiphyseal growth plate width.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Physiology and pathology of the epiphyseal cartilage (author's transl)].

Knowledge of the physiology of the epiphyseal cartilage, respectively epiphyseal plate, is essential for an understanding of defective growth and abnormal modeling of the long bones. The epiphyseal cartilage develops from the embryonal, cartilaginous long bone structure. The histology of the epiphyseal cartilage is characterised by definable zones representing the individual differentiation steps from the reformation of cartilage to chondrolysis. Modeling of the ends of the long bones is also influenced by a transversal and longitudinal direction of growth in the epiphyseal cartilage. The intercellular substance mainly contains collagin, proteoglycanes and non-collagenic proteins. These macromolecules are compounded by means of physicochemical bonds and are responsible for the special mechanical qualities of the hyaline cartilage. The process of mineralisation at the base of the epiphyseal cartilage is an essential differentiating step for the ossification processes which take place in the metaphysis. Two pathogenetic principles at the epiphyseal cartilage appear to be important for the defective growth of the long bones. On the one hand, the flowing equilibrium between the differentiation steps of cartilage reformation, transformation of the hyaline cartilage into a mineralised cartilaginous tissue and chondrolysis is changed, whereas on the other hand the turnover of these differentiation steps is retarded or accelerated.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Congenital hypothyroidism--correlation between radiographic appearances of the knee epiphyses and biochemical data.

Plain knee radiographs of 20 neonates with congenital hypothyroidism, were reviewed. The size and appearances of the epiphyses were compared with the biochemical data at the time of referral. Fifteen infants had unequivocal evidence of delayed bone maturation based on absence of the distal femoral epiphysis or small epiphyseal size. Seven cases had fragmentation of at least one epiphysis. A positive correlation was found, at diagnosis, between the thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels and the size of the knee epiphyses. All 14 infants with thyroxine levels of less than 70 nmol/l had small epiphyses with a combined mean diameter of the proximal tibial plus distal femoral epiphyses of 7 mm or less. Conversely, of the 6 infants with thyroxine levels of 70 nmol/l or above, 5 had combined epiphyseal diameters of greater than 10 mm. We suggest that in infants with no clinical symptoms and only moderately raised raised screening thyroid stimulating hormone, a knee radiograph showing the described radiological changes should prompt institution of thyroxine treatment before awaiting biochemical confirmation of the diagnosis.

Congenital Hypothyroidism↗
PubMed1978

The effect of dynamic loading on the growth of epiphyseal cartilage in the rat.

The Hueter-Volkmann law of epiphyseal pressures describes an inverse relationship between static compressive forces parallel to the axis of epiphyseal growth and the rate of growth of that cartilage. Studies of histological sections of the epiphyseal plate of the fourth metatarsals of (a) control, (b) bipedal and (c) bipedal rats with amputation of the fifth metatarsal show that dynamic compressive forces can stimulate epiphyseal cartilage growth. Within certain parameters, both the relief and increase of dynamic compression accelerate epiphyseal growth. It is the amount and kind of loading that are important factors to accelerate epiphyseal growth.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

The effect of single dose of oestrogens administered during the early postnatal period on the DNA content of rat bone epiphyses.

It has been shown previously that the administration of a single dose or oestrogens to male rats during the early postnatal life retards growth, after a latent period lasting several weeks, [slowing down of body weight and body lenth increments]. We therefore studied the effect of a single subcutaneous dose of oestrogens (1.25 mg oestradiol dipropionate) administered on the 5th postnatal day on the DNA content and DNA concentration in the parts of long bones associated with growth (distal epiphysis of the femur, and proximal and distal epiphyses of the tibia together with the epiphyseal plates). The rats were decapitated at the age of 18, 25 and 40 days, the given parts of the bones were immediately dissected out, weighed and their absolute DNA content and DNA concentration were analyzed. The weight of the distal femoral epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was found to be significantly lower at 40 days than in the controls. At the same age, its DNA content and concentration were likewise significantly lower in animals given oestrogens on the 5th day of life. The weight of the proximal tibial epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was significantly lower from the 25th day, while its DNA content was already significantly lower on the 18th day and the difference was maintained up to the 40th day of life. A significant decrease in the DNA concentration in oestrogen-treated rats did not appear until the 40th day. The weight of the distal tibial epiphysis of experimental rats was also significantly lower from the 25th postnatal day onwards and its DNA content was significantly lower by the 18th day. At 25 days, the DNA content was slightly lower in oestrogen-treated rats, but the significance of the difference disappeared, although it re-appeared on the 40th day of life. As in the two preceding epiphyses, the DNA concentration in the distal tibial epiphysis was not significantly lower in oestrogen-treated animals before the 40th day of life. The results show that the administration of oestrogens in the early postnatal period significantly affects both the absolute DNA content and the DNA concentration in all the epiphyses in question. The reaction does not appear in all the epiphyses at the same time, however. Differences in the degree of maturity of the epiphyses are evidently responsible for the variability of the response as regards the time at which the above changes occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Responses of articular and epiphyseal cartilage zones of developing avian radii to estrone treatment and a 2-G environment.

Female chicks at 2 weeks post-hatch were maintained for 2 weeks at earth gravity or 2 G with daily injections of 0.2 or 0.4 mg estrone. Animals were sacrificed following the last injection and radii were fixed in 10% NBF, decalcified in 3% Nitric acid, doubly embedded, sectioned at 4 to 5 micrometer, and routinely processed for histological measurements of the midcoronal height and width of the cartilage zones of the proximal and distal epiphyses. Estrone treatment increased the growth in height and width of the cartilage layers of the proximal epiphyses and inhibited the growth in height of the distal epiphyseal cartilage of earth gravity chicks. Animal exposure to 2 G without estrone treatment resulted in increased width of the cartilage layers of the proximal epiphyses and inhibition of both height and width growth of the cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses. Growth in height, but not width, of the cartilage layers of both proximal and distal epiphyses was inhibited by combined estrone treatment and animal exposure to the 2 G environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The effects of electrical stimulation on epiphyseal cartilage].

The effects of electrical stimulation on epiphyseal growth were studied. The epiphyseal cartilage of the proximal tibia of New Zealand white rabbits was stimulated by direct current for 2 weeks. A constant direct current of 5 microA was supplied by an electrical stimulation system buried under the subcutaneous tissue. Contralateral tibia with dummy electrodes served as control. The results were as follows: The height of the epiphyseal plate near the electrodes was slightly increased by traumatic reaction to the electrodes in the control group. However, in the stimulation group, the height was more remarkably increased than in the control group. The height of the epiphyseal plate was 0.6 +/- 0.2 mm in the control group, and 1.0 +/- 0.4 mm in the stimulation group, showing a statistical difference. The mineral appositional rate, determined by tetracycline labels, was 3.0 +/- 0.8 microns/day in the control group and 4.6 +/- 0.4 microns/day in the stimulation group. It was observed that the turnover of the epiphyseal plate was accelerated in the stimulation group, but no other abnormal findings were observed by electron microscopy. In conclusion, it is clear that growth of the epiphyseal cartilage is accelerated by direct current.

Animals↗