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Results for “Equipment Design”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Research and development of phamaceutical dosage forms.

The development of a suitable formulation and a freeze-dry cycle for a pharmaceutical dosage form requires knowledge of some basic properties such as (1) eutectic temperature, if one exists, (2) temperature effect on solubility, (3) degree of supercooling, (4) heat transfer properties of the frozen product and (5) equipment design and equipment capability. Basic work with several inorganic and organic salts shows that eutectic temperature is a function of the melting point and the differential heat of solution of a drug. From a knowledge of these parameters, a mathematical expression can be used to estimate eutectic temperature. The desired characteristics which can be achieved by proper formulation of the solution to be freeze-dried and by employing optimum freeze-drying cycles include an intact cake, sufficient strength, uniform color and rapid reconstitution. By utilizing resistivity measurements to determine eutectic temperature and supercooling properties it is possible to reformulate products, increase batch sizes and reduce overall times for freeze-drying cycles.

Bromides↗
PubMed1976

Design and farm animal welfare.

Farm animal welfare and the design of farm buildings and equipment are interrelated. The animals' requirements and preferences should first be estimated and ways in which this can be done are discussed, as are methods of assessment of their environment. Some examples of the influence which housing and equipment design can have are given. Attention is drawn to the difficulties inherent in the assessment of farm animal welfare and the postulation made that the veterinarian is well fitted to carry out such assessments.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ripcord release capability of female parachutists.

With the growth in popularity of skydiving as a sport has come an associated increase in parachuting accidents, some of them due to failure to deploy the main or reserve parachutes. The absence of appropriate strength data has prompted a study of the pull force capabilities of female parachutists on a ripcord release in varying positions. Pull forces exerted for periods of 0.25, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 s during a 5-s pull are presented in percentile form. A substantial percentage of female parachutists could not exert the maximum ripcord release pull force permitted by the relevant parachute specification. The relatively low level of strength exhibited by the weakest groups of the population emphasizes the need for such basic information in equipment design.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Clinical engineering: an in-depth review of its economic potential.

Clinical Engineers are currently employed in hospitals to see that the more complex instrumentation is electrically safe and well maintained. Such an objective fails to capitalize on the economic advantages which can be derived from specialist management. This paper proposes that the objective be broadened to cover the application of engineering technology for lower cost-higher quality health care. The functions involved and the staff needed to attain this objective are analyzed, together with the modus operandi for selecting and integrating cost-effective equipment, designing practical maintenance programs, and training the staff to avoid equipment abuse. Details of recent equipment-oriented malpractice suits are reviewed to identify already proven vulnerable areas. The results achieved from this approach at a 450-bed University Hospital show an estimated reduction of from $144 to $59 for the average cost of a repair, and an overall 60 per cent cost saving in the handling of the biomedical electronic equipment.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1978

Principles of care and management in a laboratory animal facility.

The keeping of animals in an enclosed area and their use for scientific work goes back to the beginning of the Christian era. This activity gradually developed into the specific science we know today. Principles of housing, animal care, equipment and management according to which, it is felt a modern animal facility should be designed, equipped and operated, are discussed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1978

Preventable anesthesia mishaps: a study of human factors.

A modified critical-incident analysis technique was used in a retrospective examination of the characteristics of human error and equipment failure in anesthetic practice. The objective was to uncover patterns of frequently occurring incidents that are in need of careful prospective investigation. Forty-seven interviews were conducted with staff and resident anesthesiologists at one urban teaching institution, and descriptions of 359 preventable incidents were obtained. Twenty-three categories of details from these descriptions were subjected to computer-aided analysis for trends and patterns. Most of the preventable incidents involved human error (82 per cent), with breathing-circuit disconnections, inadvertent changes in gas flow, and drug-syringe errors being frequent problems. Overt equipment failures constituted only 14 per cent of the total number of preventable incidents, but equipment design was indictable in many categories of human error, as were inadequate experience and insufficient familiarity with equipment or with the specific surgical procedure. Other factors frequently associated with incidents were inadequate communication among personnel, haste or lack of precaution, and distraction. Results from multi-hospital studies based on the methodology developed could be used for more objective determination of priorities and planning of specific investments for decreasing the risk associated with anesthesia.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1976

Radiology for the people.

The general population of developing nations has not received sufficient radiological diagnostic services. Surveys will pinpoint the areas of greatest need. The best course seems to be to provide many basic diagnostic units of simple design rather than only a few sophisticated centers. The role of the radiologist is to oversee physician-technician training, equipment design, and system development. Only with a well-planned, comprehensive approach can the benefits of modern radiology reach the greatest number of people.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1978

[Community laboratories as tools of scientific research on health society in Venezuela].

The School of Dentistry of Zulia University, Maracaibo, Venezuela, set up "community laboratories" to investigate alternative solutions to Venezuelan oral health problems. These academic-administrative units were used to make trial of different arrangements for the provision of dental care in different community situations. The purposes of the community laboratories were to design, develop, and compare comprehensive dental care systems, delegate functions to auxiliary personnel selected in the communities themselves, use simplified equipment, design techniques for reducing costs while maintaining quality, generate a methodology for community motivation, apply preventive techniques on a mass scale, offer the experience so acquired to the public services and to the profession at large, and supply information on the community essential for the design of curricula. The result has been highly encouraging because of the degree of community participation obtained and the salutary effect on student training and attitudes.

Community Dentistry↗