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Prolongation of renal allograft survival in DLA-tissue typed beagles after third-party leucocyte and erythrocyte transfusion.
In a dog model, both transfusion of leucocytes and of erythrocytes induced lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The results, obtained in DLA identical littermate and DLA nonidentical nonrelated beagle recipient pairs, suggest a correlation between DLA-type and lymphocytotoxic immune response. Two weeks after the last of three transfusions from different blood donors, kidneys from unrelated DLA-mismatched donrs were transplanted to the beagle recipients. A standard postoperative immunosuppressive regimen was given. No correlation between erythrocyte or leucocyte induced immune response was observed, but both erythrocyte as well as leucocyte transfusions significantly prolonged renal allograft survival as compared with nontransfused controls.
Loss of transferase enzyme activity of transfused erythrocytes in galactosemia.
Rapid loss of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in hemolysates from an infant 26 days after transfusion led to investigation of the possiblity of an unstable enzyme or other variant of galactosemia. However, the child was found to have the classic type of galactosemia. The seeming transferase instability was attributable to loss of enzyme activity in hemolysates from blood containg aged, transfused cells, the source of the enzyme. Thus when transfusion is necessary, transferase assay for diagnosis of the enzyme deficiency before transfusion avoids confusion attributable to the enzyme supplied in the transfused cells.
[Erythrocyte transfusion].
Red cells are the most important and usually the only necessary part of transfused whole blood. Transfusion of concentrated red cells involves several advantages for the recipient (decreased volume load, fewer transfusion reactions, better antianemic effect per unit). The plasma which is separated from whole blood during the preparation of packed red cells can be used for fractionation or for the preparation of platelet concentrates and other special products. The increasing need for blood components makes the substitution of whole blood by packed red cells for transfusion purposes mandatory. The only rare indication for whole blood is fresh blood (i.e. blood up to 48 hours after donation). Red cell concentrates with a hematocrit of 70% are particularly suitable for general use, since the viscosity still allows transfusion without difficulties. With regard to quality and storage time of red cells there is no difference between packed cells and whole blood.
Theileria sergenti proliferates in SCID mice with bovine erythrocyte transfusion.
The unavailability of in vitro or in vivo experimental systems has been the major factor hampering the progress of research studies on Theileria sergenti, causative agent of theileriosis, a major disease of cattle in Japan. We report the first successful propagation of T. sergenti in SCID mice into which uninfected bovine erythrocytes (Bo-RBC) were supplied periodically. The infectivity of T. sergenti proliferated in an SCID mouse was ascertained by successful transfer of infection into another SCID mouse into which uninfected Bo-RBC were supplied periodically.
Determination of rheologically optimal mixtures of AA and SS erythrocytes for transfusion.
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Post-transfusion survival of 50Cr-labeled erythrocytes in neonatal foals.
Erythrocytes transfused allogeneically into mature horses have a short survival (less than 4 days) compared with an expected erythrocyte life span of 140-150 days. Yet, foals undergo transfusions for neonatal isoerythrolysis successfully. The authors have determined the survival of transfused erythrocytes in neonatal foals, using the stable isotope, 50Cr, to label the erythrocytes. Normal foals underwent transfusions with labeled erythrocytes from three sources: their own erythrocytes (autologous), the erythrocytes of their dam, and the erythrocytes of an unrelated castrated male. After transfusion, samples were taken at 15 minutes and then daily for a week and every 2 or 3 days for 20 days. A stable isotope of iron (57Fe) and 50Cr were determined on diluted-packed erythrocytes by inductively coupled argon-coupled mass spectrometry techniques. 57Fe was used as measure of the sample hemoglobin concentration. The ratio of 50Cr to 57Fe decreased exponentially in all foals. Half-time (T1/2) was 11.7 days (standard error = 2.2) for four foals that underwent autologous transfusions, 5.5 +/- 1.0 days for five foals that underwent transfusions with the erythrocytes of their dams, and 5.2 +/- 1.1 days for five foals that had transfusions with erythrocytes from an unrelated gelding. The authors conclude that erythrocytes that are transfused allogenically into neonatal foals will survive longer than those transfused into mature horses and that 50Cr labeling can be used to measure survival of transfused erythrocytes.
[Indications for the transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates].
Whole blood transfusions as usual are often not effective. The high fluid level overloads the circulatory system and the share of red blood corpuscles improves the hematocrit inconsiderably. On the contrary after application of erythrocyte suspension which has reducted volume the hematocrit increases and risks of the circulatory system will be prevented. Risks by means of whole-blood transfusions; advantages, indications, and production of erythrocyte concentrations are outlined.
Guidelines for transfusion of erythrocytes to neonates and premature infants. Fetus and Newborn Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society.
The transfusion of erythrocytes to neonates and premature infants is common and should be minimized through a reduction in the number of blood samples taken for laboratory tests. The risks to patients have been minimized with current blood-banking techniques, although neonates and premature infants may require special consideration. The indications for transfusion of erythrocytes to neonates include the presence of shock, a loss of 10% or more of the blood volume within 72 hours when further blood sampling is expected, a hemoglobin level of less than 130 g/L in neonates with cardio-respiratory disease who require increased oxygen-carrying capacity, and a hemoglobin level of less than 80 to 100 g/L in neonates with tachypnea, tachycardia, recurrent apnea, poor feeding or failure to gain weight. The attending physician should consider these indications along with clinical judgement to ensure safe and effective erythrocyte transfusion.
[Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of transfusions of erythrocytic mass].
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Recovery of membrane micro-vesicles from human erythrocytes stored for transfusion: a mechanism for the erythrocyte discocyte-to-spherocyte shape transformation.
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Malaria: decreased survival of transfused normal erythrocytes in infected rats.
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[Allo-immunization against 5 erythrocyte antigens after transfusion exclusively of packed platelets].
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Purine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate metabolism of lymphocytes and erythrocytes of an adenosine deaminase deficient immunocompetent child.
Purine metabolism and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content of lymphocytes and erythrocytes were studied in an immunocompetent black male child with a total deficiency of erythrocyte and partial deficiency of lymphocyte adenosine deaminase. The partial genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase was demonstrated in intact lymphocytes, and was approximately one third of the deaminating activity of control lymphocytes. Intact lymphocytes of the patient did not incorporate adenosine at a faster rate than those of control lymphocytes. The patient's erythrocytes deaminating activity was low and adenine ribonucleotide synthesis from adenosine was increased several fold, while adenine incorporation into purine ribonucleotides was comparable to that of control erythrocytes. Transfusion with packed erythrocytes temporarily improved the deaminating capacity of circulating erythrocytes, but did not reduce the elevated incorporation of adenosine into purine ribonucleotides. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content of the patient's lymphocytes and erythrocytes was not diminished. Incubation of erythrocytes with adenosine lowered phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content while incubation with phosphate increased phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content to the same extent in mutant and control erythrocytes.
[Autologous transfusion of erythrocytes with high or low concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Survival rate and time and hemoglobin-oxygen affinity].
1. In human erythrocytes the 2.3 DPG concentration was increased three to fourfold of the norm as IPP re-suspension by an incubation time of four hours at 37 degrees C or as ACD-AG blood was lowered below 20% of the norm respectively. After an autologous transfusion the 24 hours' surviving rate and the apparent half survival time of cells as well as the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen in the total blood were measured. 2. The 24 hours' surviving rate for fresh erythrocytes with increased 2.3 DPG and ATP concentration amounts to 73% and the apparent half survival time amounts to 6 days. If erythrocytes are stored for four weeks as IPP resuspension at 4 degrees C, the 24 hours' surviving rate is 59%. Erythrocytes from fresh ACD-AG blood with lowered 2.3 DPG and a normal ATP concentration have a 24 hours' surviving time of 85% and an apparent half survival time of 24 days. 3. After autologous transfusion of 400 ml of erythrocytes with increased 2.3 DPG concentration the P50 value of the total blood will increase by 3 mm of Hg, after administering 400 ml of erythrocytes with lowered 2.3 DPG concentration it will fall by 1.8 mm of Hg. 4. The findings are discussed in connection with the significance of the changes of affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen produced by 2.3 DPG for the oxygen supply of tissues and under the aspect of using stored blood with increased 2.3 DPG concentration for practical purposes.
Enhancement of erythropoiesis by recombinant human erythropoietin in low birth weight infants: a pilot study.
We randomly assigned eight concurrently symptom-free premature infants (birth weight less than or equal to 1250 gm) at high risk of requiring erythrocyte transfusions for anemia of prematurity to 6 weeks of intensive treatment with either subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO group) or a placebo (control group). Treatment with r-HuEPO was initiated at a dose of 100 units/kg per day 5 days a week, and was increased to 200 units/kg per day after 2 or 3 weeks if target reticulocyte counts were not achieved. All patients were given supplemental oral iron therapy at a dose of 6 mg/kg per day, as tolerated. Mean reticulocyte counts in r-HuEPO-treated and control infants were 64,600 versus 67,500 cells/mm3 at entry; were 245,600 versus 78,000 cells/mm3 after 1 week; and averaged 262,600 versus 136,400 cells/mm3 during the study. Mean reticulocyte counts in r-HuEPO-treated infants were 251,200 cells/mm3 during the week when r-HuEPO, 100 units/kg per day, was given, and were 269,500 cells/mm3 after the dose was increased to 200 units/kg per day. Mean hematocrit values at entry were 33.4% in babies who received r-HuEPO versus 33.6% in the control subjects, and were 31.4% in r-HuEPO-treated and 25.2% in the control subjects at the end of treatment. One r-HuEPO-treated and three control babies received transfusions during the study; the total volume of blood given was 17 ml in the r-HuEPO group and 101 ml in the control subjects. The percentage of hemoglobin F increased in infants not given transfusions. We conclude that r-HuEPO stimulates endogenous erythropoiesis in small premature babies who are receiving supplemental oral iron therapy. A controlled multicenter trial has been undertaken to confirm these promising preliminary observations.
Arginase deficiency in multiple tissues in argininemia.
A 5 9/12-year-old Mexican female with argininemia presented at 4 years of age with severe growth retardation, microcephaly, mental retardation, loss of ability to walk, spasticity and epileptiform electroencephalogram. At follow-up, blood ammonia was elevated only twice out of 30 determinations. Blood arginine was 544 to 1,074 mumol/l (normal 61 to 173); cerebrospinal fluid arginine was 88 mumol/l (normal 6 to 29); and urinary arginine, citruline and argininosuccinic acid were consistently elevated. Arginase activities in tissues from the propositus were 0.01 mU/mg hemoglobin in erythrocytes (normal 29.8 to 96.1); 9 mU/mg protein in liver (normal 1,522 to 5,491); and 5 mU/mg protein in stratum corneum (normal 2,856 to 7,556). The demonstration of arginase deficiency in liver and stratum corneum suggests a generalized deficiency and helps to explain the elevation of blood arginine. Therapeutic trials of orally administered lysine to enhance dibasic amino acid competition and of enzyme replacement using erythrocyte transfusion did not result in significantly decreased blood arginine or clinical improvement.
[Erythrocyte and platelet transfusion].
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