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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Gas chromatographic studies of vinyl chloride in air by catalytic hydrogenation to ethyl chloride.

In order to investigate the amount of vinyl chloride in air, the hydrogenation of vinyl chloride to ethyl chloride is used. This method of determination is preferable to the other methods described in the literature because: (a) it proves that only vinyl chloride goes through hydrogenation by its displacement to the ethyl chloride peak in the chromatogram; (b) the actual amount of vinyl chloride can be obtained in the case of superimposed or interfering peaks (e.g., various gases contained in air samples), either by calculating the ethyl chloride peak area or by the reduction of the peak area in the region of the same retention time as the vinyl chloride peak in the related chromatogram. In this study various kinds of catalysts for hydrogenation purposes at temperatures ranging from -20 to 250 degrees have been used. Among the catalysts used palladium gives the best results at low temperature.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Efficient synthesis of achiral seco-cyclopropylbenz[2,3-e]indoline analogues: [4-amino-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-1-yl]ethyl chloride and [4-hydroxy-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-1-yl]ethyl chloride.

Achiral seco-aminocyclopropylbenz[2,3-e]indoline and seco-hydroxycyclopropylbenz[2,3-e]indoline (seco-CBI) analogues of the duocarmycins and CC-1065, e.g., 7 and 8, are potent anticancer agents. This paper describes significantly improved synthetic strategies for preparing these compounds. Starting from Martius acid (9), the new strategy gave a 13-fold increase in the overall yield of 7, and the use of di-tert-butyl malonate was economically beneficial. For compound 8, the new strategy employed an Emmons-Horner reaction, followed by a Stobbe condensation, and the overall yield was improved 15-fold.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1983

Punch biopsy of the skin: effect of temperature and local anesthesia with ethyl chloride freezing.

The effect of local anesthesia with ethyl chloride freezing on biopsy size and quality for microscopy was studied postmortem. Four-mm punch biopsies were taken from the abdominal skin by different techniques: manual punch and drill (250 RPM) at 8 degrees C and 33 to 36 degrees C, ethyl chloride, and injection of lidocaine for local anesthesia. Histologic sections were assessed, and defatted dried weight (DW) was determined as an expression of biopsy size. After ethyl chloride freezing, microscopy showed more trauma (p less than 0.001) and characteristic, marginal tissue-breaks (p less than 0.01). More biopsies (p less than 0.05) were not proper for microscopy. DW and the variances showed no differences. It is concluded that local anesthesia with ethyl chloride freezing results in tissue trauma and inferior quality of the tissue specimens for microscopy.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1989

Human epidermal Langerhans' cells are sensitive to rapid cooling by ethyl chloride.

Topical anesthesia with ethyl chloride spraying generates some remarkable reactive events in the human Langerhans' cell (LC) system. Many LC retract their dendrites and a considerable number move to the innermost layers of the epidermis within 15 minutes. This rapid motility supports the view that the interstices between cells in living epidermis are large. The LC cytomembrane is very susceptible to cold shock which causes the cytomembrane to superimpose upon itself forming abnormally shaped Birbeck granules. This process may consume too much of the cytomembrane to be compatible with cell survival.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethyl chloride: an ineffective bacteriostatic or cidal agent for arthrocentesis.

The local and general anesthetic properties of ethyl chloride have been well delineated. The purpose of this study was to determine if ethyl chloride, when used as a local anesthetic, had any bacteriostatic or cidal effects on the normal array of skin flora. Fifteen different aerobic bacteria or fungi were collected from pure cultures. A total of 30 specimens were sprayed; 2 specimens of each of the 15 bacteria were sprayed with ethyl chloride for both 5 and 10 seconds. These specimens then were restreaked once the ethyl chloride had evaporated, and were incubated for 24 hours. At 24 hours the cultures were checked and found to have no significant growth inhibitions. It is thus concluded that ethyl chloride alone does not have any bacteriostatic or cidal effects on these commonly found skin flora.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed2006

Topical ethyl chloride fine spray. Does it have any antimicrobial activity?

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess whether ethyl chloride fine spray (Cryogesic) has antimicrobial activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood agar plates supplemented with 5% horse blood were inoculated with five different organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis. The plates were assessed for growth inhibition at 24 and 48 h by the microbiologist and compared with the non-sprayed control plates. RESULTS: The model showed a highly significant (p<0.0001) reduction in bacterial count for the plates treated with fine ethyl chloride spray. The estimate of the percentage of bacteria remaining after spraying with ethyl chloride was 42.7%, with a 95% confidence interval of 35.9-50.9%. There was no evidence that the effect of ethyl chloride fine spray was different for the different organisms (p=0.49). CONCLUSION: The use of ethyl chloride shows bacterial count reduction but the clinical implication of this needs to be determined. The authors postulate that any statistically significant reduction can only be helpful in reducing the infection rates. This coupled with the already proven local anaesthetic effects of ethyl chloride will make it an important tool for procedures like arthrocentesis and venepunctures.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1994

Allergic contact dermatitis from ethyl chloride and sensitization to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12).

Despite the widespread use of ethyl chloride as a local anesthetic and chlorofluorocarbons as propellants in medical and cosmetic aerosols, contact allergy to these 2 gases is rare. In a 30-year-old woman, an unusual itchy dermatitis appeared at all skin sites where a medical aerosol containing ethyl chloride had been briefly applied. Subsequent re-exposure to the spray and patch tests revealed contact sensitization to ethyl chloride and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12). Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations of the test reaction were consistent with a T-cell-mediated allergic reaction. The low incidence of contact allergy to ethyl chloride and chlorofluorocarbons may be due to the rapid evaporation of these volatile gases, thus preventing intense and prolonged contact with the skin and consequently contact sensitization. A modified patch test procedure using perforated plastic chambers to allow gas evaporation is necessary to test volatile agents.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Venous cannulation and topical ethyl chloride in patients receiving nitrous oxide.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethyl chloride spray on the anxiety and pain associated with placing an intravenous catheter in patients sedated with nitrous oxide. Eighty-eight patients scheduled for dental surgery with a combination of intravenous and nitrous oxide sedation were randomly assigned to have ethyl chloride spray or a placebo, water spray, applied before cannulation of a vein. Anxiety and pain were reported using a 10.0-cm visual analog scale before nitrous oxide administration, after nitrous oxide sedation, following application of the spray, and following venous cannulation. The first 2 assessments measured overall levels of patient anxiety and pain and confirmed that nitrous oxide sedation reduced anxiety without changing already low levels of pain. The second 2 assessments of anxiety and pain measured the reaction toward the spray and cannulation. The application of ethyl chloride spray produced significantly more anxiety and pain than did the placebo. The results of this study demonstrate that ethyl chloride spray does not significantly reduce the anxiety and pain associated with venous cannulation in patients sedated with nitrous oxide.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of ethyl chloride spray with topical anaesthetic in children experiencing venepuncture.

AIM: Initial validation of ethyl chloride spray in minimising pain for children experiencing venepuncture in comparison to Ametop cream. DESIGN: A randomised non-inferiority cross-over trial comparing ethyl chloride with Ametop in 77 children aged five to 13 years undergoing measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Additional data were gathered on the child's preferred choice for the third venepuncture. RESULTS: Ethyl chloride spray is of equal preference to Ametop in children experiencing venepuncture, with lower self-reported pain score. It should be considered as an added alternative option to topical anaesthetic but further work is needed to clarify application technique.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1990

Ethyl chloride and venepuncture pain: a comparison with intradermal lidocaine.

One hundred and twenty unpremedicated patients undergoing gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated to one of three equal treatment groups to assess the effectiveness of ethyl chloride in producing instant skin anaesthesia to prevent the pain of venepuncture from a 20 G cannula. They received either no anaesthetic, 0.2 ml one per cent lidocaine plain intradermally or a ten-second spray of ethyl chloride at the cannulation site. Ethyl chloride produced skin anaesthesia that significantly reduced the pain of venepuncture. However, it was not as effective as intradermal lidocaine. It had no effect on vein visualisation or ease of cannulation. Ethyl chloride can be recommended as a method of producing instant skin anaesthesia.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2000

Death due to inhalation of ethyl chloride.

A 30-year-old white male was found dead in a locked apartment with a rag held loosely in his mouth. Four cans (3 empty, 1 partially empty) containing ethyl chloride and labeled as VCR head cleaner were found next to the body. Phenylpropanolamine and low therapeutic levels of diazepam (64 microg/L) and nordiazepam (126 microg/L) were detected during toxicological analysis. An unidentified peak was observed when performing ethanol analysis by headspace gas chromatography. The peak was identified as ethyl chloride and the concentrations in the blood, urine, vitreous, brain, and lungs of the deceased were 423 mg/L, 35 mg/L, 12 mg/L, 858 mg/kg, and 86 mg/kg, respectively. The results were compared with previously reported levels of ethyl chloride in blood and vitreous and, based on a literature search, we believe that this is the first report of ethyl chloride levels in tissue.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1988

Sniffing of ethyl chloride--an uncommon form of abuse with serious mental and neurological symptoms.

Abuse of ethyl chloride is a problem which has previously been almost unknown in Sweden. Confusion, hallucinosis, ataxia, and pronounced impairment of short-term memory--all of a transient nature--and a prolonged and uncharacteristic course of abstinence reactions are some of the symptoms that occur on sniffing of ethyl chloride. The course of events in one such case is described. The authors request that references to this article outside the professional press should not be made in such a way as to facilitate abuse.

Ataxia↗
PubMed1993

Death attributed to ethyl chloride.

A young college student was found unresponsive, head down in his pillow with a metal canister containing ethyl chloride in or beside his right hand. Resuscitative efforts failed. Qualitative screening detected ethyl chloride in the vitreous fluid and antemortem and postmortem blood. Quantitation was carried out on available fluids with the following results: hospital blood, 20 mg/dL; postmortem blood, 65 mg/dL; and vitreous fluid, 41.7 mg/dL. No other drugs or volatiles were found. Death was subsequently attributed to an overdose or adverse reaction to this product.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

Ethyl chloride.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Ethyl Chloride↗
PubMed1992

Use of ethyl chloride topical anesthetic to reduce procedural pain in pediatric oncology patients.

Pediatric cancer patients often become anxious, agitated, combative, and uncooperative due to the pain or fear of pain during invasive procedures. Generally, it is not the actual administration of medicines that produces this reaction, but the fear of the needle stick itself. Increased education and implementation of coping mechanisms is often not enough to allay this fear. The tangible solution of using ethyl chloride, an anesthetic spray, before port sticks, lumbar punctures, and bone marrow aspirations, was instituted by the hematology-oncology clinic to determine if the pain, emotional trauma, and fear of cancer treatments could be reduced in oncology patients. Survey results on 60 patients and 60 parents/caretakers showed that when given the choice to use the spray or to refuse its use, 68% of the parents thought that the patient had more of a sense of control and, thus, involvement in their treatment. Seventy-eight percent of the patients reported experiencing less pain associated with procedures. Staff noted an increase in cooperation, less combativeness, and more compliance with treatment. Perceiving the child's discomfort diminished, 87% of the parents/caretakers report feeling less anxious and, therefore, more capable of being supportive to each other and their child. These results verified the staff's perceptions of the advantages of using this noninvasive anesthetic. Ethyl chloride is an easy, effective, concrete approach to reducing procedural pain in pediatric oncology patients.

Administration, Topical↗