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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Case-control studies in cancer patients as a surveillance system of occupational exposure in the European Community. European Community Working Party.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The main aim was to detect known relationships between lung and blood cancers and various occupational exposures (using job titles as proxies) using a case-control design. The suitability of this system for routine surveillance could then be assessed. DESIGN: A case-control study was carried out in 1989. SETTING: Hospitals in eight European Community countries. SUBJECTS: Men aged 25 to 75 years with incident and prevalent cancer of the lung (190 cases), haematopoietic system (210 cases), or gastrointestinal tract (245 controls) were studied. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The crude estimate of the overall odds ratio exposure (OR) for relevant occupational exposure of lung cancer relative to gastrointestinal cancer was 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82, 1.77). In a logistic regression analysis adjusting for country, age at diagnosis, smoking, and alcohol consumption, the overall OR was not greatly changed. A significant interaction of occupational exposure and age at diagnosis showed that lung cancer patients diagnosed at a younger age had a higher OR than patients diagnosed at an older age. Thus, the overall, insignificant result may have been due to a low reliability of occupational history in older age or to a selective mechanism related to age. The overall OR for occupational exposure of cancer of the blood relative to gastrointestinal cancer was 0.88 (95% CI 0.60, 1.31). The logistic regression analysis did not alter these results. CONCLUSION: A surveillance based on a case-control design using job titles would not be sensitive enough to detect possible occupational risks.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Guiding principles for industrial policy in the pharmaceutical sector of the European Community. European Economic Community].

The aim of this work is to present the guidelines suggested by the E. Community for an industrial policy concerning the Pharmaceutical sector, within the framework of a common plan encompassing health, industrial growth and employment. In addition, as there are signs of structural difficulties in the pharmaceutical industries of the Community which are yielding ground in comparison with their main worldwide competitors, suggestions are made for a reversal of this trend. Larger financial support is needed for research and development (RD) of new therapeutically innovative medicines, which is a condition for its long term competitiveness, and a stricter prices control by the Community over national regulations is also strongly advised.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1993

Ethical and social issues in presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease: a European Community collaborative study. European Community Huntington's Disease Collaborative Study Group.

An analysis of social and ethical aspects of presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease has been carried out, based on data on linked DNA markers, from four major testing centres in different European Community countries (Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, and United Kingdom). Information was available on 603 applicants, with 213 final results given, of which 32% gave an increased risk. A series of specific issues and problems were documented systematically for all applicants, results being given on frequency of occurrence and illustrated by individual case histories. The principal issues could be grouped as problems of inappropriate referral, problems involving relatives, and problems relating to disclosure of results. At least one important problem was encountered in 46% of applicants, emphasising the importance of expert counselling, preparation, and support of applicants, and of close liaison between clinical, counselling, and laboratory staff. The extensive and detailed information available for Huntington's disease from this and other studies will be of considerable value in relation to genetic testing for other late onset genetic disorders and will be even more relevant to Huntington's disease now that specific mutation analysis is possible for this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Research on the mechanisms of action of aneugenic chemicals and regulatory approaches for their control in the European Communities.

The European Communities have developed a wide range of regulatory instruments for the control of chemical products sold and used within its geographical area. An important part of the testing requirements for most chemicals within the European Communities is the preparation of an information package on the potential mutogen properties of each chemical. Currently, no test requirements specify a unique test for aneugenic activity, although current methods such as in vitro cytogenetic and bone marrow micronucleus assays provide some useful indirect information on aneugenic activity. During the past 15 years the European Communities supported a series of collaborative research projects that have investigated the mechanisms by which chemicals induce aneuploidy and developmental studies of test methods for the detection of aneugenic chemicals. These projects led to the development of in vitro methods for the detection and quantification of induced nondisjunction and chromosome loss and the measurement of aneuploidy in rodent bone marrow. The European Communities projects have demonstrated the aneugenic potential of a diverse range of chemicals and their potential role in inherited disease and tumour induction. However, regulatory guidelines have yet to be modified to take advantage of the methods developed for the detection and evaluation of aneugenic chemicals.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2001

The European Community Respiratory Health Survey: what are the main results so far? European Community Respiratory Health Survey II.

The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) was the first study to assess the geographical variation in asthma and allergy in adults using the same instruments and definitions. The database of the ECRHS includes information from approximately 140,000 individuals from 22 countries. The aim of this review is to summarize the results of the ECRHS to date. The ECRHS has shown that there are large geographical differences in the prevalence of asthma, atopy and bronchial responsiveness, with high prevalence rates in English speaking countries and low prevalence rates in the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe. Analyses of risk factors have highlighted the importance of occupational exposure for asthma in adulthood. The association between sensitization to individual allergens and bronchial responsiveness was strongest for indoor allergens (mite and cat). Analysis of treatment practices has confirmed that the treatment of asthma varies widely between countries and that asthma is often undertreated. In conclusion, the European Community Respiratory Health Survey has shown that the prevalence of asthma varies widely. The fact that the geographical pattern is consistent with the distribution of atopy and bronchial responsiveness supports the conclusion that the geographical variations in the prevalence of asthma are true and most likely due to environmental factors.

Asthma↗
PubMed1994

Specialist training in gastroenterology in the European Community: the case for European boards. European Board of Gastroenterology.

Gastroenterological training differs so greatly from country to country in Europe it is impossible to believe that training is equally good in each one. This in turn, provides a barrier to the free migration of doctors with the European Community. These differences also create confusion for migrating patients, and call into question the validity of the European Commission directives, which pronounce all qualifications obtained in European Community countries to be equally acceptable within the community. The European Commission does not have the power to unify medical training, but the medical profession itself acting in concert as a European body could harmonise the differences to ensure acceptable standards of training across the community. The Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the representative body of national medical specialists bodies, which reports to the European Commission. The European Board of Gastroenterology, a working party of the Gastroenterology Section of the UEMS has agreed acceptable and fair standards of training for gastroenterologists, and has developed a system for external assessment of training centres and faculty. All three, candidates, faculty, and centre would, in the event of a successful application, be awarded the European Diploma of Gastroenterology or, in full, the Diploma of Recognition of Quality of Training in Gastroenterology. This paper discusses these problems, some of their origins, and the proposals of the European Board.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1993

Risk assessment in practice: a foot and mouth disease control strategy for the European Community.

The European Community (EC) has been a single market for trade in livestock and livestock products since the end of 1992. Previously, some of the Member States of the EC practised routine prophylactic vaccination against foot and mouth disease (FMD), while others banned the use of vaccine. Policy had to be harmonized and the European Commission carried out a risk assessment to determine the best option. The assessment compared the costs and benefits of vaccination and non-vaccination strategies and assumed that, in either case, FMD outbreaks would be stamped out. The costs of vaccination strategy include the cost of prophylactic vaccination and the costs of any outbreaks which might occur. The costs of a non-vaccination policy are largely confined to outbreaks. The risk assessment depended crucially on a prediction of the number of outbreaks which might be expected under either policy; this was based on historical evidence of outbreaks in vaccinating and non-vaccinating EC Member States.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Limits of infinite animal welfare in the internal market of the European community].

The European Communities are, above all, economically oriented. Thus, as animal protection is concerned, EC legislation is only realized to an amount that ensures a smooth functioning of the internal market. In this sense, animal protection with in EC finds its limits in the Treaty of Rome rather than could be called "borderless". Nevertheless, a deterioration of the now existing level of animal protection in the Federal Republic of Germany should not be feared due to increasing European integration. Every member state still has the prerogative to issue more strict regulations than the minimum requirements of the EC.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1993

[The dentist, the dental assistant and the dental hygienist within the European Community].

The European Community dimension of the dental profession is a many faceted issue, raising a number of questions at different levels. A difficulty is hereby posed by the fact that a number of distinct demarcation-lines are at stake. These will determine the applicable legal rules to be found in the EEC-Treaty and/or in secondary Community legislation (regulations, directives). Distinct rules apply depending on whether one is dealing with workers or self-employed persons; with the freedom to provide services (on a temporary basis) or the right of (permanent) establishment and finally depending on which profession is being looked at. At the same time the resulting divisions cannot be considered in an isolated way, for they have a bearing on one another. For analytical purposes the profession-distinction will be taken as main frame of reference, so that three sections will deal with resp. dentists, dental technicians and dental hygienists. Within each of these, the other distinctions will be dealt with where appropriate. Before proceeding to the actual analysis, some final preliminary observations must be made.

Dental Hygienists↗
PubMed1990

Drug safety in the European community.

By 1992 the European Community's pharmaceutical legislation will cover all industrially produced medicines, including vaccines, blood products and radiopharmaceuticals. The quality, safety and efficacy requirements have been harmonised, as have certain aspects of procedures for marketing authorisation or for manufacture. The complete texts of the 'Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Community' were published recently. Pharmaceutical companies have 2 types of European Community registration procedures available, which are intended to facilitate the adoption of a common position by the member states. The experience gained with the procedures of the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) has highlighted opportunities for closer cooperation, either before national decisions (concertation procedure) or after such decisions (multi-state procedure). The installation, in 1993, of a single European market without borders implies that medicinal products should be able to circulate throughout the European Community with the same conditions attached to their marketing. Monitoring the adverse effects of medicinal products (pharmacovigilance) is also a major issue. The existing arrangements for exchanging postmarketing information will be reinforced, in future, by strengthening the legal provisions already in force.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMed1994

Public policy trends in drug pricing and reimbursement in the European Community.

In the European Community, the key issue of cost containment in healthcare (including pharmaceuticals) is dominated by three main background influences: The principle of 'solidarity' (society's responsibility for those who cannot afford to pay the full cost of healthcare); 'subsidiarity' (doing nationally what is best done nationally rather than at the Community level); and the 'pharmapolitics' of balancing the drug budget with the demands of patients in their capacity as voters. Pharmaceutical expenditure generally exceeded the rate of inflation during the 1980s despite legislation to contain costs. In the 1990s, more intensive efforts are being applied to oblige doctors to prescribe rationally and economically whilst putting even greater pressure on the pharmaceutical industry. Again with an eye on electoral repercussions, only limited attempts to make patients pay a higher proportion of total costs have so far been made.

Budgets↗