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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1975

Depression: influence on time estimation and time experience

Time studies are partly concerned with time estimation partly with time experience. In a study of depression both principles were applied. Depression did not influence time estimation, but, on the other hand, the patients did report a slowing down of time (change in time experience). An item analysis of Beck's and Hamilton's rating scales showed that the disturbance in time experience accompanies items referring mainly to mood changes, only to a small extent to somatic symptoms, and not at all to changes in the psychomotor activity.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1983

Time experience and transference.

This paper has examined the historical developments in the understanding of the experience of time in normal and pathological development, with an emphasis on the differences between "objective" time, "subjective" time, the "timelessness" of the system Ucs., and "intrapsychic" time. Using a variety of perspectives--psychobiology, cognitive development, psychosexual development, separation-individuation, and object-relations theory--time experience has been seen to unfold as a result of the constant interrelation of physiological maturation and psychosexual development, with early object relations playing a supraordinate role in organizing the experience of time from its roots in identification with the preoedipal mother (Mother Time), where time is felt as intensity, to the relatively autonomous ego-superego function of time experience in the adult with adequate separation-individuation and capacity for object constancy, where time is felt as duration and continuity. Left unanswered are (1) philosophical questions about the phenomenological observation that all time is experienced in the present in the ego, (2) what the mechanisms for intrasystemic differentiation of past, present, and future are, and (3) metapsychological questions about the locus and mechanism for monitoring the passage of experienced time. The clinical application of concepts of time experience was demonstrated through presentation of aspects of the treatment of a patient for whom time and its experience was the organizing schema for her life, character pathology, and transference neurosis. The fantasy of the omnipotent control of time dominated the analysis and served as a major resistance, yet her manipulation of time served to stabilize the treatment relationship so that analysis became possible.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a tool to measure subjective time experience.

Although variations in time experience in specific health-illness situations have been documented, the information has not been systematically described. This is due in part to lack of reliable and valid measurement of time experience. This article, which reports the development and testing of Time Experience Scales (TES) in a sample of healthy adults, represents preliminary work in the identification of temporal experience in ill persons. Subjective time experience was defined as thoughts and feelings about the temporal frame in which life events occur. Semantic differential and Likert scale items indicated four conceptual dimensions of subjective time experience. A mail questionnaire was distributed to a purposive sample of community-based healthy adults. Data were analyzed separately for men (n = 587) and women (n = 475). Factor analysis methods resulted in the emergence of six robust empirical factors: meaning, fast tempo, slow tempo, attention to death, future orientation, and past orientation. Product moment correlations between scales (.01 to .45) indicated the validity, and coefficient alpha (.68 to .88) the reliability of measurement, using the factors. Results suggest that at least six distinct temporal experiences help people assign order, rhythm, and meaning to life events, thereby creating a continuing and optimal life story. Further reliability and validity testing is suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Perceptual and motor components of performance in three different reaction time experiments.

Three reaction time experiments were conducted to examine the effects of time of day, stimulus intensity, stimulus modality, and constant and variable foreperiod on the perceptual and motor components of performance. These variables are all supposed to generate changes in arousal level. All the independent variables affected the perceptual component, while the motor component was significantly influenced only by foreperiod and modality. The results are discussed in relation to aspects of dependency/independency of the perceptual and motor components of human performance in reaction time experiments.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Time experience of selected institutionalized adult clients.

Time experiences of 25 selected institutionalized adult clients were studied using the Time Experience Scale. Subject selection criteria were age, ability to comprehend written and oral English, institutionalization, and willingness to participate in the study. The findings suggest that institutionalized adult clients experienced time moving faster as they get older. Meaning, referring to concerns about dying and "attention to death," was found to be more important than past orientation, suggesting that institutionalized older adult clients were concerned about their time experience, its meaning, and influence on death. Nursing interventions could be directed toward increasing meaningful and purposeful activities, such as planned reminiscence therapy and reorientation techniques.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Abnormal subjective time experience in depression.

Abnormality of subjective time experience is well recognised in psychiatric illness. Earlier authors suggested that slowed time experience in depression is an aspect of psychomotor retardation, while more recently it has been argued that this disturbance is non-specifically linked to the global severity of the depressive syndrome. This study offers evidence that both views can be justified: slowed time awareness is a common symptom of depression, related particularly to retardation, and to the severity of the mood disturbance. Some of the experimental difficulties in this kind of research are illustrated.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Methods of research in subjective time experience].

The main aim of the study is to give a review of methods to analyse subjective time experience, e.g. interview techniques, psychometric scales, and events tests. An elaborated methodological inventory is now available in this area of research. But on the other side, the procedures to investigate time perspective are still rather heterogenous, especially with regard to various projective and graphic techniques which could not be described in the present study. Briefly discussed are terminological aspects and a theoretical model of subjective time experience and time perspective.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Time experiences, self-actualizing values, and creativity.

The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), the Inventory of Temporal Experiences (ITE), and the Adjective Check List (ACL) were administered to 80 subjects. Sixteen scores were derived from the POI, 4 from the ITE and a Creativity score for the ACL. The resulting intercorrelations were interpreted in the light of the theories of Maslow and Hugenholtz which postulate a convergence of self-actualization, creativity, and certain experiences of time. The present study presents some evidence for the expected convergence and contributes to the construct validity of several of the variables studied.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Selection of experimental conditions for the accurate determination of blood--brain transfer constants from single-time experiments: a theoretical analysis.

Reliable blood-brain transfer constants can be determined from data obtained in single-time experiments (i.e., a single experimental time for tissue sampling). The accuracy of such measurements depends on factors such as the test molecule used and the experimental time chosen; therefore, the selection of optimal experimental conditions is important. In this presentation, a model of transport across the blood--brain barrier (BBB) was developed and used to determine appropriate experimental protocols for single-time experiments. Transfer numbers derived from published data with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB; a compound of low BBB permeability that is readily taken up by brain cells) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA; a compound of very low BBB permeability that is not taken up by brain cells) were inserted into the model and apparent blood-to-brain transfer constants (K1) were obtained. In addition, the two basic sets of transfer numbers were altered to mimic various experimental and pathological changes in blood--brain transport. The results of this analysis indicate that moderate to large transfer rates across the BBB (0.01-1.0 ml g-1 min-1) are more easily and reliably measured by AIB-like compounds. In contrast, compounds like DTPA are better test-molecules for measuring small changes in the BBB transfer rate (0.0001-0.001 ml g-1 min-1), provided an appropriate experimental time is chosen.

Aminoisobutyric Acids↗

PubMed1981

Subjective time experience in an intergenerational sample.

The roles chronological age and gender play in subjective time experience were explored in a sample of 294 adult men and women. Subjective time experience (STE: the difference between subjective age and chronological age) was found to vary widely among individuals, with some being "accurate" (SA = CA), and others either "retarded" (SA less than CA) or "advanced" (SA greater than CA). Males were more retarded in STE than females at every point in the lifespan, and patterns of age differences in adulthood differed for the two sexes as well. The results suggest that chronological age may play a key role in transitions in STE, and that chronological age is more significant in the STE of women than in the STE of men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Right hemisphere superiority for programming oculomotion: evidence from simple reaction time experiments.

Simple reaction times (RTs) to lateralized unstructured visual stimuli were measured in normal subjects while they were carrying out concomitant oculomotor tasks. Four tasks were used. In the first task, subjects had to find the correct path in a maze presented at the centre of a screen; in the second task, subjects had to follow a bright dot moved on a screen with variable direction, trajectory and velocity with their eyes; in the third task, the subjects had to follow a bright dot moved back and forth either horizontally or vertically along the same trajectory and at a constant velocity; in the fourth task, the subjects had to monitor the movement of a bright dot moved with variable direction, trajectory and velocity without moving the eyes. In all tasks, with the exception of the third, there was a selective lengthening of RTs mediated by the right hemisphere. It is concluded that the right hemisphere is dominant in programming eye movements.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Time experience in melancholia: a comparison between findings based on phenomenology and experimental psychology.

The different modes of time experience are based partly on the subjective and partly on the objective concept of time. Consequently, the phenomenon of time is accessible to both phenomenological analysis and experimental psychology. Based on disturbances in time experience in melancholic patients, this report illustrates the type of connection that exists between (qualitative) changes in the phenomenologically deducible "erlebnisimmanente" ego time or "erlebnistranseunte" universal time and (quantitative) experimental time estimation findings.

Attention↗

PubMed1990

[Time experience in the framework of Martha E. Rogers' conceptual model].

The aim of this study, which is a part of an international research project, is to explore the possible differences in time experience between different cultures. In this paper are some preliminary results reported. The Time Metaphor Test showed that healthy Finnish people, aged from 20 to 60 years experience time as timelessness, not dragging and not time racing. The respondents over 40 years experienced time more often as timelessness than did the younger age groups.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors are crucial for memory acquisition of one-time experience.

Lesion and pharmacological intervention studies have suggested that in both human patients and animals the hippocampus plays a crucial role in the rapid acquisition and storage of information from a novel one-time experience. However, how the hippocampus plays this role is poorly known. Here, we show that mice with NMDA receptor (NR) deletion restricted to CA3 pyramidal cells in adulthood are impaired in rapidly acquiring the memory of novel hidden platform locations in a delayed matching-to-place version of the Morris water maze task but are normal when tested with previously experienced platform locations. CA1 place cells in the mutant animals had place field sizes that were significantly larger in novel environments, but normal in familiar environments relative to those of control mice. These results suggest that CA3 NRs play a crucial role in rapid hippocampal encoding of novel information for fast learning of one-time experience.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1977

Time experience during depression.

Before antidepressant medication was therapeutically effective, 30 severely depressed hospitalized patients (primarily unipolar) were compared with 30 controls on several aspects of time experience. In comparison to controls, depressed patients were most preoccupied with past events, focused less on present and future events, attended to more distant past events and memories, focused on more imminent future events, reported longer time spans for present story productions, and overestimated 160-second, 240-second, 15-minute, and 30-minute time intervals. Confirming the objective time estimations, depressed patients indicated on a verbal report measure that they experienced time passing slowly during the experiment, that they generally overestimate time, and that previously time did not seem to pass so slowly.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

First time experiences in infancy: when they appear to be pleasant, do they activate the adrenocortical stress response?

The effect of a positive first-time experience on adrenocortical activity was examined in 48 6- to 13-month-old infants who took part in two sessions of a YMCA-like mother-infant swim class. Experience was manipulated by comparing Novice swimmers with infants who previously had taken a swim class, and by examining responses to first versus second class session. In addition, the effects of temperamental fear of novelty were examined by maternal report prior to the first session. Preswim and Postswim cortisol levels were compared to measures obtained at the same time of day in two comparison groups, one tested at home and one tested in a playroom at the University. The results yielded no evidence of an adrenocortical stress response (elevated cortisol) to the swim sessions for either the Novice or Experienced swimmers. Infant temperamental fearfulness predicted behavioral but not adrenocortical responses during swimming. Postswim cortisol levels were significantly lower than posttest levels in the two baseline comparison groups, and lower postswim cortisol levels were associated with less negative and more positive emotional behavior and engagement of the swimming experience. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that emotions serve as a major pathway influencing adrenocortical activity, and provide no support for the uncertainty hypothesis of adrenocortical activation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1987

Coronary smooth muscle reactivity to repeated agonist administration in a long-time experiment in vitro.

The reactivity of isolated extramural coronary arteries of the pig to repeated agonist administration (acetylcholine, prostaglandin F2 alpha and K+-contraction) was investigated in a long-time experiment (20 h, more than 60 reactions). The acetylcholine-evoked contractions show an amplitude increase (phasic component) during the first 10 responses followed by approximately 20 constant reactions and a final amplitude decrease with alternative changes in amplitude. The tonic component of the acetylcholine responses decreases uniformly. The amplitude of K+-contraction increases during the first 10 reactions, and remains nearly constant in the further experiment. Prostaglandin F2 alpha produces a maximum contraction already in its first response, but the amplitudes decrease considerably after 6-8 reactions. The time course of the corresponding contraction upstroke velocity is quite similar compared to the amplitude behaviour. Differences in the smooth muscle reactivity between the used agonists are explained by different activatory mechanisms. Some hints concerning an optimum experimental procedure are given.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1988

Left hemisphere contribution to motor programming of aphasic speech: a reaction time experiment in aphasic patients.

Simple reaction time to lateralized visual dot stimuli was studied in 10 fluent and 10 nonfluent right-handed chronic aphasics with left hemisphere lesions. As well as the standard simple reaction time condition, the patients were given a concomitant verbal task, requiring overt articulation while reacting to the visual stimuli. Compared with the control condition, in both aphasic groups the verbal task produced an overall lengthening of latencies, with a significant slowing down of responses to the stimuli located in the right visual half-field. According to these results the verbal concurrent activity appears to involve the left hemisphere as in normal subjects, suggesting that the undamaged regions of the left hemisphere have a role to play in the motor programming of aphasic speech. As a collateral finding, the difference between latencies to stimuli ipsilateral and contralateral to the responding hand--a measure of interhemispheric transmission time--is greatly increased in patients with motor deficits. This is consistent with the view that, in simple visuo-motor reaction time, interhemispheric transfer takes place between anterior regions of the brain.

Adult↗