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11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[[Changes in Japanese households between five-year intervals]].

The author examines recent changes in Japanese household type in 5-year intervals. The data come from the Demographic Survey of Family Life Course and Household Change conducted in 1985 by the Institute of Population Problems. Major results are as follows: 1) "Single" type households are very frequently established and broken up, especially in the early stages of household formation. 2) In changing household type, most households passed through the "couple and their children" type as a transit state. 3) The sojourn time of "couple and their children" state is relatively long. That type of household is relatively stable. 4) In households changing from "couple and their children" to other types, the change to "3-generation family" accounts for 19%, the change to "couples only" accounts for 62%, and the change to "single" accounts for 11%. 5) The change to "3-generation family" from any other type of household accounts for nearly 20% of all changes in every household type.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Socio-cultural factors in adolescent septic illicit abortions in Ilorin, Nigeria.

One hundred and ninety-two adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with septic illicit abortions were interviewed to assess socio-cultural factors associated with illegally induced septic abortions at Ilorin, Nigeria. They were mostly unmarried schoolgirls who were ignorant of contraception. Inadequate parental supervision contributed largely to unplanned pregnancies, while poor economic state of these patients influenced the occurrence of illegal septic abortions. Wide-spread availability of an acceptable family-life education, with improved socio-economic state of the adolescents would most probably reduce the socio-cultural factors favouring illicit septic induced abortions in this community.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Foster care in Soweto, South Africa: under assault from a politically hostile environment.

Institutionalized discrimination has progressively eroded the formerly cohesive black family structure in South Africa, resulting in an increased need for alternative care for black children, as shown most prominently in South Africa's most populous black urban area. Foster care's inherent problems are compounded not only by apartheid but also by the political unrest in the country. This article offers a profile of Sowetan foster families and the problems they face.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1998

Effect of full sibs on additive breeding values under the dominance model for stature in United States Holsteins.

Differences in breeding values between dominance and additive models were examined theoretically and with field data. Data included 5.2 million records on stature from 3.0 million US Holsteins. The largest full-sib family had 29 animals, and 7% of all animals had at least one full sib. The dominance model, which accounted for dominance covariances, included the following effects: management, age, stage of lactation, permanent environment, animal additive, and parental dominance (one-quarter of dominance variance) as well as a regression coefficient for inbreeding percentage. Two reduced models were also assumed; in the first, the parental dominance effect was removed, and, in the second, the inbreeding regression coefficient was also removed. The correlations between breeding values in the three models were > 0.999, but breeding values of some animals from full-sib families changed > 5 standard deviations of parental dominance. The largest changes were observed for parents with large numbers of full-sib progeny, with limited information from parents, and without individual performance records. On average, the differences were up to four times larger for cows than for bulls and up to five times larger for dams than for sires. The greatest differences in breeding values between the dominance and the additive models were observed for dams with full-sib progeny, female full sibs, and low reliability bulls with full sibs in the extended family. Animals with large amounts of additive information as progeny-tested bulls were influenced little by the inclusion of dominance. Animals with a large proportion of information coming from animals with dominance relationships, such as cows originating via embryo transfer changed the most.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sensitivity of lod scores to changes in diagnostic status.

This paper investigates effects on lod scores when one individual in a data set changes diagnostic or recombinant status. First we examine the situation in which a single offspring in a nuclear family changes status. The nuclear-family situation, in addition to being of interest in its own right, also has general theoretical importance, since nuclear families are "transparent"; that is, one can track genetic events more precisely in nuclear families than in complex pedigrees. We demonstrate that in nuclear families log10 [(1-theta)/theta] gives an upper limit on the impact that a single offspring's change in status can have on the lod score at that recombination fraction (theta). These limits hold for a fully penetrant dominant condition and fully informative marker, in either phase-known or phase-unknown matings. Moreover, log10 [(1-theta)/theta] (where theta denotes the value of theta at which Zmax occurs) gives an upper limit on the impact of a single offspring's status change on the maximum lod score (Zmax). In extended pedigrees, in contrast to nuclear families, no comparable limit can be set on the impact of a single individual on the lod score. Complex pedigrees are subject to both stabilizing and destabilizing influences, and these are described. Finally, we describe a "sensitivity analysis," in which, after all linkage analysis is completed, every informative individual in the data set is changed, one at a time, to see the effect which each separate change has on the lod scores. The procedure includes identifying "critical individuals," i.e., those who would have the greatest impact on the lod scores, should their diagnostic status in fact change. To illustrate use of the sensitivity analysis, we apply it to the large bipolar pedigree reported by Egeland et al. and Kelsoe et al. We show that the changes in lod scores observed there, on the order of 1.1-1.2 per person, are not unusual. We recommend that investigators include a sensitivity analysis as a standard part of reporting the results of a linkage analysis.

Female↗