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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing.

The antioxidant activity of pomegranate juices was evaluated by four different methods (ABTS, DPPH, DMPD, and FRAP) and compared to those of red wine and a green tea infusion. Commercial pomegranate juices showed an antioxidant activity (18-20 TEAC) three times higher than those of red wine and green tea (6-8 TEAC). The activity was higher in commercial juices extracted from whole pomegranates than in experimental juices obtained from the arils only (12-14 TEAC). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analyses of the juices revealed that commercial juices contained the pomegranate tannin punicalagin (1500-1900 mg/L) while only traces of this compound were detected in the experimental juice obtained from arils in the laboratory. This shows that pomegranate industrial processing extracts some of the hydrolyzable tannins present in the fruit rind. This could account for the higher antioxidant activity of commercial juices compared to the experimental ones. In addition, anthocyanins, ellagic acid derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins were detected and quantified in the pomegranate juices.

Antioxidants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic assessment of physical and psychophysiologic development of children residing in the area of emissions of Orenburg gas-producing plants].

The children and adolescents residing in rural settlements located in the vicinity of sites of industrial extraction and processing of hydrogen sulphide-containing gas were studied. The drinking water and ambient air in these settlements were shown to be polluted. Low indices of the children's mental, physiological, and physical development were revealed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Pharmacologic characterization of latex extracts by isolated guinea pig tracheal tissue.

Latex manufacturing workers are exposed to a heterogeneous aerosol of organic compounds. Previous studies of latex workers involved in glove production indicate that these individuals are at risk of developing respiratory symptoms and impaired lung function. The effect of latex extracts on isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscles was studied using latex water-soluble extracts obtained at different stages of the industrial process. Latex extracts were prepared as a 1:10 (w/v) solution. Dose-related contractions of nonsensitized guinea pig trachea were demonstrated using two latex extracts (latex 1 and latex 2). Latex 1 was prepared from the native latex and latex 2 from a processed form of latex which was relatively free of soluble proteins. Pharmacologic studies were performed by pretreating guinea pig tracheal tissue with drugs known to modulate smooth muscle contraction: atropine, indomethacin, pyrilamine, nordihydroguaiacetic acid, acivicin, trimethobenzoic acid and capsaicin. Constrictor effects of the dust extracts were inhibited by a wide variety of these agents. Atropine consistently and strikingly reduced the contractile effects of these extracts. This observation may suggest an interaction of the extracts with parasympathetic nerves or more directly with muscarinic receptors. Inhibition of contraction by blocking other mediators was less effective and varied with the dust extract. Pretreatment with capsaicin did not change the constrictor effects of latex 1 but enhanced the effects of latex 2. Depletion of neuropeptides, however, did not reduce the constrictor effect. We suggest that latex extracts cause dose-related airway smooth muscle constriction by nonimmunological mechanisms involving a variety of airway mediators and possibly cholinergic receptors. This effect is not dependent on the presensitization of guinea pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Stabilization of Cu in acid-extracted industrial sludge using a microwave process.

The leaching concentration of copper ions from the industrial sludge that has been extracted using sulfuric acid may still exceed 15 mg/L, which is the leaching standard of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) for hazardous waste in Taiwan. Therefore, the acid-extracted industrial sludge is still an important source of hazardous waste. Usually, hazardous waste in Taiwan must be solidified and passed through the TCLP test before it is disposed in a landfill. The aim of this study is to develop a microwave process to stabilize copper ions in the sludge to replace the use of traditional solidification. In this study, two parameters--the reaction time of the microwave process and the additive reagents--were considered. The efficiency of stabilization of the microwave process was evaluated from the result of the TCLP test. The results showed that the stabilization efficiency of copper ions obtained using a microwave process without any added reagent depends highly on the property of the original acid-extracted sludge. Under some conditions, the leaching concentrations were much lower than those of the raw sludge. In additive reagent systems, the results showed that iron powder promoted the stabilization of copper ions more than the other additives such as sodium carbonate and sodium silicate. The leaching concentration of copper ions decreased dramatically from 179.4 to 6.5mg/L below in the iron additive system.

Acids↗
PubMed2005

Design and process aspects of laboratory scale SCF particle formation systems.

Consistent production of solid drug materials of desired particle and crystallographic morphologies under cGMP conditions is a frequent challenge to pharmaceutical researchers. Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology gained significant attention in pharmaceutical research by not only showing a promise in this regard but also accommodating the principles of green chemistry. Given that this technology attained commercialization in coffee decaffeination and in the extraction of hops and other essential oils, a majority of the off-the-shelf SCF instrumentation is designed for extraction purposes. Only a selective few vendors appear to be in the early stages of manufacturing equipment designed for particle formation. The scarcity of information on the design and process engineering of laboratory scale equipment is recognized as a significant shortcoming to the technological progress. The purpose of this article is therefore to provide the information and resources necessary for startup research involving particle formation using supercritical fluids. The various stages of particle formation by supercritical fluid processing can be broadly classified into delivery, reaction, pre-expansion, expansion and collection. The importance of each of these processes in tailoring the particle morphology is discussed in this article along with presenting various alternatives to perform these operations.

Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid↗
PubMed1999

Chemicals from biotechnology: molecular plant genetics will challenge the chemical and the fermentation industry.

Industrial biotechnology has evolved as a significant manufacturing tool for products like fuel-grade ethanol, organic acids and bulk amino acids, but most items are still speciality products for food and pharmaceutical applications. Current development projects within the chemical industry, including lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol based polymers and plastics, indicate that new biotechnological processes and products may soon approach the market place, clearly targeted at the leading petrochemical bulk outlets. This is flanked by a strategic shift by the major chemical companies in to "life sciences"-pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and the seed business as well as biotech fine chemicals. The recent tremendous achievements in molecular plant genetics and transgenic crop breeding will boost agrobiotechnology, agriculture and renewable raw materials as compelling projects for chemistry and biotechnology. New plant-based production routes may challenge established chemical and biochemical domains, but at the same time open new horizons to valuable feedstocks, intermediates and end-products.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2005

Can barium and strontium be used as tracers for radium in soil-plant transfer studies?

Radium is one of the prominent potential contaminants linked with industries extracting or processing material containing naturally occurring radionuclides. In this study we investigate if 133Ba and 85Sr can be used as tracers for predicting 226Ra soil-to-plant transfer. Three soil types were artificially contaminated with these radionuclides and transfer to ryegrass and clover was studied. Barium is considered a better tracer for radium than strontium, given the significant linear correlation found between the Ra and Ba-TF. For strontium, no such correlation was found. The relationship between soil characteristics and transfer factors was investigated. Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Ca+Mg content and soil pH did not seem to influence Ra, Ba or Sr uptake in any clear way. A significant relation (negative power function) was found between the bivalent (Ca+Mg) concentration in the soil solution and the Ra-TF. A similar dependency was found for the Sr and Ba-TF, although less significant.

Barium↗
PubMed2005

Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) from a former phosphoric acid processing plant.

In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the radiological impact of non-nuclear industries that extract and/or process ores and minerals containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). These industrial activities may result in significant radioactive contamination of (by-) products, wastes and plant installations. In this study, scale samples were collected from a decommissioned phosphoric acid processing plant. To determine the nature and concentration of NORM retained in pipe-work and associated process plant, four main areas of the site were investigated: (1) the 'Green Acid Plant', where crude acid was concentrated; (2) the green acid storage tanks; (3) the Purified White Acid (PWA) plant, where inorganic impurities were removed; and (4) the solid waste, disposed of on-site as landfill. The scale samples predominantly comprise the following: fluorides (e.g. ralstonite); calcium sulphate (e.g. gypsum); and an assemblage of mixed fluorides and phosphates (e.g. iron fluoride hydrate, calcium phosphate), respectively. The radioactive inventory is dominated by 238U and its decay chain products, and significant fractionation along the series occurs. Compared to the feedstock ore, elevated concentrations (< or =8.8 Bq/g) of 238U were found to be retained in installations where the process stream was rich in fluorides and phosphates. In addition, enriched levels (< or =11 Bq/g) of 226Ra were found in association with precipitates of calcium sulphate. Water extraction tests indicate that many of the scales and waste contain significantly soluble materials and readily release radioactivity into solution.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed1994

Extractive membrane bioreactors: a new process technology for detoxifying chemical industry wastewaters.

This paper describes an extractive membrane bioreactor developed to extract and biodegrade toxic organic pollutants present in chemical industry wastewaters. The technology is applicable to wastewaters emanating in organic synthesis operations which are not treatable by conventional 'direct' biological treatment due to extremes of pH, high salt contents, or otherwise hostile organic compositions, and also to wastewaters that contain volatile organic compounds. A laboratory scale prototype demonstrating the technology has been operated continuously over periods of several months, using industrially produced wastewaters. No pre-conditioning or dilution of the wastewaters is necessary prior to treatment, which removes and destroys over 99% of the toxic organics present.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2002

Recovery of nickel oxide from spent catalyst.

This study investigates the possibility of recovering nickel from the spent catalyst (NiO/Al2O3) resulting from the steam reforming process to produce water gas (H2/H2O) in many industries. In the extraction process, nickel is recovered as sulfate using sulfuric acid as a solvent. The considered parameters affecting nickel recovery were acid concentration, temperature and time of digestion solid:liquid ratio, particle size and stirring rate. Nickel was to be directly recovered as a sulfate salt by direct crystallization method. The conversion was 99% at 50% sulfuric acid concentration, solid: liquid ratio (1:12) by weight, particle size less than 500 micron for more than 5 h and 800 rpm at 100 degrees C.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2005

Carl Schmidt -- a chemical tourist in Victorian Britain.

Carl Schmidt is one of the founders of modern biochemistry. He wrote numerous scientific publications, and left future generations several important documents that included two extensive hand-written travel reports from 1857 and 1864. In these, Schmidt paints a lively and impressive picture of industry in Victorian Britain from a personal perspective, showing this key period of European economic history in a unique light. Thus, it is rewarding to follow Schmidt on his travels through Britain, which he regarded as the workshop of the world and a shining but unattainable example for the industrial development of his home country.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2005

[Methodological problems and possibilities at the standardization of flavonoid containing extracts].

Flavonoid containing extracts may be divided into two groups regarding to the possibilities of their standardization. If known compound/s are responsible for the pharmacological effects, their selective determination is recommended. Extracts with unknown compositions are usually characterized by their flavonoid content. The latter may be carried out according to several methods official in pharmacopoeias. However the applicability of these methods for each plant material is in question. We have determined the flavonoid content of plant materials with various flavonoid composition following spectroscopic methods from pharmacopoeias official in Hungary. Comparing the measured results significant differences could be observed. Because these couldn't be explained even taking account of applying different evaluation methods, we have decided to study at large the possible parameters which may be responsible for the differences. The effect of the extraction, the hydrolisation, the cleaning steps, building up complexes and the flavonoid composition were proved in model experiments. Using the method of the VII. Hungarian Pharmacopoeia we experienced that this method wasn't applicable in case of the plant materials examined in our experiments.

Extraction and Processing Industry↗
PubMed1997

[Environmental impact on the formation of the public opinion among the urban population with developed oil refining industry, chemical petroleum industry and chemical industry].

The research proved oil-processing, petrochemical and chemical enterprises to be potent releasers of chemical hazards containing in industrial waste. The petrochemical and oil enterprises pollute environment and deteriorate sanitary conditions in populated area. The residents evaluate actual ecologic danger adequately. Sociologic analysis of how city dwellers assess quality of their environment and health is quate objective indicator of urban ecology and could be assigned to priority methods of ecologic and hygienic studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure to organic solvents and its effects on the central nervous system in workers of the Camaçari petrochemical complex in Brazil.

While numerous studies have been carried out in industrialized countries, only very few epidemiologic investigations performed in developing countries are reported in the international literature. This study is one of the few examples of investigations carried out in a region where industrialization is at its beginning. A sample of 188 workers employed at the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex in Bahia, Brazil, and exposed for over five years to organic solvents was submitted to neurobehavioral testing (QQS questionnaire, MANS battery) together with a 1/1 control group paired for age, school attendance and alcohol consumption. The exposed subjects showed differences significantly worse at emotional status, manual dexterity, recognition memory and subjective symptoms. Exposed subjects are therefore characterized by decreased psychophysical well-being.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Wheat gluten phenolic acids: occurrence and fate upon mixing.

Ferulic acid (FA, 4.9-17.7 microg/100 mg), sinapic acid (SA, 1.4-3.5 microg/100 mg), and traces of p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid were detected after saponification of six wheat glutens from industrial and pilot-scale origins. FA and SA occurred mostly as soluble-bound and insoluble-bound forms according to their extractability by acetone/methanol/water (7:7:6, v/v/v). The major part of FA (50-95%) was found in the unextractable fraction, whereas SA was mostly extractable (64-85%). The carbohydrate contents of the glutens were determined also after acid hydrolysis. The highest levels of glucose, arabinoxylan, and FA were obtained from the unextractable fractions of the pilot-scale extracted glutens, probably in relation with a lower efficiency of washing during extraction compared to industrial processes. On the other hand, SA compounds were in similar concentrations in all samples, suggesting their involvement in specific interactions during gluten protein agglomeration. Saponification of the soluble-bound phenolic acids released mainly glucose, whereas a beta-glucosidase treatment had no effect. FA and SA extractability, especially that of soluble-bound ones, decreased strongly in overmixed gluten/water doughs. These low molecular weight conjugates of phenolic acids could be involved in the dough breakdown phenomenon.

Food Handling↗