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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Type A behaviour pattern, extraversion, neuroticism and psychological distress.

The factorial structure of a nine-item Framingham Type A Scale, the 30-item General Health Questionnaire, the 57-item Eysenck Personality Inventory and a 20-item checklist of predominantly physical symptoms was examined in a nationally representative sample of 3065 women and 2520 men. For both women and men, the six principal components extracted from the 116 items and orthogonally rotated clearly corresponded to the six variables of psychological distress, neuroticism, symptoms, extraversion, the Lie scale and the Type A behaviour pattern. While Type A was positively correlated with neuroticism, psychological distress, extraversion and symptoms, there was no support for the idea that it could be more parsimoniously subsumed under these variables. Type A also showed a significant but very small positive association with self-reported coronary heart disease in men, although the correlations between heart disease and psychological distress, neuroticism and symptoms were more positive.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personality and conditioning: factors of classical CR acquisition and extinction and their relationship to personality types.

A number of psychophysiological, cognitive and personality measures, and classical appetitive and aversive SR acquisition and extinction rates were taken from a sample of 25 male undergraduate volunteers. Principal Components Analysis of the data revealed general acquisition and extinction factors which were indexed by the psychophysiological variables. Regression analyses showed additionally that Eysenck's E-I dimension predicts both acquisition and extinction rates, and that imagery may be an important mediational variable in CR acquisition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Simple behaviour rating scales for maximum security patients: development and validation.

An outline is given of objective behaviour rating scales developed for use by nurse custodians in the maximum security hospital setting. Four independent scales are described: (a) antisocial belligerence, (b) disorientation, (c) withdrawal and (d) personal hygiene. The scales gave high test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities. Various indications of validity and potential usefulness of the scales are given. In particular, a probable relationship of the scales (a) and (c) with an impulsivity/overcontrol dimension is suggested-this relating to the type of aggressive offending recorded.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Tobacco smoking, personality and sex factors in auditory vigilance performance.

A total of 120 university students comprising equal groups of male and female non-smokers, smokers not smoking and smokers smoking; were compared for performance on a 60 min auditory vigilance task. Non-smokers consistently detected more signals throughout the test. A significant interaction showed that while non-smokers detected fewer signals as the test progressed, smokers increased their number of detections. There were no sex differences and no overall EPI differences in scores, although extraverted non-smokers gave significantly higher scores than introverted non-smokers with the converse being present for smokers. The results are discussed in relation to hippocampal functions and indicate that smoking should be taken into account in experiments involving sustained attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The problem of generalization in the operant conditioning of social speech in the severely subnormal. Use of reversal to establish generalizability.

Many severely subnormal patients talk little to each other. In this experiment, three pairs of subjects were reinforced for talking to each other, and learned to do so quite quickly. Whether social speech would continue to occur without the benefit of external reinforcement was examined by observing the subjects through a one-way mirror in a bare interview room adjacent to the teaching room immediately after each training session. On some occasions untrained subjects were observed in the bare room with the trained subjects. The reinforcement of social speech was demonstrated to be effective by the use of a reversal design (baseline, reinforcement, no reinforcement, reinforcement), where the rate of speech increased considerably when reinforcement was available but decreased when it was discontinued. Generalization of the increased social speech, however, was very poor and only significantly above baseline levels with the pair who seemed responsive to social as well as material reinforcement. The implications of this for training programmes are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The effects of being imitated and awareness on the behavior of introverted and extroverted youth.

Introverted and extroverted preadolescents (N equals 34) were seated at a box with 6 holes in the top surface and presented the following conditions: (a) baseline - the subject dropped marbles 1 at a time in any holes he wished; (b) imitation - the subject and experimenter alternated dropping marbles, with the experimenter imitating the subject if he dropped his marbles at a hole designated a priori for imitation; (c) imitation plus awareness - this was identical to the previous condition except that the subject was told that he was being imitated at the designated hole; and (d) extinction - the experimenter dropped her marbles in a prearranged random order. As predicted, under the imitation-plus-awareness and extinction conditions extroverts responded significantly more at the holes at which they were imitated than did introverts.

Awareness↗
PubMed1976

A relationship between Eysenck's P scale and change in muscle action potentials with attention to perceptual tasks.

An experiment is described in which an index of change in muscle tension produced by perceptual discrimination tasks, and scores on Eysenck's PEN scales, were measured on 39 university students. It was hypothesized that if P is an index of psychoticism, as has been claimed (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1968) then an index of one central feature of so called 'psychotics', namely attention difficulty while decision making, should correlate positively with P. P was found to correlate significantly with a measure of increase of EMG on the perceptual discrimination tasks (r = 0-54, P less than 0-001). Correlations of this index with N and E were zero. The results are considered to be particularly significant, since scores on P, E and N gave almost zero intercorrelations in the sample tested, and L scores were exceedingly low. Further evidence is provided which suggests that both P and muscle tension increase are directly related to the degree of endorsement of paranoid ideas.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1975

Am empirical classification of psychopathic personality.

Personality profiles of 79 non-psychotic male offenders admitted to a security hospital were subjected to a cluster analysis. Four profile types were generated, classifying four-fifths of the sample, and differences were found between the types in previous antisocial behaviour. Two of the types were identifiable as primary and secondary psychopaths, while the remaining two showed little resemblance to the concept of the psychopathic personality. The primary psychopaths were extraverted but not neurotic, while the secondary psychopaths were neurotic, but not extraverted. Both were highly impulsive but distinguished by a dimension of sociability-withdrawal.

Adult↗