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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Eye movements in schizophrenia--relationships among eye movements under three experimental conditions; closed-eye, pursuit, and exploratory].

In order to investigate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia using psychophysiological indicators of eye movements, this study was conducted to clarify relations among eye movements under three experimental conditions; closed-eye, pursuit, and exploratory eye movements. Thirty-five chronic schizophrenic patients diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria and 32 normal controls were examined. Horizontal eye movements were recorded electrooculographically with the subjects under two experimental conditions; one with eyes closed ("Closed-eye Eye Movement," Closed-eye EM), and the other with visually tracking a moving pendulum ("Pursuit Eye Movement," Pursuit EM). The closed-eye condition was further divided into two sub-conditions; one with the subjects awake and at rest, and the other with the subjects in the presence of a repetitive sound. Exploratory eye movements were recorded with an eye-mark recording system while the subjects viewing "S"-shaped geometric figures ("Exploratory Eye Movement," Exploratory EM). Indicators of eye movements under the three experimental conditions described above were measured and the correlations among them were investigated. Clinical symptoms in schizophrenics were assessed by BPRS, SANS and SADS and studied with the Factor Analysis method. In the Closed-eye EM, rapid eye movements appeared significantly more frequently and slow ones were less frequent in schizophrenics than in normals under both sub-conditions. The results for schizophrenics did not change significantly with the addition of sound stimuli. In the Pursuit EM, both the number and amplitude ratio of saccades were significantly larger in schizophrenics than in normals, although these indicators gradually decreased in both groups when tasks requiring concentration were demanded. In the Exploratory EM, the number of eye fixations, the total eye scanning length, and the "Responsive Search Score (RSS)," which is the total number of sections on which the eyes fixed during the response to the confirmative question, were all significantly smaller in schizophrenics than in normals. In schizophrenics, there were significant negative correlations between the RSS of the Exploratory EM and the number of rapid eye movements of the Closed-eye EM, the RSS and the number, amplitude ratio of saccades of the Pursuit EM, respectively. On the contrary, in normals, significant positive correlations were found between the number of rapid eye movements and the number of saccades.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Sensitivities in older eyes with good acuity: eyes whose fellow eye has exudative AMD.

We compared several indices of foveal visual function between two groups of people aged 60 and older. One group was comprised of individuals who had good acuity in one eye, but had a history of exudative aging macular degeneration (AMD) in the other eye. We measured visual function in these individuals' good eyes only. The second group was a normative group; it was comprised of individuals who had good acuity in each eye. None of the eyes which we tested from either group had funduscopic evidence of macular pathology other than macular drusen and/or hypopigmentation. We found that eyes whose fellow eye had suffered from exudative AMD themselves suffered compromised foveal function, even when they retained 20/20 or better acuity. Losses of sensitivity mediated by blue-sensitive cones tended to be greater for 1 degree than for 3 degrees diameter test stimuli. Absolute sensitivity losses at long test wavelengths were probably due to several factors, including decreased effective cone photopigment density. Slow rates of recovery during dark adaptation were associated with the presence of many macular drusen and/or macular hypopigmentation. Eyes whose fellow eye had suffered from exudative AMD had more macular drusen and hypopigmentation than eyes whose fellow eye had not suffered from exudative AMD.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Histopathologic study of changes occurring in eyes with intraocular lens implantation: autopsy eyes, enucleated eyes and corneal buttons.

The clinicopathologic findings in 17 eyes which were surgically enucleated or removed at autopsy as well as the histopathology of 72 corneal buttons removed from eyes with intraocular lenses are described. In four of five autopsy eyes the intraocular lens was well tolerated; however, in all cases, changes related to the pseudophakos were found. In seven of 12 surgically enucleated eyes, postsurgical bacterial or fungal endophthalmitis had developed. On histopathological examination, one eye revealed clinically unsuspected endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. In two cases, choroidal melanoma became evident after cataract extraction and insertion of a pseudophakos. In both cases preoperative ultrasonography was limited to A-scan axial measurements. The 72 corneal buttons were removed from patients with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy; histologically the most striking findings were guttata-like changes in 50% of the specimens and retrocorneal membranes in 13.9% of the specimens.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

The circular eye-tracking test. I. Simultaneous recording of the horizontal and vertical component of eye movement in the eye-tracking test.

Almost all of the conventional clinical reports on the eye-tracking test are made on the horizontal component of the smooth pursuit function of oculomotor system; few are made on the vertical component. One reason is that during the conventional vertical eye-tracking test the artifacts caused by movement of the upper eyelids often make it difficult to analyze the data. To overcome this problem the authors have developed a method to record simultaneously the horizontal and vertical components of eye movement in the eye-tracking test, and moreover, to reduce artifacts as much as possible. Our method, the circular eye-tracking test, is performed by means of an apparatus that provides a visual stimulus drawing a circle clockwise, at a rate of 120 degrees/sec, with a radius of 25.5 cm, and viewed at a distance of 70 cm.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1979

Eye movements associated with eye closure. II. Down turning of eye ball elevation.

DC recordings of horizontal and vertical eye movements of various neurological patients were made in an attempt to specify the mechanism underlying sustained eye ball elevation associated with eye closure. Sudden or gradual down turning of vertical eye ball elevation was seen in the following groups: (1) acute stage of inner ear hypo- or afunction; (2) lateral lesions of the cerebellum; (3) acute stage of cerebellar inflammation, and (4) some cases of cerebral lesions. The following pathway seems to be the simplest which would account for these findings: anterior semicircular canal leads to superior vestibular nucleus leads to brachium conjunctivum leads to oculomotor nucleus leads to superior rectus muscle (ipsilateral) and inferior oblique muscle (contralateral).

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The glaucoma suspect: differentiation of the future glaucomatous eye from the non-glaucomatous suspect eye. 1. Ultrasonic measurements and eye-wall stress.

We examined the eyes of a group of patients entered into and still continuing in a glaucoma suspect study. Over time, some remained unchanged while others developed chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG). By comparing the data obtained by ultrasonic measurement of the axial length (A) and central corneal thickness (CCT), along with measurement of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) from these patients and normal control subjects, we found no differences. However, by combining these factors in a calculation of eye-wall stress we found a significant difference between the glaucoma suspect and the future glaucomatous eye.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Parapapillary retinal vessel caliber. II. Caliber reduction in eyes with glaucoma (a papillometric study of 309 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma compared with 264 normal eyes)].

The diameter of the temporal superior or inferior artery and vein was measured at the optic disk border and 2 mm from the disk center in 309 nonselected eyes with chronic primary open-angle glaucoma. The values obtained were compared with those of 264 nonselected normal eyes. The calibers of both vessels were significantly larger in the normal eyes than in the glaucomatous ones (p = 0.000 or p less than 0.01; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Their diameters diminished significantly (p less than 0.001) with decreasing width and area of the neuroretinal rim as a whole and when divided into different optic disk sectors, and with increasing optic cup area, horizontal and vertical cup/disk ratios, area of the subtotal to total parapapillary choriopigmentepithelioretinal atrophy, perimetric loss, and glaucoma stage. Thus, the caliber of the parapapillary retinal vessels decreases significantly with increasing glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Retinal detachment after perforating eye injuries. III. Analysis of retinal detachment after perforating eye injuries and determination of the characteristics of the retinal detachment after perforating eye injuries].

In 1977-1987 the authors operated, using the cryosurgical method post-traumatic retinal detachment in 69 patients. Retinal detachment developed in 37 patients after simple perforation of the eye by a foreign intraocular body. In all patients the perforation penetrated as far as the vitreous space. In patients with retinal detachment the authors investigated the following: the patient's age, refraction, period of retinal detachment, extent of retinal detachment, the state of the macula, the characteristics of the retinal defect (site, size and number), type of retinal detachment and associated adverse factors. In the characteristics of retinal detachment after perforating eye injuries the first place was held by prognostically adverse vitreous traction in 73.9%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of vertebrate eye movements following intravitreal drug injections. IV. Drug-induced eye movements are unyoked in the turtle.

1. Eye movements of awake turtles were measured from both eyes simultaneously using two search-coil contact lenses. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was evoked by full field patterns moving horizontally at different stimulus velocities. Intravitreal injections of either bicuculline or 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) were then made into one eye, after which eye movements were again recorded under similar stimulus conditions. Several days later, eye movements were again recorded and recovery was observed. 2. The effects of these two synaptic drugs on the optokinetic responses of the injected eye were similar to those previously reported in turtles, rabbits, and decorticate cats. APB, which blocks the retinal ON pathways, completely blocked visually evoked responses to any stimulus direction or velocity presented to the injected eye. On the other hand, the uninjected eye was still responsive to optokinetic stimuli. This difference between the eyes is consistent with the nonconjugate nature of OKN in the turtle. 3. After bicuclline application, the injected eye displayed a spontaneous nystagmus with its slow phase in the temporal-to-nasal direction. The movements of the injected eye were independent of stimulus direction or a range of stimulus velocities. During that effect, the eye contralateral to the injection still responded to visual stimuli in a direction- and velocity-dependent manner. For example, if the uninjected eye was exposed to optokinetic stimuli moving temporal-to-nasal, both eyes would then move in their respective temporal-to-nasal directions. This nonconjugate ocular behavior is similar to that seen when each eye of a normal turtle was exposed to its temporal-to-nasal stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed1991

Effects of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine (DHPG) eye drops and cyclosporine eye drops in the treatment of herpetic stromal keratitis in rabbits.

The effect of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine (ganciclovir, DHPG) eye drops and the anti-inflammatory effect of cyclosporine (CYA) eye drops on experimental herpetic stromal keratitis in rabbits with herpes simplex virus (HSV) were studied. Ten rabbits were presensitized by subcutaneous injection of HSV, type 1, on days 14 and 7 before intrastromal inoculation of the same virus. These rabbits were divided into 2 groups and treatment was started 48 hours after virus inoculation. The eye drops used were 0.1% DHPG, 0.1% CYA or the vehicles of these eye drops. Eye drops were given 5 times a day and eyes were scored every day for 3 weeks after inoculation. The right eyes of Group 1 were treated with 0.1% DHPG and 0.1% CYA eye drops, and the left eyes with 0.1% DHPG and the vehicle of CYA eye drops. The right eyes of Group 2 were treated with 0.1% CYA and the vehicle of DHPG eye drops, and the left eyes with the vehicles of CYA and DHPG eye drops. The combination of DHPG and CYA was the most effective in decreasing the severity of herpetic stromal keratitis. Treatment with DHPG alone was also effective, but CYA alone was less effective.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New determinations of the eye rotation center and criteria for the formation of its membrane in terms of the floating eye model and experimental support of the latter].

It is well known that the eye is a phylogenetically stabilized body with rotation properties. The eye has an elastic cover and is filled with uniform fluid. According to the theory of covers and other concepts on the configuration of turning fluid mass we concluded that the eyeball has an elliptic configuration. Classification of the eyeball is here presented with simultaneous studies of the principles of the eye situation. The parallelism between the state and different types of heterophory and orthophory was studied. To determine normal configuration it is necessary to have in mind some principles of achieving advisable correct situation of the eye in orbit. We determined the centre of the eye rotation and showed that it is impossible to situate it out of the geometrical centre of the eyeball. It was pointed out that for adequate perception the rotation centre must be situated on the visual axis. Using the well known theory of floating we experimentally determined that the centre of the eye rotation lies on the level of the floating eye, just on the point of cross of the visual line with the optical axis. It was shown experimentally on the basis of recording the eye movements in the process of eyelid closing that weakening of the eye movements is of gravitational pattern and proceeds under the action of stability forces, which directly indicates the floating state of the eye. For the first time using the model of the floating eye it was possible to show the formation of extraeye vacuum by straining the back wall. This effect can be obtained without any difficulty, if the face is turned down. The role of negative pressure in the formation of the eye ametropy, as well as new conclusions and prognostications about this new model are discussed.

Eye↗
PubMed1992

Shotgun eye injuries. Ocular risk and eye protection efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the efficacy of shotgun eye protection. Shotguns can easily propel pellets with enough energy to penetrate the human eye, and a large percentage of shotgun eye injuries occur during shotgun sports such as hunting, trap, skeet, and sporting clays. Many of these injuries are preventable with proper eye protection. Although it is known that polycarbonate is the best lens material for shotgun eye protection, there has been no research that addresses the vision protective system design and its influence on eye protection. METHODS: A field study was performed during which shotshells were fired at 1:1 scale photographs of human faces to determine the risk of ocular trauma. The protective efficacy of three types of polycarbonate protective eye wear (standard industrial safety glasses with snap-on side shields, wrap-around racket sport glasses, and three-piece glasses with integral side shields) was tested by firing shotshells at them at various distances. Both frontal and side protection was evaluated. RESULTS: Results showed that the eye is at a high risk (55% to 100%) of being hit with shot pellets at ranges of 15 to 40 yards. It also was determined that the protective eye wear will give good frontal eye protection from shotgun pellets but integral side shields and a headband are necessary to obtain adequate side protection. CONCLUSION: These findings, coupled with the poor visual prognosis of ocular shotgun injuries, indicate that polycarbonate protective eye wear with integral side shields and headbands should be worn by all involved with shotgun sports.

Eye Injuries, Penetrating↗
PubMed1987

[Disorders of eye movements in point fixation of the dominant eye in unilateral deprivation amblyopia, squint amblyopia and unilateral organ damage].

In four juvenile patients with unilateral deprivation amblyopia three types of involuntary eye movement were identified by simultaneous binocular infrared reflection oculography (IROG). During apparent steady-point fixation of the dominant eye three cases showed sinusoidal pendular movements (type 1) of the amblyopic eye mainly in a horizontal and slightly in a vertical direction, amplitude (A) 1 to 4 degrees, frequency (F) 0.25-0.4 Hz; only one patient had similar movements with smaller deviations even in the fixing eye. In three cases disturbed fixation of the dominant eye was found, a lateral drift (type 2) up to 3 degrees followed by slow correcting movement (F 0.05-0.1 Hz). At the same time there were disjugate movements of the amblyopic eye, the movements of the two eyes resulting in variations in squint angle of up to 6-7 degrees. These movements of the weaker eyes were clinically observed by Ohm (1958) and were termed pendular flutter to distinguish them from nystagmus. This paper presents the first objectively recorded curves of these movements, and differentiates them according to the various types of movement. Type 3 is a fine jerky or pendular nystagmus (A = max. 1 degree, F = 1.0-2.8 Hz), which was also present in three cases. Two patients had a combination of all three types of motility disturbance. Four cases with unilateral organ lesions, either congenital or acquired in early infancy, were observed and compared. All these cases showed excessive pendular flutter (type 1)--horizontal in the case of the fixing eye and horizontal and vertical in the case of the weaker eye.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

The spectral sensitivities of single receptor cells in the lateral, median, and ventral eyes of normal and white-eyed Limulus.

Spectral sensitivity curves can be distorted by screening pigments. We have determined whether this is true for Limulus polyphemus by determining, from receptor potentials recorded using intracellular microelectrodes, spectral sensitivity curves for normal animals and for white-eyed animals (which lack screening pigment). Our results show: (a) In median ocelli, the curve for UV-sensitive receptor cells peaks at 360 nm and does not depend on the presence of screening pigment, (b) The curve for ventral eye photoreceptors is identical to that for retinular cells from the lateral eyes of white-eyed animals and peaks at 520-525 nm. (c) In normal lateral eyes, when the stimulating light passes through screening pigment, the curve indicates relatively more sensitivity in the red region of the spectrum than does the curve for white-eyed animals. Therefore, the screening pigment is probably red-transmitting, (d) In median ocelli, the curve for visible-sensitive cells peaks at 525 nm and is approximately the same whether the ocelli are from normal or white-eyed animals. However, the curve is significantly broader than that for ventral eyes and for lateral eyes from white-eyed animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Donor eyes. A comparison of characteristics and outcomes for Eye Bank and local tissue.

The Corneal Recipient Registry was begun in 1985 to collect information on all recipients of corneal grafts in the province of Ontario, Canada, and on the donors providing tissue. While most of the tissue is handled by the Eye Bank of Canada (Ontario Division), ophthalmologists in centers away from the Eye Bank often use local tissue when it is available. Comparison of the donor characteristics of local tissue with that obtained through the Eye Bank revealed that local donors were 9-10 years younger (p less than 0.01), their times to enucleation were an hour less (p less than 0.02), and they were much more likely to be the victims of trauma than the donors of Eye Bank eyes. Prognosis of the graft, assessed using life table methods, suggested that success of local eyes was 89% after 6 months, compared with 80% for Eye Bank eyes in the same period, but this was not a significant difference (p greater than 0.05). While the Eye Bank is a more common source of tissue, eyes obtained locally are more likely to represent the "ideal" tissue for many corneal surgeons.

Adult↗