SEARCH · PubMed Health
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
The history of the artificial eye, from antiquity to the present, is described. Around the beginning of the nineteenth century, glass eyes replaced the earlier metal ones--not always well tolerated. In 1835, cryolite glass was used instead of lead glass; to this day it remains the lightest and most desirable substance for making artificial eyes.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
In four patients, rotation of the inferior tarsus around the tarsal-tendon horizontal axis caused a contracted socket with loss of lower fornix and the inability to retain an artificial eye. Exposure of the lower border of the inferior tarsus through a skin incision, separating the tarsus from the overlying orbicularis oculi muscle, and suturing its lower margin to the skin corrected the abnormality.
There are several basic techniques for obtaining acceptable closure of the orbital defect following exenteration. The approach to reconstructing a socket in the method chosen should be the one that gives the best cosmetic result while not compromising the surgical excision and the possibility of cure. Few surgeons have attempted to correct the deformity of orbital exenteration so that an artificial eye can be worn. We have found that approximately 20% of those patients undergoing radical ablation of the orbit quality for simultaneous reconstruction of the eye socket. The technique of a cheek-eyelid-conjunctiva flap allows for immediate reconsturction of the eye socket and the fitting of a prosthesis.
PURPOSE: Systematically review and categorize the methods used to assess socket and prosthetic motility in anophthalmic patients following enucleation or evisceration. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception through September 2024. Studies reporting qualitative or quantitative assessments of motility in anophthalmic sockets or ocular prostheses were included. Motility assessment methods were categorized as qualitative (descriptive or graded clinical evaluation) or quantitative (numerical measurements in millimeters, degrees, or objective tracking systems). RESULTS: Thirty-five studies encompassing 1,819 patients met inclusion criteria. Nineteen studies used qualitative assessment methods, including subjective observation, graded scales based on cardinal gaze positions, or comparison with the contralateral eye. Sixteen studies employed quantitative techniques, such as the Kestenbaum limbus test, Lister perimeter measurements, conjunctival or limbal markings, photographic image analysis, infrared eye-tracking systems, and magnetic search-coil technology. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in measurement techniques, reporting standards, timing of assessment, and distinction between socket and prosthetic motility. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial variability exists in the methods used to assess motility in anophthalmic sockets, limiting comparability across studies. Establishing standardized, feasible, and reproducible assessment approaches may improve outcome reporting and facilitate meaningful comparisons in future oculoplastic research.
Examinations of hormone levels in blind persons compared with almost blind and people with normal vision and hormone evaluation with increased artificial light exposure show a definite stimulating effect of light on the human hormonal balance. The effect of light is mediated by an intact perception of light by the eye over an "energetic part" of the visual pathway (Hollwich 1948) - hypothalamus - hypophysis - peripheral endocrine gland. Increasing the intensity of artificial light with "neon-tubes" (fluorescent tubes) leads to "light stress" proved by increased hormone production - especially the stress hormone Cortisol. The belief that artificial light is the same as natural light and that it can fully replace it, is inappropriate in the medical view and needs correction.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
In seven patients who each had either a methyl methacrylate corneal shell, a postenucleation ocular prosthesis, or a keratoprosthesis, giant papillary conjunctivitis of the tarsus of the upper lids developed after prolonged wear. These cases expand the spectrum of disease that was initally described in wearers of hard and soft contact lenses. The papillary changes in prostheses wearers did not always produce symptoms and were not readily reversible. Basophils and mast cells characterized the inflammatory infiltrate, suggestng an antigen-antibody mechanism underlying the response. Increased production of epithelial mucin, in contrast to goblet cell mucin, may play a role in producing symptoms in this syndrome.
Bone formation occurred in periosteal graft that was used to anchor a Cardona keratoprosthesis.
Orbital cellulitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae developed in an adolescent girl in a previously enucleated socket. Since this organism also was isolated from her pharynx, the orbital infection probably resulted from contamination of the prosthesis by gonococci from her mouth, either directly or by transfer from her fingers.
In a five-year follow-up of 42 patients with unsatisfactory cosmetic results after enulceation, room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone was used in the surgical correction of enophthalmos and superior sulcus depression. RTV silicone with a catalyst was placed in a dissected pocket subperiosteally along the floor and lateral wall of the orbit to correct the volume deficit. When vulcanizing in situ into soft silicone rubber, the implant conformed to the orbital wall and did not migrate. We determined tissue tolerance to in situ vulcanizing silicone histologically in 30 rats by inserting prevulcanized and in situ vulcanized material in paired subcutaneous pockets. No statistical difference was noted between the two methods. In 11 cases, the same material was used as a convenient stent to maintain the pressure over a graft and to maintain socket size after the reconstruction of a contrated socket, by filling the socket with RTV silicone which surrounded a Kirschner wire drilled through the lateral orbital rim.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
A method of facilitating facial prosthesis production using specially designed equipment and a color notation record has been described. Application to facial and auricular prosthesis production has been discussed. Advantages in time saved and staff utilization have been realized through the use of this approach.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
The combination of enucleation plus irradiation often leads to a significant orbital volume loss and severe enophthalmos. Surgery for enophthalmos correction involves the replacement of intraorbital volume with autogenous or alloplastic material, either subperiorbitally, or in the muscle cone. Subperiorbital implants technically are easiest to perform, but implant absorption, migration, and other complications can be cosmetically unacceptable. Alternatively, approaching the muscle cone through a lateral subperiorbital dissection avoids trauma to the irradiated conjunctiva; allows easy access to the muscle cone for implantation of silicone spheres glass beads, or RTV silicone; and provides an excellent cosmetic result.