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The rapid growth of scuba diving as a sport and the vast expansion of underwater exploration for energy has made it necessary for all physicians to become familiar with diving emergencies. The basic principles of scuba diving and related clinical implications are outlined to provide a more meaningful understanding of problems which may affect a diver.
Soft lenses are used continuously for a prolonged period as a corneal protective device following unique under-lid surgery for ptosis correction. Until this procedure was employed, this excellent surgical technique had been all but abandoned.
A report of 20 cases of solar retinopathy associated with watching an eclipse of the sun is presented. Visual prognosis was generally good and most patients had good vision at the end of six months. Paramacular scotomata, image distortion and macular changes were, however, still present in the majority of patients. Transmission of energy through various protective devices was measured with a fluxmeter. The finding of retinal damage after exposure of even short duration through protective devices that reduce the incident irradiance of the sun up to 5,000 times indicates that the damage observed may be other than thermal in nature. It is concluded that no safe method for directly viewing a solar eclipse is generally available, and that the public, especially schoolchildren and their children, should be better acquainted with this hazard.
Experiments on photic damage to the retinas of rats with hereditary retinal dystrophy and some tentative clinical evidence on human patients suggest that, in human retinitis pigmentosa, one could try to protect the retina and especially the rods from bright light in an attempt to delay the retinal degeneration and to prolong the period of useful vision. Several theoretical criteria have been proposed for protection of RP patients from possible photic retinal damage. Observing these criteria, Adrian developed a brownish ophthalmic filter which absorbs the short wavelengths preferentially, thus protecting the rods primarily. Whether or not use of these filters will be efficacious has yet to be determined and will require careful experimentation and the accumulation of clinical experience. Several brown ophthalmic filters also have been tested against the criteria for a protective device. The NoIR Amber 7% plastic glasses satisfy these criteria quite well and thus can be considered as a substitute for the Adrian lens. The characteristics of the two types of filters are compared. Experience with different methods of protection may show whether it is better to attempt to delay degeneration of both retinas simultaneously by decreasing their illuminations with filters or to exclude light completely from one eye in an attempt to preserve it while the other eye degenerates in the usual course of the disease. In any event, given the present state of knowledge, it seems to be appropriate, especially in the early stages of the disease, to suggest that RP patients protect their retinas from excessive light.
Swim goggles with a moist chamber effect have been used successfully in seven patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca unresponsive to the conventional means of therapy including artificial tears, mucolytics, and occlusion of the puncta. The longest follow-up is three years, the shortest six months. There have been no complications, and in all cases the patients have been subjectively and objectively improved.
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Eighty-two injuries secondary to the racket sports were studied during a 15-month period. Ordinary glasses provided considerable protection in the play of tennis and badminton, but not in the play of squash and racquet ball. Plastic safety lenses (USA Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye ,nd Face Protection, approved Sept 18, 1968 by the USA Standards Institute [ANSI Z87.1-1968]) mounted in a sturdy frame (industrial or athletic) or an eye protector are necessary for squash and racquet ball. Contact lenses provide no ocular protection. Males suffered more serious injuries than females, but injuries were not related to the age or experience of the players. Eye protection is recommended for the racket sports.
Using the services of a local optical supply house, fabrication and testing of eyeglasses of a high lead content that could be used to protect the eye from the hazards of radiation were evaluated. Two separate types of eyeglasses were manufactured (a prototype followed by a second pair), and these were tested against a commercially available pair of radiation protective glasses. The protection offered by the locally manufactured pair of glasses exceeded the commercial pair and the cost savings are significant.
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It appears that green absorptive lenses are highly desirable for the purposes of shielding the eyes against light radiation from molten metal during the casting and soldering procedures. The dental laboratory technicians have experienced no after-images, less eye fatigue, and no adverse symptoms when using these lenses, as were reported previously. The lenses not only effectively protect the eyes from the injurious light wavelengths, but they also provide for enough normal (as well as individually corrected) vision to accomplish any procedure necessary in the dental laboratory. We propose that the green absorptive lenses, with individual corrections if needed, be considered for dental laboratory technicians during dental laboratory procedures when needed, such as during casting and soldering, to protect their eyes from light radiation.
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The new eye shield described here incorporates the principles of a compound array that provides a significant improvement in vision (from hand movements to 20/100 or better) in a nonaccommodative eye, while retaining all other properties (protection, ventilation, reduction of glare) of eye shields used currently. It is recommended for routine use in patients after intraocular surgery and pupillary dilatation.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate critically several brands of safety spectacle lens and side shield combinations to determine their attenuation characteristics for ultraviolet (UV) radiation. By combining the information developed in this investigation with field data on UV from arc welding operations, it was possible to draw the conclusion that under the conditions stated, ordinary safety glasses with solid side shields provided adequate eye protection from UV.
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Using official police reports and hospital admission and emergency room medical records, 1273 persons with confirmed medically treated motorcycle injury were identified in Sacramento County, California, during 1970. Less than 39% of all injured motorcyclists were identified in this study using only official police reports. The annual incidence rate was highest for 18-year-old male drivers. In addition to age of driver, risk of injury was associated with drivers of short stature (less than 173 cm) operating an intermediate or larger size motorcycle. Risk of injury was higher for drivers with training than for those without training or those who operated their motorcycles frequently regardless of type of use. Risk of injury was not related to make of motorcycle but was related to engine size. Two-thirds of the injury-producing collisions involved a motorcycle and a second motor vehicle. Motorcycle collisions occurred most fre quently during the afternoon and early evening hours and during the summer months, but peaks in incidence of collisions occurred during weeks which included a holiday.