[Individual eye protective devices].
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Accidents, Occupational↗
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Compendium on eye protective devices.
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Eye↗
Compendium on eye protective devices.
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Eye↗
[Assessment of individual eye protection devices based on their effect on the frequency-contrast characteristics of the visual analyzer].
Assessment of means for individual eye protection by the method of visocontrastometry, allows, already at the stage of projecting, to determine the correctness of selecting vision glasses by conditions of visual work. Investigations of 3 kinds of goggles: for reindeer breeders of Far North (2 variants), for mechanics and for protection from pesticides have shown that by their influence on frequency-contrast characteristic all they comply with physiologic hygienic demands. The value of the used method of control of the quality of individual eye protection means is established.
Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
A comparative assessment of eye protective devices and a proposed system of acceptance testing and grading.
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Acrylic Resins↗
Color vision deficits and laser eyewear protection for soft tissue laser applications.
PURPOSE: Laser safety considerations require urologists to wear laser eye protection. Laser eye protection devices block transmittance of specific light wavelengths and may distort color perception. We tested whether urologists risk color confusion when wearing laser eye protection devices for laser soft tissue applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were tested with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test without (controls) and with laser eye protection devices for carbon dioxide, potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), neodymium (Nd):YAG and holmium:YAG lasers. Color deficits were characterized by error scores, polar graphs, confusion angles, confusion index, scatter index and color axes. Laser eye protection device spectral transmittance was tested with spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Mean total error scores plus or minus standard deviation were 13+/-5 for controls, and 44+/-31 for carbon dioxide, 273+/-26 for KTP, 22+/-6 for Nd:YAG and 14+/-8 for holmium:YAG devices (p <0.001). The KTP laser eye protection polar graphs, and confusion and scatter indexes revealed moderate blue-yellow and red-green color confusion. Color axes indicated no significant deficits for controls, or carbon dioxide, Nd:YAG or holmium:YAG laser eye protection in any subject compared to blue-yellow color vision deficits in 8 of 8 tested with KTP laser eye protection (p <0.001). Spectrophotometry demonstrated that light was blocked with laser eye protection devices for carbon dioxide less than 380, holmium:YAG greater than 850, Nd:YAG less than 350 and greater than 950, and KTP less than 550 and greater than 750 nm. CONCLUSIONS: The laser eye protection device for KTP causes significant blue-yellow and red-green color confusion. Laser eye protection devices for carbon dioxide, holmium:YAG and Nd:YAG cause no significant color confusion compared to controls. The differences are explained by laser eye protection spectrophotometry characteristics and visual physiology.
Adult↗
Prevention of sports-related eye injury.
Sports-related eye injury is an important cause of vision loss. Many eye injuries can be prevented through the supervision of play, the enforcement of game rules and the use of eye protective devices. State-of-the-art eye protective devices incorporate highly impact-resistant optical material, usually polycarbonate lenses, in a sturdy frame. Protective devices are available for use in racquet sports, baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey and other sports.
Adolescent↗
Eye health of industrial workers in Southeastern Nigeria.
A cross-sectional ophthalmological survey to determine the ocular health in Nigerian industries was undertaken in four randomly selected industrial establishments in Enugu State of Nigeria. The industrial establishments studied were the cement factory, coal mine, saw mill and iron/steel works where motor spare parts are fabricated. Of the 646 workers, 184 (28.5%) had a history of industrial accidents, 81 (12.5%) of which affected the eye. Eye injury was most commonly caused by metal chips, cement dust, fragments of wood, pieces of coal stone and welders' arc rays all of which could be prevented by wearing appropriate protective eye coverings. Contusion injury was the most common type of injury reported. Eye accident rate varied from factory to factory as also did the wearing of protective eye devices. overall, the percentage of workers using protective eye cover was 16.7% but there was a significant difference between the factories in this respect, protective eye wear being more often used in factories with higher eye accident rates. A total of 646 technical workers had detailed ophthalmological examination. The types and frequencies ofvisual disorders seen as well as the nature and causes of eye injuries were determined. Five hundred and twenty-eight workers (81.7%) had eye disorders. Presbyopla was responsible for 203 (31.4%) of these disorders while 169 (26.2%) were refractive errors. Of the others, pterygium and pingueculum together numbered 179 (27.7%) while cataract was found in 79 (12.2%) subjects. The results showed a high frequency of eye injuries among industrial workers and a low level of use of protective eye cover while at work. It is recommended that legislation requiring the use of protective devices in high-risk industries should be vigorously enforced to improve the eye health of Nigerian industrial workers.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Color vision deficits during laser lithotripsy using safety goggles for coumarin green or alexandrite but not with holmium:YAG laser safety goggles.
PURPOSE: Laser lithotripsy requires urologists to wear laser eye protection. Laser eye protection devices screen out specific light wavelengths and may distort color perception. This study tests whether urologists risk color confusion when wearing laser eye protection devices for laser lithotripsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urologists were tested with the Farnsworth Dichotomous Test for Color Blindness (D-15) and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test (FM-100) without (control) and with laser eye protection devices for coumarin green, alexandrite and holmium:YAG lasers. Error scores were tabulated. The pattern of color deficits was characterized with confusion angles, confusion index (C-index), scatter index (S-index) and color axes. Laser eye protection devices were tested with spectrophotometry for spectral transmittance and optical density. RESULTS: The D-15 transposition errors (mean plus or minus standard deviation) for control, holmium:YAG, alexandrite and coumarin green laser eye protection were 0 +/- 0, 0 +/- 0, 0.3 +/- 0.5 and 6.4 +/- 1.6, respectively (p = 0.0000001). The FM-100 error scores (mean plus or minus standard deviation) were 20 +/- 15, 20 +/- 14, 91 +/- 32 and 319 +/- 69, respectively (p = 0.0001). The confusion index scores indicated a mild color confusion for the alexandrite and pronounced color confusion for the coumarin green laser eye protection. The confusion angles and scatter indexes mimicked a congenital blue-yellow deficit for coumarin green laser eye protection. Color axes showed no significant deficits for control or holmium:YAG laser eye protection in any subject, red-green axis deficits in 3 of 6 tested with alexandrite and blue-yellow axis deficits in 12 of 12 tested with coumarin green (p < 0.001). Spectrophotometry showed that laser eye protection for coumarin green blocks light less than 550 nm., alexandrite blocks light greater than 650 nm. and holmium:YAG blocks light greater than 825 nm. CONCLUSIONS: Laser eye protection for coumarin green causes pronounced blue-yellow color confusion, whereas alexandrite causes mild red-green color confusion among urologists, holmium:YAG causes no significant color confusion compared to controls. The differences are explained by laser eye protection spectrophotometry characteristics and visual physiology.
Adult↗
Changing trends in paintball sport-related ocular injuries.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the type and severity of ocular injuries caused by paintballs, to summarize the outcomes, to determine if the injury occurred in a commercial or noncommercial setting, to compare the number of injuries in each setting as a function of time, and to ascertain whether eye-protective devices were worn and why they were removed. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 35 patients who sustained ocular injuries caused by paintballs and underwent evaluation and treatment at an eye hospital from January 1, 1985, to September 30, 1998. Thirty-five eyes of 35 patients underwent a complete ocular examination, diagnostic testing, and surgical intervention when indicated. RESULTS: All patients were male (average age, 22 years). Twenty-six patients (74%) had an initial visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, and visual acuity in 16 (46%) remained 20/200 or worse on follow-up (range, 2 weeks to 22 months). Traumatic hyphema was seen in 21 patients (60%). Twenty-two patients (63%) had access to goggles, 7 (33%) of whom removed them due to fogging before the injury. Injuries sustained after 1995 were 5.8 times (relative risk, 5.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-22.4) more likely to occur during a noncommercial war game than those occurring in 1995 or before. CONCLUSIONS: As the popularity of war games increases, so does the potential for serious ocular injury caused by paint pellet guns. Most injuries seen after 1995 occurred in noncommercial war game settings, where the use of eye-protective devices is not required. Industry standards for eye protection have been developed recently and should be implemented.
Adolescent↗
Effect of protective eyewear on reaction time in the horizontal field of vision.
This study determined the effect of various models of protective eyewear on the reaction time in the horizontal field of vision. Five protective eye devices for racquet sports were selected based on design characteristics. Eyewear was presented to 64 subjects in a random order along with no eyewear. Each subject's reaction time was measured for the random presentation of the visual stimuli by releasing a depressed telegraphic key wired to a digital clock. Stimulus anticipation was controlled using an interval timer generating random time intervals. Significant differences were noted between lights, eyewear, and the interaction of lights by eyewear. No differences were found between dominant and nondominant sides or between trials. Reaction time was unaffected in the central portion of the horizontal field and affected with some of the eyewear in the peripheral portion. It was concluded that the configuration of the protective eyewear was a significant factor affecting reaction time in the horizontal field of vision.
Adult↗
Ocular paintball injuries.
Paintball sport-related ocular injuries represent an increasing problem as the popularity of the sport increases and the number of participants grows. Although eye protective devices designed specifically for paintball sports are extremely effective in preventing such injuries, the failure to properly wear these devices has resulted in an alarming number of severe ocular injuries. Recent trends have indicated that an increasing percentage of paintball sport-related ocular injuries have occurred in unsupervised, noncommercial settings (i.e., backyard games) where the use of eye protective devices is not required. Paintball industry standards for eye protection have recently been developed and should be implemented for all participants.
Athletic Injuries↗
Hazard zones and eye protection requirements for a frosted surgical probe used with an Nd:YAG laser.
Detailed radiometric analyses are reported on selected frosted-style laser surgical probes that are in use in laser surgical procedures. These measurements were performed in order to determine their nominal hazard zone (NHZ) and the requirement for protective eyewear. All measurements were conducted under worst-case conditions using a 30-W Nd:YAG laser. The results show that for the style of probe tested, the NHZ can be considered a spherical volume of 1.3 m and will require eye protection devices having a maximum optical density rating of 4.3 at 1.06 microns for all personnel who may come within that range.
Eye Protective Devices↗
The epidemiology of ocular trauma in Singapore: perspective from the emergency service of a large tertiary hospital.
PURPOSE: To describe the epidemiology of ocular trauma from the perspective of the emergency service of a large tertiary hospital in Singapore. METHODS: A prospective survey was conducted over a 3 month period (August to October 1997) on all patients seen at the ophthalmic unit at the Singapore General Hospital's emergency service. Data on clinical presentation, type and cause of injury and use of eye protective devices (EPD) were collected via a standardised interview and examination. RESULTS: A total of 870 persons presented with a diagnosis of ocular trauma, out of the 1,631 patients seen during the study period. Compared with non-trauma cases, trauma cases were more likely to be male (odds ratio (OR): 4.2, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.2, 5.4), non-residents (OR: 6.2, 95% CI: 3.7, 10.5), younger than 40 years of age (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.7, 4.1) and less likely to require follow-up or hospital admission (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.3). The three most common types of injuries were superficial foreign body (58.2%), corneal abrasion (24.9%) and blunt trauma (12.6%), while open globe injury occurred in only 17 cases (2%). Comparison with a 10% random sample of all cases seen in the previous 9 months (n = 284) revealed no significant time variation in the types of injuries (p = 0.63). Work-related injuries accounted for 590 (71.4%) cases, where grinding, cutting metal and drilling were the specific activities in more than 90% of the cases. In appropriate settings, only 21.7% of patients with work-related injuries used EPD; 43.7% were provided with EPD, but did not use them at the time of injury; and the remaining 34.6% reported that EPD were not provided. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular trauma at the emergency service level in Singapore involved mainly young non-resident men, were work-related and associated with well-defined activities, and were generally minor. The low prevalence of EPD use reinforces the need for a review of the design and implementation of occupational eye safety programmes, especially among non-resident workers.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Evidence that increased scleral growth underlies visual deprivation myopia in chicks.
The authors evaluated three measures of scleral growth in chicks that were visually deprived with the use of translucent occluders. The authors sought to determine whether the ocular elongation and myopia that results from this deprivation is associated with increased growth of the sclera. The authors found that the dry weight of the sclera of deprived eyes increased 65% faster than that of nondeprived eyes. Furthermore, the uptake of labeled methionine and thymidine was significantly increased by visual deprivation, whether expressed as incorporation per sclera, per milligram of sclera, per milligram of protein, or per milligram of DNA. In addition, the amount of DNA and soluble protein was significantly greater in the scleras of deprived eyes than in those of nondeprived eyes. Finally, the degree of hydration of the scleras from deprived eyes was greater relative to their weight than that of the scleras from nondeprived eyes. These results suggest that visual deprivation causes increased cellular proliferation and increased protein synthesis in the sclera of chicks.
Animals↗
Threat of ultraviolet radiation to the eye--how to protect against it.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of exposure of the eye to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to provide information from which protective criteria and standards may be established. To accomplish this purpose, the article discusses ultraviolet radiation, absorption of UV radiation by the eye, the effects of ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and how to protect the eye against exposure to UV radiation.
Animals↗
Ophthalmic needs of Nigerian factory workers.
In a survey of two factories the potential ocular hazards identified were metal and other foreign body injuries, molten metal injury, radiation effects to the eye and chronic conjunctival irritation from cotton fluff in the atmosphere. Although protective eye devices were provided, they were not often worn, this failure resulting in six ocular accidents. It is recommended that nurses be trained to carry out the initial treatment of ocular accidents and the importance of accident records stressed. Reasons for the importance of preliminary ocular screening of workers are highlighted. Prevention of ocular accidents must be comprehensive to be effective and must necessarily involve management as well as employees.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Basic medical implications of scuba diving.
The rapid growth of scuba diving as a sport and the vast expansion of underwater exploration for energy has made it necessary for all physicians to become familiar with diving emergencies. The basic principles of scuba diving and related clinical implications are outlined to provide a more meaningful understanding of problems which may affect a diver.
Air Pressure↗