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The peripheral lymphocyte cultures from Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), White-eyebrow gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) and human being were treated with BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine), FrdU (fluorodeoxyuridine) and MTX (methotrexate). A number of 22 Common fragile sites for Rhesus monkeys and 20 for white-eyebrow gibbons were found. Chromosome homology and the relationship between fragile sites and chromosomal evolution were discussed. Several common fragile sites of human chromosomes have been found at the homologous chromosomal regions in Rhesus monkeys as well as in White-eyebrow gibbons. Furthermore, the fragile sites at 1q14, 1p32 of Rhesus monkey chromosomes may correspond to the homologous fragile sites at 1p21, 1q31 of White-eyebrow gibbons. All of these fragile sites at the homologous regions of chromosomes are evolutionarily conserved and may be the indicators of common origin of chromosomes as genetic markers. Combined with G-banding patterns of chromosomes, the conservative fragile sites at homologous regions of chromosomes may be useful for the study of chromosome homology and evolution in closely-related animals. Out results show that the differences of chromosome 1 between Rhesus monkeys and human may involve a pericentric inversion and a paracentric inversion. However, the differences of chromosome 1 between Rhesus monkeys and White-eyebrow gibbons may caused by a pericentric inversion, a pericentric inversion, and a deletion or a translocation. The main differences of chromosome 3 between Rhesus monkeys and human may involve a pericentric inversion. Out results indicate that the differences of chromosome 7 between White-eyebrow gibbons and human may involve a paracentric inversion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fifteen patients and 28 eyes with measurable eyebrow ptosis underwent standard upper eyelid blepharoplasty with or without sub-brow fat excision. The patients were educated about the status of their eyebrow position and the effects of either direct or indirect methods of brow elevation. The patients either refused or chose not to undergo browpexy by any method. Eleven patients and 22 eyes showed an insignificant change in their eyebrow position after surgery. Two patients and three eyes had a mild to moderate descent of the eyebrow and two patients had what was felt to be significant worsening of their eyebrow ptosis in one or both eyes. However, all were pleased with their result. Information as such, after a careful review of the literature, has not previously been published.
Five cases of partial eyebrow reconstruction using subcutaneous pedicle flaps from the ipsilateral eyebrow are presented. Proper use of this method will enable safe one-stage transfer of the skin and the eyebrow hair, preserving the natural hair direction and properties. It will also leave minimal scars and dog-ears. This method is especially suitable for the reconstruction of moderate- to small-sized eyebrow defects.
Excessive skin in the upper eyelid may be totally or partially a result of ptosis of the eyebrows. In this case, blepharoplasty corrects this deformity insufficiently and may even increase the sagging of the eyebrows, giving the face a sad expression. A technique for lifting the eyebrows during a blepharoplasty is presented. It consists of affixing the dermis and galea to the aponeurosis of the temporal muscle through a subgalean tunnel in the scalp. We believe that this is an anatomically based procedure, is easy to execute, has few complications, yields lasting results with hidden scars, and is of low cost. Among the 100 cases in which this technique was used, the majority showed highly satisfactory results.
A 41-year-old man suffered from an incompletely avulsed right eyebrow and forehead after a windshield injury in a traffic accident. Microsurgical techniques were used to revascularize the avulsed tissue of the right eyebrow and forehead with anastomosis of one branch of the frontal branch of the right superficial temporal artery. The revascularized eyebrow and forehead remained viable and provided a good cosmetic result. An aggressive microsurgical approach, either by direct arterial anastomosis or bypass with vein graft, should be encouraged in all incompletely avulsed tissue with inadequate blood supply in the face, hand, and foot.
Eyebrow reconstruction in burn patients has been effectively performed in nine eyebrows in six burn patients. The results were excellent in seven of the eyebrows and satisfactory in the remaining two. In the authors' experience, the free hair transplants have had marginal results because of the scarred recipient site, and we recommend the island pedicle graft as an alternative, in selected cases, for facial burn reconstruction. Case summaries, details of the operative procedure, and illustrations are presented.
We have reviewed our experience with reconstruction of eyebrow alopecia secondary to thermal injury in the pediatric patient. Reconstruction was performed with free composite strip grafts or vascularized island pedicle flaps. The complication rates for eyebrows reconstructed with vascularized island pedicles with respect to loss of a significant portion of the flaps (30.8 percent) and malalignment of the grafts (23.1 percent) were significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than the significant tissue loss (10.6 percent) or graft malalignment (7.9 percent) observed for free composite grafts. Hair density was more predictably restored with the free composite graft technique (p = 0.0004). The patients reconstructed with composite grafts had 89.4 percent acceptable results in contrast to 38.5 percent acceptable results obtained with the island pedicle technique. Based on these findings, we reserve the use of the vascularized island pedicle technique for male patients with unilateral alopecia and heavy hair density in the remaining eyebrow and in cases where free composite grafts have failed. The remaining patients are initially treated with free composite grafts with acceptable results in the overwhelming majority of cases.
For the first time the frequency of freckles and of dysplasias of the eyebrows was examinated in 756 pupils. The percentage of the freckles was 21, and of the dysplasias of the eyebrows 28.5 in both sexes. The following examination of 287 orthodontic patients (66 males with hypodontia, 60 males with normal number of the teeth; 92 females with hypodontia, 69 females with normal number of the teeth) has demonstrated the high significance of incidence of freckles and of dysplasias of the eyebrows in patient with hypodontia. This phenomenon is important, because extraoral stigmatas can indicate to disturbances of the development of teeth and also to anomalies of the number of the teeth.
We describe two patients with epithelioid granulomatous inflammation on the eyebrows after undergoing cosmetic eyebrow tattooing. We tried to analyze the causative elements from biopsy specimens and tattoo inks with x-ray microanalysis. We suggest that granuloma caused by cosmetic eyebrow tattooing is a complication worthy of mention.
Alternate locations to skin excisions adjacent to the eyebrows for correction of eyebrow ptosis have been presented. Excisions in the upper forehead or in the scalp permit flexibility in width and length of skin or scalp to be excised and may be extended laterally to produce a temporal lift which not only improves the lateral canthal area of sagging skin but also may improve the lower eyelid surgical correction results (Figs. 1 and 3). By use of adequate lipectomy and full-width platysma muscle flaps to support the new neck contour, better and longer lasting results have been accomplished. The currently used techniques for eyebrow, face, and neck lifts for males produce better and longer lasting results than could have been accomplished with previously used techniques. The continued search for improvement in techniques by many surgeons in different areas of the world has enabled these longer lasting and better results to be accomplished.
A 60-year-old woman had a solitary mass in her left eyebrow that was first thought to be a dermoid cyst and following excision and histological examination was found to be a localized, malignant, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the mixed lymphocytic and histiocytic type. Subsequent lymphangiography after excisional biopsy of the left eyebrow mass demonstrated extensive para-aortic and inguinal lymph node involvement.
A family presenting with ichthyosis vulgaris, prominent full cheeks, sparse lateral eyebrows and other craniofacial and musculoskeletal defects is described in detail. This constellation of physical findings represents a new syndrome, transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. For reasons of simplicity it has been termed the I (ichthyosis), C (cheek), E (eyebrow) syndrome.
Congenital malformations involving the eyebrows are a rare phenomenon. Recently we have seen a case with partial duplication of the eyebrows and multiple other malformations. Because of the presence of close parental consanguinity, we believe this constellation of findings represents a new syndrome, possibly transmitted as an autosomal recessive disorder.
The eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids are important protective structures for the eye and are also of considerable cosmetic value. The dermatologist should understand the available cosmetic and surgical techniques for helping patients with eyebrow loss, eyelash loss, and dermatochalasis.
A case of dermatophytosis showing a kerion celsi reaction in the eyebrow of a forty-seven-year-old woman is reported. The causative organism was Trichophyton rubrum. Direct mycologic examination revealed endothrix parasitism within the shafts of the infected hairs, and the trichophytin test gave positive results. Histologic examination of the lesion revealed marked inflammatory infiltration in the dermis, and numerous arthroconidia within the hair shafts. The symptoms disappeared almost entirely after oral treatment with itraconazole for three weeks. In view of the rarity of tinea of the eyebrow, some comments are appended.
The position of the eyebrow, which varies from person to person, is an important factor determining the final result of blepharoplasty, ptosis, and other aesthetic surgery. We developed a new instrument for measuring the position of the eyebrow--a clear, curved, plastic face mask with inscribed distance gradations in millimeters and a sliding horizontal step to catch the superior orbital rim for measurement.
Burow's wedge flap provides an excellent method for repair of wounds in or near the eyebrow. Advantages afforded by this technic in this context include ample flap elasticity and vascularization, versatility in dealing with wounds of varying dimension and location, and fewer incisions in comparison with the number necessary with other methods. Between 1980 and 1984 the author used this method in twelve patients and obtained good to excellent results in eleven and a fair outcome in one.