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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume.

BACKGROUND: Oligohydramnios (reduced amniotic fluid) may be responsible for malpresentation problems, umbilical cord compression, concentration of meconium in the liquor, and difficult or failed external cephalic version. Simple maternal hydration has been suggested as a way of increasing amniotic fluid volume in order to reduce some of these problems. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of maternal hydration on amniotic fluid volume and measures of pregnancy outcome. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched. Date of last search: 1 February 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing maternal hydration with no hydration in pregnant women with reduced or normal amniotic fluid volume. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eligibility and trial quality were assessed by both reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Two studies of 77 women were included. The women were asked to drink two litres of water before having a repeat ultrasound examination. Maternal hydration in women with and without oligohydramnios was associated with an increase in amniotic volume (weighted mean difference for women with oligohydramnios 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.43 to 2.56; and weighted mean difference for women with normal amniotic fluid volume 4.5, 95% confidence interval 2.92 to 6.08). Intravenous hypotonic hydration in women with oligohydramnios was associated with an increase in amniotic fluid volume (weighted mean difference 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 3.24). Isotonic intravenous hydration had no measurable effect. No clinically important outcomes were assessed in any of the trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Simple maternal hydration appears to increase amniotic fluid volume and may be beneficial in the management of oligohydramnios and prevention of oligohydramnios during labour or prior to external cephalic version. Controlled trials are needed to assess the clinical benefits and possible risks of maternal hydration for specific clinical purposes.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of the growth promoting properties of ascitic fluids, cyst fluids and peritoneal fluids from patients with ovarian tumours.

The growth promoting properties of ascitic fluids, cyst fluids and peritoneal fluids from patients with ovarian malignancy, benign ovarian tumours and non-tumour related gynaecological conditions have been investigated using an ovarian carcinoma cell line (OAW 42), mesothelial cells (58MC) and rat kidney cells (NRK-49F). Colony stimulating activity (CSA) for tumour cells and transforming activity (TA) for mesothelial cells were weakly correlated, but whereas elevated TA was tumour-associated, CSA was not. However, TA was not cancer-associated and, although the difference between the mean TA values of benign and malignant cyst fluids was of borderline significance, some benign cyst fluids from cystadenomas showed high TA values. Higher levels of TA in the cystadenomas showed a significant correlation with the menopausal status of the patient and higher levels of TA in the malignant cyst fluid/peritoneal fluid groups were associated with more advanced disease. Results indicated that some fluids contained TGF-beta-like activity, but there was no direct evidence for the presence of TGF-alpha/EGF-like activity in the fluids. Heparin inhibited clonogenic growth of tumour cells but not mesothelial cells. The reduced CSA which was observed after treatment of fluids with both heparin and thrombin implicated coagulation factors in the manifestation of CSA. It was concluded that CSA in the fluids was due, at least partly, to fibrin coagulation, and TA was due to unknown growth factor(s) which may include TGF-beta-like activity. The results are discussed in the context of the aetiology of ovarian carcinoma, and the possible clinical significance of TA.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Volume turnover kinetics of fluid shifts after hemorrhage, fluid infusion, and the combination of hemorrhage and fluid infusion in sheep.

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage is commonly treated with intravenous infusion of crystalloids. However, the dynamics of fluid shifts between body fluid spaces are not completely known, causing contradictory recommendations regarding timing and volume of fluid infusions. The authors have developed a turnover model that characterizes these fluid shifts. METHODS: Conscious, chronically instrumented sheep (n = 12) were randomly assigned to three protocol groups: infusion of 25 ml/kg of 0.9% saline over 20 min (infusion only), hemorrhage of 300 ml (7.8 +/- 1.1 ml/kg) over 5 min (hemorrhage only), and hemorrhage of 300 ml over 5 min followed by infusion as noted above (hemorrhage plus infusion). A two-compartment volume turnover kinetic model containing seven model parameters was fitted to data obtained by repeated sampling of hemoglobin concentration and urinary excretion. RESULTS: The volume turnover model successfully predicted fluid shifts. Mean baseline volumes of the central and tissue compartments were 1799 +/- 1276 ml and 7653 +/- 5478 ml, respectively. Immediate fluid infusion failed to prevent hemorrhage-induced depression of cardiac output and diuresis. The model suggested that volume recruitment to the central compartment after hemorrhage was primarily achieved by mechanisms other than volume equilibration between the two model compartments. CONCLUSION: Volume turnover kinetics is a promising tool for explaining fluid shifts between body compartments after perturbations such as hemorrhage and intravenous fluid infusions. The pronounced inhibition of renal output after hemorrhage prevailed regardless of fluid infusion and caused fluid retention, which expanded the tissue compartment.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Predictability of intrapartum and neonatal outcomes with the amniotic fluid volume distribution: a reassessment using the amniotic fluid index, single deepest pocket, and a dye-determined amniotic fluid volume.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish whether ultrasound-estimated or dye-determined amniotic fluid distribution (upper compared with lower quadrant) is predictive of perinatal outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Amniotic fluid distribution as measured by the amniotic fluid index, single deepest pocket, and dye-determined volumes was ascertained and correlated with intrapartum and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: Between January 1997 and January 2001, 135 women (70 upper-greater and 65 lower-greater) participated in this prospective observational study. The sum of the amniotic fluid index (P =.309), single deepest pocket (P =.168), and dye-determined amniotic fluid volume (P =.368) for the upper-greater compared with the lower-greater groups were similar. Decelerations in labor (P =.597), late decelerations (P =.999), cesarean deliveries for fetal distress (P =.413), and umbilical cord pH < 7.2 were similar (P =.647) CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-estimated and dye-determined amniotic fluid volumes are similar between upper-greater and lower-greater groups, and intrapartum/neonatal outcomes are not affected by the amniotic fluid distribution.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Colloid solutions for fluid resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Colloids are widely used in the replacement of fluid volume, however doubts remain as to their benefits. Different colloids vary in their molecular weight and therefore in the length of time they remain in the circulatory system. Because of this and their other characteristics, they may differ in their safety and efficacy. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of different colloid solutions in patients thought to need volume replacement. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Injuries Group specialised register, The Cochrane Controlled trials register (all years), MEDLINE (1994-98), EMBASE (1974-98) were searched. Bibliographies of trials retrieved were searched and drug companies manufacturing colloids were contacted for information. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi randomised trials comparing colloid solutions in critically ill and surgical patients thought to need volume replacement. The main outcomes measured were death, amount of whole blood transfused and incidence of adverse reactions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted the data and assessed the quality of the trials. MAIN RESULTS: 46 trials met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 2884 participants. Many of the trials were small. In the majority of trials quality was poor or uncertain. Deaths were obtained from 27 trials. Twenty three trials recorded the amount of blood transfused, however quantitative analysis was not possible due to skewness and variable reporting. Thirteen trials recorded adverse reactions, but none occurred. For albumin or PPF versus hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 20 trials reported mortality. The pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.17 (95% CI 0.91, 1.50). For albumin or PPF versus gelatin 3 trials reported mortality. The RR was 0.99 (0.69, 1.42). For gelatin vs HES 3 trials reported mortality, RR was 0.97 (0.65, 1.44). RR was not estimable in the albumin vs dextran, gelatin vs dextran, and HES vs dextran groups. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: From this review, there is no evidence that one colloid solution is more effective or safe than any other, although the confidence intervals are wide and do not exclude clinically significant differences between colloids. Larger trials of fluid therapy are needed if clinically significant differences in mortality are to be detected or excluded.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Surface response functions for a thin-film between fluids with infinite boundaries and for a fluid-fluid interface between finite boundaries.

Measuring the surface response function of a fluid allows us to ascertain many of its properties. Simplified surface response functions are presented for several interface conditions, including (a) a thin-film between two fluids of infinite extent, (b) the newly derived fluid-fluid interface between finite boundaries, and (c) the traditional fluid-fluid interface between infinite boundaries. The finite-boundary derivation indicates that wall effects are very short range. This portends that the effects of external vibrations, which traditionally make this measurement challenging, can be mitigated by scattering from thin fluid layers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Balanced fluid exchange by volume homeostatic fluid-fluid exchanger--a new solution to postvitrectomy vitreous hemorrhage.

We introduce a new device and a new technique that facilitate the clearance of postvitrectomy vitreous hemorrhage. We have developed a volume homeostatic fluid-fluid exchanger--Chen's Infusion/Aspiration (Chen's I/A) device. Due to reciprocal synchronized hydraulic action, Chen's I/A provides simultaneous infusion and aspiration of fluid of equal amounts. Therefore, it can be used to perform vitreous cavity lavage through smaller caliber needles and at the same time maintain a constant intraocular pressure. This improved vitreous cavity lavage technique is named Balanced Fluid Exchange. Performing Balanced Fluid Exchange with Chen's I/A can reduce trauma to the eyeball and decrease complications resulting from unstable intraocular pressure. Thus, it increases both the intra-operative and post-operative clearance rates of postvitrectomy vitreous hemorrhage, and is a promising method for the management of postvitrectomy vitreous hemorrhage.

Hemostatic Techniques↗
PubMed1990

Morphological estimation of brain extracellular fluid dynamics in cold-induced edema from the aspect of cerebrospinal fluid-extracellular fluid communication.

Following the induction of cold injury in the parietal cortex of rats, the brain extracellular fluid dynamics under conditions of cryogenic edema were investigated morphologically from the aspect of extracellular fluid (ECF)-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) communication using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the cisterna magna as a marker. About 24 h after the induction of cold injury, HRP was distributed in the subjacent white matter of the lesion and around the ventricle. Forty-eight hours after injury, the distribution of HRP around the lesion became distinctive. This distribution of HRP became more concentrated at the same location on day 3-4 after injury. At this time, HRP was observed to be distributed along the walls of small vessels, in the cytoplasm of a few neurons and in the neuropil around the lesion by light microscopy. At small vessels around the lesion, a dense deposit of HRP at the basement membrane and many abluminal vesicles were evident by electron microscopy. These findings indicate that ECF-CSF communication changes drastically under the influence of edema fluid dynamics. In particular, the dense distribution of HRP around the lesion on day 3-4 after injury can be attributed to active retrograde transport by vessels in this area, a phenomenon considered important for edema resolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Distribution of irrigating fluid to intracellular and extracellular fluid space during transurethral prostatectomy I--Estimation of irrigating fluid absorbed by measuring serum osmolality].

Twenty-three patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) under spinal anesthesia were studied. The irrigating fluid widely used in Japan is a hypo-osmolar solution with 3% sorbitol (Uromatic S, 170 mOsm.kgH2O-1, Baxter). The blood loss and the distribution of the irrigating fluid absorbed were computed from serum osmolality, blood urea nitrogen, and hematocrit using the equation we had formulated. The blood loss, the total fluid absorbed (ABS), and the volumes distributed to intracellular space (delta ICF) and extracellular space (delta ECF) were 419 +/- 677 ml, 1,582 +/- 1,446 ml, 384 +/- 348 ml and 778 +/- 1,279 ml (mean+/-SD), respectively. The correlation coefficient of delta OSM (difference between pre- and post-surgical serum osmolality) vs ABS and that of delta OSM vs delta ICF were high (0.98, 0.98) but that of delta Na (difference between pre- and postsurgical serum sodium) vs ABS was low (0.56). The linear regression equations of ABS vs delta OSM and delta ICF vs delta OSM were ABS (L) = 0.362 x delta OSM and delta ICF (L) = 0.088 x delta OSM, respectively. These equations means that one mOsm.kgH2O-1 reduction of the serum osmolality is the result of 362 ml of irrigating fluid absorbed, 88 ml of which shifting into the intracellular space.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Solvent mediated interactions close to fluid-fluid phase separation: microscopic treatment of bridging in a soft-core fluid.

Using density functional theory we calculate the density profiles of a binary solvent adsorbed around a pair of big solute particles. All species interact via repulsive Gaussian potentials. The solvent exhibits fluid-fluid phase separation, and for thermodynamic states near to coexistence the big particles can be surrounded by a thick adsorbed "wetting" film of the coexisting solvent phase. On reducing the separation between the two big particles we find there can be a "bridging" transition as the wetting films join to form a fluid bridge. The effective (solvent mediated) potential between the two big particles becomes long ranged and strongly attractive in the bridged configuration. Within our mean-field treatment the bridging transition results in a discontinuity in the solvent mediated force. We demonstrate that accounting for the phenomenon of bridging requires the presence of a nonzero bridge function in the correlations between the solute particles when our model fluid is described within a full mixture theory based upon the Ornstein-Zernike equations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Phase transitions in highly asymmetric binary hard-sphere fluids: Fluid-fluid binodal from a two-component mixture theory.

Fluid-fluid binodals of binary hard-sphere mixtures are computed from the recently proposed fundamental measure functional-mean spherical approximation closure of the two-component Ornstein-Zernike equation. The results, especially in the dense fluid region that was not accessible by previous theoretical methods, are compared with the corresponding ones for the one-component fluid of big spheres with effective potential obtained from the same closure. The general trends are those expected for hard-sphere potentials but small difference are detectable. The overall agreement found validates the equivalence of the two descriptions for size ratios R = 8.5 or greater.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Central effect of rete testis fluid, inhibin 32K, and follicular fluid on plasma gonadotropin concentrations in sheep: inhibin is not the rete testis fluid protein able to suppress luteinizing hormone pulses.

We have previously shown that peripheral administration of rete testis fluid (RTF) proteins was able to suppress LH pulses through the suppression of LHRH pulses. This activity was named "LHRH Statin." The aims of the present work were to analyze LH inhibition after an intracerebroventricular injection of RTF and to determine whether inhibin is the factor responsible for this inhibition. Castrated rams (experiment 1) or ewes (experiment 2) received an intracerebroventricular injection of RTF, purified bovine inhibin 32K, bovine follicular fluid, or human serum albumin as control. Animals were bled every 15 min for 5 h before injection and for 7 h after injection. LH mean levels were significantly lowered (p < 0.01) only in the RFT-treated groups. FSH levels were not affected irrespective of group, source, or dose of inhibin. These experiments show first, that protein(s) present in ovine RTF can suppress LH secretion in sheep; second, that bovine follicular fluid or purified bovine inhibin 32K have no effect on LH secretion. Furthermore, the results suggest that centrally administered inhibin has no effect on FSH secretion under our experimental conditions. Together, these experiments clearly demonstrate that inhibin 32K does not exert any "LHRH statin" activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pleural fluid as nutrient substratum for Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus. Submerged growth in pleural fluid and extracellular proteolysis in pleural fluid agar. A preliminary report.

Pleural fluid in liquid and agar form from a patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung was used as a nutrient medium for culturing Aspergillus fumigatus and A, flavus. The extracellular proteolytic activity of both strains could be demonstrated after an incubation period of 5 d at 37 degrees C by the agar block method using pleural fluid agar (protein content ca. 0.1-0.5% and initial pH values of 7.0 and 5.0) and protein staining with naphthalene black. In the undiluted pleural fluid, after stationary culture at 37 degrees C for 8 days, compact white granule-like colonies of a size of ca. 0.5-1.0 mm were found near the surface of the liquid and as sediment. Microscopically, these colonies consisted of radially arranged septate hyphae, similar in size and form to those seen in invasive aspergillosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fixation of testes and eyes using a modified Davidson's fluid: comparison with Bouin's fluid and conventional Davidson's fluid.

Most recent revisions of regulatory guidelines for testing effects of chemicals on reproduction recommend Bouin's fluid (BF) or a "comparable fixative" instead of formalin to preserve the morphologic detail of testes for histopathological evaluation. However, picric acid in BF is a health and safety hazard, as well as a laboratory waste disposal problem. Furthermore, use of BF is labor intensive, requiring multiple alcohol rinses to remove picric acid for optimum preservation and immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of testicular antigens that may potentially be used to identify and quantify cells and functional proteins with critical roles in spermatogenesis. Recently a modified Davidson's fluid (mDF) has been reported as an altemative to BF to fix testes for routine histopathological examination. This study compared the overall histomorphologic clarity and the immuno- and histochemical staining of testicular specimens fixed in BF and mDF. Additionally, because conventional Davidson's fixative (DF) is used routinely for optimum fixation of eyes, preservation of ocular histomorphology by DF and mDF was compared. mDF resulted in noticeably less shrinkage of the seminiferous tubules and superior overall morphologic detail compared to BF. Unlike DF, the mDF also supported excellent staining of acrosomes with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent when staging of spermatogenesis was required. IHC detection of androgen receptor and PCNA (to directly and indirectly identify Sertoli cells) as well as protein gene product 9.5 (to label spermatogonia) was Superior in mDF compared to BF-fixed specimens. For histopathological examination of the eye, apposition and preservation of rods and cones, and nuclear layers of the retina were slightly inferior with mDF compared to DF. This paper has demonstrated that mDF provides comparable, and in many respects superior preservation of the testes to that of BF, both for IHC staining and for detailed histopathological examination. It also provides an acceptable fixative for eyes, although the quality of cellular preservation is inferior to that of DF.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding following trauma.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of haemorrhagic shock involves maintaining blood pressure and tissue perfusion until bleeding is controlled. Different resuscitation strategies have been used to maintain the blood pressure in trauma patients until bleeding is controlled. However, while maintaining blood pressure may prevent shock, it may worsen bleeding. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of early versus delayed, and larger versus smaller volume of fluid administration in trauma patients with bleeding. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the specialised register of the Injuries Group, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the National Research Register and the Science Citation Index. We checked reference lists of identified articles and contacted authors and experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of the timing and volume of intravenous fluid administration in trauma patients with bleeding. Trials in which different types of intravenous fluid were compared were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: We did not combine the results quantitatively because the interventions and patient populations were so diverse. Early versus delayed fluid administration: Three trials reported mortality and two coagulation data. In the first trial (n=598) relative risk (RR) for death with early fluid administration was 1.26 (95% confidence interval of 1.00-1.58). The weighted mean differences (WMD) for prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were 2.7 (95% CI 0.9-4.5) and 4.3 (95% CI 1.74-6.9) seconds respectively. In the second trial (n=50) RR for death with early blood transfusion was 5.4 (95% CI 0.3-107.1). The WMD for partial thromboplastin time was 7.0 (95% CI 6.0-8.0) seconds. In the third trial (n=1309) RR for death with early fluid administration was 1.06 (95% CI 0.77-1.47). Larger versus smaller volume of fluid administration: Three trials reported mortality and one coagulation data. In the first trial (n=36) RR for death with a larger volume of fluid resuscitation was 0.80 (95% CI 0.28-22.29). Prothrombin time and Partial thromboplastin time were 14.8 and 47.3 seconds in those who received a larger volume of fluid as compared to 13.9 and 35.1 seconds in the comparison group. In the second trial (n=99) RR for death with a high (100 mm Hg) compared to low (70 mm Hg) systolic blood pressure resuscitation target was 1.02 (95% CI 0.27-3.85). In the third trial (n=25) there were no deaths. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence from randomised controlled trials to support early or larger volume of intravenous fluid administration in uncontrolled haemorrhage. There is continuing uncertainty about the best fluid administration strategy in bleeding trauma patients. Further randomised controlled trials are needed to establish the most effective fluid resuscitation strategy.

Hemorrhage↗