SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “FOREARM”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Quantitative assessment of forearm muscle size, forelimb grip strength, forearm bone mineral density, and forearm bone size in determining humerus breaking strength in 10 inbred strains of mice.

Bone strength is an important clinical endpoint of osteoporosis research. The evaluation of the relative importance of bone and muscle components to bone strength has widespread implications for the understanding and preventing of osteoporosis. The objectives of this study were to understand the interrelationship between the different components of the muscular skeletal system and to determine the effect of forearm muscle size, forelimb grip strength, forearm bone mineral density (BMD), and forearm bone size on the humerus breaking strength among 10 inbred strains of mice. The forearm muscle size was measured using a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The forearm BMD and forearm bone size were measured using a PIXIMUS Densitometer. The forelimb grip strength and humerus breaking strength were measured using an Instron Mechanical Tester. Significant correlations were found among the five regional phenotypes. All variables have a moderately high genetic component with heritability estimates of 0.83 for forelimb grip strength, 0.76 for forearm muscle size, 0.6 for forearm BMD, 0.63 for forearm bone size, and 0.68 for humerus breaking strength. Forward stepwise multiregression analysis showed that the forearm BMD, forelimb grip strength, and forearm bone size were three major determinants of bone strength and explained 61% of the variation in bone breaking strength. These data suggest that evaluation of these three parameters together, rather than BMD alone, is a more effective, noninvasive approach for predicting fracture risk.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2002

Mechanism of limitation of pronation/supination of the forearm in geometric models of deformities of the forearm bones.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the mechanism of limitation of pronation/supination of the forearm associated with the angular deformity of the forearm bones and narrowing of the interosseous space. DESIGN: A three-dimensional geometric model of the forearm bones with the interosseous membrane and its axial section were used. BACKGROUND: Limitation of pronation/supination associated with the deformity of the forearm bones is one of the significant problems encountered in the treatment of the forearm fracture. Elucidation of its mechanism is important for its prevention and treatment. METHODS: In the axial section, the effects of the positional relationship between the axis of pronation/supination and the forearm bones on the range of pronation/supination was studied using analytic geometry in each model with non-narrowing or narrowing of the interosseous space. Subsequently, in the three-dimensional model each forearm bone with the same angular deformity, the direction and magnitude of the angular deformity which would lead to limitation of pronation/supination were calculated using analytic geometry. Each parameter of the models was obtained by the radiographic measurements of the normal forearms. RESULTS: When the axis of the pronation/supination passed through the interosseous region (less than 2 cm radioulnarly and 0.8 cm anteroposteriorly) in the model of the axial section without narrowing of the interosseous space, more than 40 degrees of pronation and supination were possible. When the axis deviated from this region, significant loss of pronation/supination was observed associated with restriction by the interosseous membrane rather than impingement. Furthermore, the area of this region decreased according to narrowing of the interosseous space with shortening of the interosseous membrane. In the three-dimensional model, the direction and magnitude of the angular deformity which would lead to significant loss of pronation/supination was more than 14 degrees radially, 7 degrees ulnarly, 5 degrees anteriorly, 4 degrees posteriorly. CONCLUSIONS: The positional relationship between the axis of pronation/supination and the forearm bones with the interosseous membrane may play an important role regarding pronation/supination of the forearm. RELEVANCE: Evaluation of the bone deformities based on understanding this mechanism of limitation of pronation/supination would lead to an appropriate treatment of malunion of the forearm bones.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.

The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

IGF-I increases forearm blood flow without increasing forearm glucose uptake.

Decreased insulin-mediated muscle glucose uptake is a characteristic feature of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and other insulin-resistant states. It has been suggested that an impairment in the ability of insulin to augment limb blood flow, resulting in diminished glucose delivery to muscle, may contribute to this abnormality. In this study, we used human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I in conjunction with the forearm balance technique to determine whether forearm glucose uptake could be stimulated by increasing blood flow without directly stimulating the intrinsic ability of the muscle to extract glucose. IGF-I was infused intra-arterially in healthy controls at a rate of either 0.4 microg . kg-1 . min-1 (high IGF) or 0.04 microg . kg-1 . min-1 (low IGF) for 140 min. With high IGF, forearm blood flow increased approximately twofold (34 +/- 3 vs. 64 +/- 8 ml . min-1 . l forearm volume-1, P < 0.01), and arteriovenous glucose concentration difference (a-v difference) increased modestly (0.19 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.31 +/- 0.08 mM, P = 0.32), resulting in an increased forearm glucose uptake (6.4 +/- 1.7 vs. 21.7 +/- 7.4 micromol . min-1 . l forearm volume-1, P = 0.09 vs. basal). With low IGF, forearm blood flow increased by 59% (29 +/- 4 vs. 46 +/- 9 ml . min-1 . l forearm volume-1, P < 0.05) and was associated with a proportional decrease in the a-v difference (0. 29 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.05 mM, P < 0.05). Forearm glucose uptake therefore was not significantly different from basal values (7.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 6.9 +/- 1.8 micromol . min-1 . kg-1). These data demonstrate that increasing blood flow without increasing the intrinsic ability of the muscle to extract glucose does not increase forearm muscle glucose uptake.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Anomalies of forearm vascular anatomy encountered during elevation of the radial forearm flap.

BACKGROUND: The radial forearm flap has gained considerable popularity over the past 10 years. With the increasing number of forearm flaps being used in head and neck reconstruction, it is likely that anomalous forearm vascular anatomy will be encountered by more head and neck surgeons performing this procedure. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with 52 forearm flaps; four different anomalies of forearm vascular anatomy were encountered in four patients. In this article we present each of our cases and discuss the incidence, preoperative diagnosis, and recommended management of these and the more common forearm vascular anomalies. RESULTS: The anomalies encountered in our series include: one case of distal takeoff of the radial artery deep to the pronator teres muscle, two cases of a superficial dorsal antebrachial artery, one case of bilateral hypoplastic ulnar arteries, and one case of high takeoff of the radial artery. CONCLUSIONS: There are a number of anomalies of forearm vascular anatomy of clinical significance to the surgeon performing these procedures. Most of these anomalies can be identified with a careful preoperative examination. Surgeons performing this procedure should be familiar not only with the normal vascular anatomy of the forearm flap, but also with the more common anatomic variants. Failure to recognize or appropriately manage these anomalies of forearm vascular anatomy may result in a compromised surgical outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Vascular and electromyographic responses evoked in forearm muscle by isometric contraction of the contralateral forearm.

There is controversy over whether isometric contraction of the forearm evokes vasoconstriction or vasodilatation in the muscles of the contralateral forearm. In the present study we have investigated in normal man, the effects of isometric contraction of one arm at 75, 50 and 25% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on arterial pressure, heart rate, blood flow and vascular resistance of the contralateral forearm and on electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded from that same arm with sensitive, surface electrodes. When EMG activity was not being recorded from the 'resting' arm, isometric contraction of the contralateral arm for 2 min evoked increases in arterial pressure and heart rate whose magnitudes were graded with % MVC and an increase in forearm blood flow and a decrease in forearm vascular resistance at 75, 50 and 25% MVC, indicating vasodilatation. Further experiments in which EMG activity was recorded from the 'resting' arm demonstrated that the decrease in forearm vascular resistance evoked by 75% MVC was associated with a substantial increase in EMG activity of the extensor and flexor muscles of that arm. By contrast, when forearm contraction was performed at 75% MVC whilst subjects viewed the EMG activity in the 'resting' arm on an oscilloscope and kept EMG activity minimal, vascular resistance increased in that arm, indicating vasoconstriction. Further, when subjects performed contraction at 25% MVC whilst showing minimal EMG activity in the contralateral arm, vascular resistance in that same arm increased (from 78 +/- 16 to 124 +/- 29 mmHg/ml/min/100 ml tissue). These results are discussed in relation to those of previous studies. We propose, that in normal man, isometric contraction of the forearm evokes primary vasoconstriction in the muscles of the contralateral forearm, but that this response may be overcome by muscle vasodilatation occurring secondary to unintended muscle contraction or as part of the alerting response to acute stress.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Reversible impairment of forearm vasodilation after forearm casting.

To examine whether the resumption of normal physical activity after forearm immobilization would reverse impaired vasodilation, the minimal vascular resistance was examined in six subjects who had forearm casts placed for broken forearm bones. Each subject was examined twice, once within 48 h after forearm cast removal and again approximately 29 days later. The formerly casted forearm and the opposite forearm (noncasted) were examined. Minimal vascular resistance decreased in the casted forearm from 3.0 +/- 0.4 to 2.6 +/- 0.5 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 ml (P less than 0.014). There was no change in the noncasted forearm: 2.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.3 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 ml. This study shows that maximal vasodilation improves with the resumption of normal physical activity and therefore demonstrates that immobilization is associated with a reduced forearm vasodilator capacity.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Forearm training attenuates sympathetic responses to prolonged rhythmic forearm exercise.

We previously demonstrated that nonfatiguing rhythmic forearm exercise at 25% maximal voluntary contraction (12 2-s contractions/min) evokes sympathoexcitation without significant engagement of metabolite-sensitive muscle afferents (B.A. Batman, J.C. Hardy, U.A. Leuenberger, M.B. Smith, Q.X. Yang and L.I. Sinoway. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 1077-1081, 1994). This is in contrast to the sympathetic nervous system responses observed during fatiguing static forearm exercise where metabolite-sensitive afferents are the key determinants of sympathetic activation. In this report we examined whether forearm exercise training would attenuate sympathetic nervous system responses to rhythmic forearm exercise. We measured heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and NE spillover and clearance (tritiated NE kinetics) during nonfatiguing rhythmic forearm exercise before and after a 4-wk unilateral forearm training paradigm. Training had no effect on forearm mass, maximal voluntary contraction, or heart rate but did attenuate the increase in MAP (increase in MAP: from 15.2 +/- 1.8 before training to 11.4 +/- 1.4 mmHg after training; P < 0.017), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (increase in bursts: from 10.8 +/- 1.4 before training to 6.2 +/- 1.1 bursts/min after training; P < 0.030), and the NE spillover (increases in arterial spillover: from 1.3 +/- 0.2 before training to 0.6 +/- 0.2 nmol.min-1.m-2 after training, P < 0.014; increase in venous spillover: from 2.0 +/- 0.6 before training to 1.0 +/- 0.5 nmol.min-1.m-2 after training, P < 0.037) seen in response to exercise performed by the trained forearm. Thus forearm training reduces sympathetic responses during a nonfatiguing rhythmic handgrip paradigm that does not engage muscle metaboreceptors. We speculate that this effect is due to a conditioning-induced reduction in mechanically sensitive muscle afferent discharge.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of forearm bone mineral density: comparison of dominant and non-dominant forearms.

For evaluation of forearm bone mineral density (BMD), (1) BMD of corresponding sites of dominant and non-dominant forearms were compared and (2) characteristics of each of the 4 regions of interest (ROIs) including supradistal, distal 1/10, distal 1/6 and distal 1/3 along the long bone of both forearms were analyzed. One hundred and forty one women (79 normal and 62 osteoporotic) were recruited by randomized selection from the department of Nuclear Medicine of Phramongkutklao Hospital. Both dominant and non-dominant forearms of each subject were scanned by Panasonic (DXA-70) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) on the same day. Lumbar spine BMD was also measured by Hologic DEXA (QDR-4500) and WHO criteria for diagnosis of osteoporosis was applied for identifying osteoporosis and normal groups. The results showed that none of the corresponding sites of BMD of both forearms were significantly different (p>0.05 for all). The BMD from distal to proximal of each long bone (radius and ulna) of both forearms was gradually increased in osteoporosis and normal groups. Further distal sites of the forearms and lower BMD were found. Comparison between mean BMD at corresponding sites in normal and osteoporotic groups, had significantly different BMD at both radii for all ROIs (p<0.05). While BMD at corresponding sites of both ulna in the 2 groups was not significantly different (p>0.05). A great percentage change of mean BMD in the osteoporotic group was seen at supradistal and distal 1/10 of both forearms when using BMD in the normal group as control. We suggest that both distal radii especially at supradistal and distal 1/10 sites should be scanned in routine practice. The distal location of the forearms had a relatively smaller amount of surrounding soft tissue than the proximal.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2003

Ipsilateral full-thickness forearm skin graft for covering the radial forearm flap donor site.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The technique of the ipsilateral full-thickness forearm skin graft for covering the defect of radial forearm free flap (RFFF) improves aesthetic impairment at the recipient and donor sites by split-thickness skin graft repair and omits the need to make an extraoperative site for harvesting the skin graft. However, in this technique, the RFFF is limited in size. In the present study, we considered a model of the forearm and calculated the possible size of the RFFF for using this technique. METHODS: The calculation was conducted under assumptions that the isosceles-triangle skin graft is elevated as its height is twice the RFFF length in the direction of the forearm axis and that the forearm skin defect can be primarily closed with a width shorter than one-fourth of the wrist circumference. The calculation revealed that this technique is feasible when the RFFF width, that is, the length vertical to the forearm axis, is shorter than half of the wrist circumference. We repaired the RFFF defect using this technique in 15 patients with head and neck cancer in whom the RFFF size conformed to the above-mentioned condition. RESULTS: When the RFFF width was shorter than half of the wrist circumference and the isosceles-triangle skin graft was elevated as its height was twice the RFFF length, the RFFF defect could be repaired using this technique in all 15 patients. CONCLUSION: The above-mentioned condition (that the RFFF width is shorter than half of the wrist circumference) is useful for determining whether or not the technique of ipsilateral full-thickness forearm skin graft can be used for covering the RFFF defect.

Esthetics↗

PubMed1998

The effect of euglucaemic hyperinsulinaemia on forearm blood flow and glucose uptake in the human forearm.

Insulin-mediated stimulation of blood flow to skeletal muscle has been proposed to be of major importance for insulin-mediated glucose uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of blood flow and glucose extraction as determinants of insulin-mediated glucose uptake in the human forearm. Forearm blood flow (FBF), glucose extraction and oxygen consumption were evaluated for 100 min during the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (92 mU/l) in nine healthy subjects. FBF was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Forearm glucose uptake increased sevenfold during the hyperinsulinaemia (P<0.001). Forearm glucose extraction showed a minor increase during the first 10 min of hyperinsulinaemia, but the most marked increase took place between 10 and 20 min (+170%). Thereafter, only a minor further increase was seen. During the first 10 min of hyperinsulinaemia FBF was unchanged. Thereafter, FBF increased steadily to a plateau reached after 60 min (+50%, P<0.001). A close relationship between whole body glucose uptake and FBF was seen at the end of the clamp (r = 0.75, P<0.02), but at this time the relationship between whole body glucose uptake and forearm glucose extraction was not significant. The modest increase in O2 consumption seen at the beginning of the clamp (+19%) was not related to FBF during the early phase of the clamp. In conclusion, the early course of insulin-mediated glucose uptake in the human forearm was mainly due to an increase in glucose extraction. However, with time the insulin-mediated increase in blood flow increased in importance and after 100 min of hyperinsulinaemia FBF was the major determinant of glucose uptake.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Measurement of distal forearm bone mineral density: can different forearm segments be used interchangeably ?

Many different forearm sites have been used for the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) and prediction of risk of future fracture among community dwelling populations. In populations where bone densitometry of peripheral sites may be the most cost effective and practical means of measuring BMD, such as the nursing home population, knowing the characteristics of forearm BMD measures would be beneficial. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of four common commercially available measures to each other and to estimate the inter- and intrarater reliability of the measures in a sample of nursing home residents as a first step toward identifying appropriate forearm measurement sites. These sites were the distal radius, the distal ulna, a composite of the distal radius and distal ulna, and the ultra distal radius. BMD measurements on 48 nursing home patients were obtained using single X-ray absorptiometry. Inter- and intrarater reliability was excellent at all four sites (interclass correlation coefficients > 0. 85). Moderate to high correlations (0.84-0.91) between the distal radius and ultra distal radius sites of the forearm suggest that these measures may be interchangeable. Although not directly assessed here, differences in bone composition among forearm sites may partially explain moderate rather than high correlations between sites and may affect the ability of each site to predict future fractures. Thus, different forearm sites may be used interchangeably for diagnostic purposes; however, the prognostic value of each site remains unknown.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1996

[Reconstruction of the loss of bone substance of the forearm by cubitalization of the radius (one bone forearm). Apropos of 6 cases].

Extensive forearm bone loss, whatever its etiology, presents a difficult reconstruction problem. This is mainly the case in the presence of lesions of the interosseous membrane associated with the radio-ulnar joint. When preservation of forearm rotation is not possible, cubitalization of the radius and reconstruction of the forearm by creation of a "one bone forearm" seems to be an excellent salvage technique both functionally and cosmetically. Our experience concerns six clinical cases; two of these cases are original and give the authors the opportunity to describe a new reconstructive technique of the distal humerus and elbow by vascularized transfer of the radius onto the radial artery (with a cutaneo-osseous transfer in one case). The etiology of the bone defect included severe trauma in three cases, and a Volkman's syndrome complicated by osteomyelitis in one case. Two cases represent an original technique of reconstruction of the distal humerus by a vascularised transfer of the radius onto the radial artery. Forearm reconstruction is performed by cubitalization of the radius. The etiology was traumatic in one case and neoplastic in another, and a cutaneo-osseous transfer was performed in the latter case. In this difficult problem of bone reconstruction, a favorable functional and cosmetic result was obtained in our series.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Association between polymorphisms of apolipoprotein E, bone mineral density of the lower forearm, quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus and osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with hip or lower forearm fracture.

A genetic contribution to the development of osteoporosis is well documented. Although the association between the common allelic variation of apolipoprotein E (APOE), fracture risk, bone loss and bone mineral density (BMD) has been examined in several studies, the results of these investigations are contradictory. The aim of this study was to examine the association between polymorphisms of APOE, BMD of the lower forearm, quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus and osteoporotic fractures in a population of postmenopausal women with hip or lower forearm fractures admitted to a department of orthopaedic surgery and age-matched controls from the population register. The APOE genotypes of 327 women were studied: 73 with lower forearm fractures, 43 with hip fractures and 211 age-matched controls. The participants were not receiving antiosteoporotic treatment. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect the APOE genotypes. Quantitative ultrasound was measured at the calcaneus. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lower forearm was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The distributions of genotype frequencies in this study were: E2/E2: 0.3%; E2/E3: 16.5%; E2/E4: 2.5%; E3/E3: 54.7%; E3/E4: 24.2%; E4/E4: 1.8%. All subpopulations were in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. There was no association between bone mass parameters and the APOE allele groups. Logistic regression analysis did not show any association between fractures and APOE allele groups. In conclusion, this study showed no association between bone mass parameters (BMD, speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA)), hip or lower forearm fracture and APOE genotypes in a population of postmenopausal women and age-matched controls.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Closure of the ulnar forearm free flap donor site using a local radial forearm flap.

Thin, pliable cutaneous flaps with large calibre vessels ideal for microsurgical transfers are major attributes of the reliable forearm fasciocutaneous flaps. A major detriment, however, that must always be considered is the management of the residual donor site deformity. Just as this potential morbidity for small radial forearm free flap donor sites may be minimised by the V-Y advancement of a local ulnar forearm flap, the converse, using a local radial forearm flap for closure of the ulnar forearm free flap donor site, may be efficacious.

Forearm↗

PubMed1995

Forearm beta adrenergic receptor-mediated vasodilation is impaired, without alteration of forearm norepinephrine spillover, in borderline hypertension.

Impaired beta adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilation associated with enhanced sympathetic activity has been reported in established hypertension. We examined whether altered beta adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilation occurs early in the disease process, when structural vascular changes are likely to be less marked, by measurement of forearm blood flow by strain gauge plethysmography after the intraarterial administration of increasing doses of a beta receptor agonist, isoproterenol, in eight subjects with borderline hypertension (BHT) and 13 normotensive (NT) controls. To determine the role of sympathetic activation in the regulation of responsiveness, we measured local sympathetic activity in the forearm by a radioisotope dilution technique. Vasodilation in response to isoproterenol, measured either as changes in forearm blood flow or forearm vascular resistance, was impaired in the BHT group so that flow at the highest dose of isoproterenol (400 ng/min) increased less (15.2 +/- 1.5 ml/100 ml per min) than in the NT group (24.4 +/- 2.4 ml/100 ml per minute) (P < 0.001). Although, systemic norepinephrine spillover was significantly greater in BHT, the difference in blood flow response to isoproterenol was not accounted for by increased local sympathetic activity since forearm norepinephrine spillover at baseline (BHT 1.0 +/- 0.4 ng/min vs. NT 0.64 +/- 0.13 ng/min) and after the administration of isoproterenol 60 ng/min (BHT 5.2 +/- 1.4 ng/min vs. NT 6.0 +/- 1.5 ng/min) and 400 ng/min (BHT 13.5 +/- 2.9 ng/min vs. NT 16.5 +/- 2.7 ng/min) did not differ between the two groups. We therefore conclude that vasodilation in response to isoproterenol is impaired in subjects with BHT and that this impairment is not explained by locally increased basal, or stimulated, sympathetic activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Forearm pain secondary to compression syndrome of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm.

This report describes a syndrome of compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (LCNF), the distal termination of the musculocutaneous nerve. Three patients presented with pain or numbness along the radial aspect of the distal forearm. There was a history of vigorous upper extremity exercise with elbow extension and arm pronation or resisted elbow flexion. Signs included: decreased sensation to pin and light touch in the distal forearm over the cutaneous distribution of the nerve; tenderness to palpation over the nerve where it pierces the deep fascia of the arm lateral to the bicipital tendon and proximal to the elbow crease; and decreased elbow extension with arm fully pronated. Electrodiagnostic studies revealed either a prolonged distal latency or decrease in amplitude of the evoked response of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm in the symptomatic arm. Patients responded to treatment directed to the site of the lesion where the nerve pierces the deep fascia of the arm. Treatment methods included: restriction of upper extremity activity, use of a posterior splint to restrict elbow extension, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), ultrasound, and surgical decompression. This syndrome may be readily differentiated from other causes of pain along the distal radial aspect of the forearm, making accurate diagnosis and treatment possible.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

A 30-day forearm work protocol increases maximal forearm blood flow.

To evaluate the local circulatory changes that accompany chronic localized work, we studied the effects of a 4-wk handgrip work protocol on maximal forearm work-related blood flow (ml X min-1 X 100 ml-1) in the nondominant forearms of six normal subjects. The reactive hyperemic blood flow response (RHBF) was also evaluated pre- and posttraining in both forearms of each subject to determine whether maximal vasodilatory capacity would be enhanced. In addition, maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) was measured. We found that chronic handgrip work led to an increase in work-related blood flow (before, 22.4; after, 32.1; P less than 0.05); a drop in work-related minimal resistance (R) (before, 6.4; after, 4.1; P less than 0.05). RHBF rose in the chronically exercised extremity by 30% (before, 33.5; after, 43.7; P less than 0.05) as minimal R fell (before, 3.2; after, 2.2; P less than 0.05). RHBF and R in the unstimulated dominant forearm remained unchanged (blood flow: before, 33.5; after, 31.0; NS; R before, 3.2; after, 3.2; NS). VO2max (ml X kg-1 X min-1) did not change (before, 35.7; after, 34.0). These findings show that localized skeletal muscle forearm work is associated with a localized increase in vasodilation (RHBF). Thus the vascular system appears to be an independent integral partner in the training process.

Adult↗