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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Failure of a recombinant fowl poxvirus vaccine containing an avian influenza hemagglutinin gene to provide consistent protection against influenza in chickens preimmunized with a fowl pox vaccine.

Vaccines against mildly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) have been used in turkeys within the United States as part of a comprehensive control strategy. Recently, AI vaccines have been used in control programs against highly pathogenic (HP) AI of chickens in Pakistan and Mexico. A recombinant fowl pox-AI hemagglutinin subtype (H) 5 gene insert vaccine has been shown to protect specific-pathogen-free chickens from HP H5 AI virus (AIV) challenge and has been licensed by the USDA for emergency use. The ability of the recombinant fowl pox vaccine to protect chickens preimmunized against fowl pox is unknown. In the current study, broiler breeders (BB) and white leghorn (WL) pullets vaccinated with a control fowl poxvirus vaccine (FP-C) and/or a recombinant fowl poxvirus vaccine containing an H5 hemagglutinin gene insert (FP-HA) were challenged with a HP H5N2 AIV isolated from chickens in Mexico. When used alone, the FP-HA vaccine protected BB and WL chickens from lethal challenge, but when given as a secondary vaccine after a primary FP-C immunization, protection against a HP AIV challenge was inconsistent. Both vaccines protected against virulent fowl pox challenge. This lack of consistent protection against HPAI may limit use to chickens without previous fowl pox vaccinations. In addition, prior exposure to field fowl poxvirus could be expected to limit protection induced by this vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of temperature and pH on osmotic fragility of erythrocytes of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris).

The effects of temperature and pH on the osmotic behaviour of erythrocytes of the domestic fowl and guinea-fowl were studied. Erythrocytes of the guinea-fowl were observed to be more osmotically fragile than those of the domestic fowl at 29 degrees C and pH 7.7. The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes of both species decreased as the temperature (at constant pH of 7.7) or pH (at constant temperature of 29 degrees C) increased. The erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume were identical in both species.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Contributions of glomerular and tubular mechanisms to antidiuresis in conscious domestic fowl.

Recently developed radioimmunoassay (RIA techniques were employed in a quantitative investigation of the renal actions of the avian antidiuretic hormone arginine vasotocin (AVT) in the conscious domestic fowl. Constant intravenous infusion of AVT at doses of 0.125-1.00 ng . kg-1 . min-1 was used to produce plasma AVT (PAVT) concentrations (verified by RIA) over the entire range of physiological PAVT levels in the domestic fowl. Comparison of the dose-response relationships between PAVT and glomerular and tubular mechanisms of antidiuresis revealed that tubular mechanisms are of primary importance and glomerular mechanisms of secondary importance in the conservation of water by the avian kidney. The greatest proportion of the total AVT-induced reduction in renal water excretion occurred at low physiological PAVT levels (less than 5 microU/ml), prior to any significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and appeared to be the exclusive result of tubular mechanisms of antidiuresis. At high PAVT levels (5-16 microU/ml), glomerular and tubular mechanisms overlapped, and their effects on water conservation could not be separated. Although GFR was reduced by nearly 30% at the highest dose of AVT, only minor additional amounts of water were conserved by the combined actions of glomerular and tubular mechanisms. The glomerular mechanisms appear to have only a minor secondary effect on water-conserving ability of the avian kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of Arkansas Rous sarcoma regressor and progressor lines and giant jungle fowl for genetic resistance to the northern fowl mite.

Arkansas B1B1R, B2B2R, and B3B3R regressor lines, Arkansas B1B1Pr, B2B2Pr, and B3B3Pr progressor lines, and Giant Jungle Fowl were infested simultaneously at 28 weeks of age with northern fowl mites. The chickens were maintained in similar environments and mite ratings were recorded weekly for 5 months. No strains were completely resistant to mites, but there were significant (P less than or equal to .05) differences among strains in degree of infestation. The regressor lines generally showed significantly (P less than or equal to .05) less infestation than the progressor lines for both female and male chickens. The regressor lines appear to have genetic factors from the Giant Jungle Fowl in the development of the regressor lines that imparted increased resistance to the northern fowl mite.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Influence of fowl uropygial gland and its secretory lipid components on growth of skin surface bacteria of fowl.

Bacterial species, which occur on the breast skin surface of adult (1 year old) white leghorn fowl with intact uropygial gland, were identified as : Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sarcina lutea, Streptomyces sp. and a facultative diphtheroid belonging to the genus Corynebacterium; S. epidermidis being the most predominant one. Two species of bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus sp. were shown to colonize the skin surface after 60 days of captivity. Extirpation of uropygial gland caused severe depletion of population of S. epidermidis, Streptomyces sp. and diphtheroid. The effect was more conspicuous after 60 days compared to that after 30 days of the gland removal. On the skin surface of glandless fowls the population of S. aureus increased significantly and a new form identified as anthracoid bacillus became the most predominant species after 60 days. Addition of total lipids from the free-flowing fowl uropygial secretion, as 0.2% suspension, to trypticase soya broth cultures of individual bacteria of fowl skin surface encouraged strongly the growth of S. epidermidis, Streptomyces sp. and Proteus sp. but suppressed the population of the anthracoid. When identical amount of diester wax or wax alcohol of the secretion was supplemented to the culture, more or less similar result was obtained. Wax alcohol also had a mild inhibitory effect on Streptomyces sp. Wax acids, added to the culture (0.2%) suppressed population of all the bacterial forms except Proteus sp., while the hydrocarbon fraction, which also contained some amount of squalene, produce an opposite effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effect on fertility of low numbers of fowl spermatozoa inseminated in aqueous diluent or semen components of the fowl and turkey.

A study was undertaken to compare the effect on fertility in the fowl of aqueous medium, natural homologous seminal plasma, heterologous turkey seminal plasma and whole turkey semen when whole fowl semen was excessively diluted with these media and inseminated fresh. High dilution with fowl seminal plasma resulted in the best fertility. Dilution with the turkey semen components produced fertility no different from that with aqueous diluent when the dose of spermatozoa was 5 X 5 or 10 X 10(6). The results of this study confirm that 5 X 5 to 10 X 10(6) good quality spermatozoa are sufficient to produce acceptable fertility in weekly inseminations of fresh semen. This enables good quality semen to be highly diluted. However, at high dilution rates there is a need to reconsider the composition of semen diluents, with respect to simulating as yet unknown properties provided by factor(s) in homologous ductus deferens seminal plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Attenuation of pathogenicity of fowl plague virus by recombination with other influenza A viruses nonpathogenic for fowl: nonexculsive dependence of pathogenicity on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the virus.

A number of antigenic hybrids of influenza A viruses were produced possessing either the hemagglutinin or the neuraminidase of fowl plague virus and the corresponding antigen derived from another influenza A virus. Other recombinants were obtained carrying both surface antigens of fowl plague virus but differing from the parent in certain biological properties. None of the recombinants isolated were pathogenic for adult chickens. Most recombinants obtained after crosses between reciprocal recombinants carrying both fowl plague virus surface antigens were also apathogenic for chickens. Using the same parent recombinants for double infection some of the progeny "back-recombinants" were pathogenic, whereas others were not. From these results it is concluded that the surface components do not by themselves determine the pathogenicity of influenza A viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Serum electrolyte and protein levels in guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) and Nigerian fowls (Gallus domesticus).

The comparison of the content of electrolytes and proteins in the serum of guinea fowl and Nigerian fowl showed that the former had significantly higher values for sodium, potassium, and albumin. The Nigerian fowl on the other hand exhibited higher values for calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, inorganic phosphate, total proteins, and globulins, which were also significant.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl. Collagen content and turnover in cardiac and skeletal muscles of the adult fowl and the changes during stretch-induced growth.

The collagen content and the rate of collagen synthesis were measured in the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles and in heart from fully grown fowl. This was done by measuring the proline/hydroxyproline ratios in the muscle and by a constant infusion of [(14)C]proline. These measurements were also made during the hypertrophy of the anterior muscle in response to the attachment of a weight to one wing of the fowl. In the non-growing muscles the collagen content was higher in the anterior muscle (22.8% of total protein) than in the posterior muscle (9.5% of total protein) and lowest in the heart (3.8% of total protein). In the two skeletal muscles a little over half of the collagen was accounted for by internal collagen (i.e. perimysium and endomysium). Collagen synthesis in these non-growing muscles occurred at 0.59%/day in each of the two skeletal muscles and at 0.88%/day in the cardiac muscle. During hypertrophy the collagen content of the anterior muscle increased, but not as fast as intracellular protein, so that after 58 days the concentration had fallen from 22.8 to 14.4% of total protein. This may have resulted from an incomplete production of the epimysial sheath, since the concentration of internal collagen did not fall and as a result accounted for over 80% of the total in the enlarged muscle. Collagen synthesis increased 8-fold during the first week of the hypertrophy, but never amounted to more than 4% of the total muscle protein synthesis. When the net accumulation of collagen is compared with the increased rate of synthesis it is concluded that between 30 and 70% of the newly synthesized collagen may have been degraded.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

'Serum like' albumin of fowl seminal plasma and effects of albumin on fowl spermatozoa stored at 4 degrees C.

1. Using immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion methods, serum-like albumin was detected in fowl seminal plasma. Immunodiffusion showed seminal plasma albumin concentration to be 4 mg/ml, corresponding to half of the total proteins (8 mg/ml). 2. Replacing seminal plasma with a diluent containing either 1, 4, or 16 mg/ml albumin increased motility of spermatozoa stored for 24 h at 4 degrees C, 16 mg/ml being the more effective dose. 1 and 4 mg/ml had no effect on the fertilising ability of fowl spermatozoa stored for 24 h at 4 degrees C in both young (28-35 weeks old) and old birds (50-55 weeks old). 16 mg/ml albumin had no effect on fertilising rates in young but depressed it in old birds. 3. These results indicate that seminal plasma albumin may be one of the mobility stimulating factors of seminal plasma. However it does not protect fertilising ability better than the diluent alone.

Albumins↗
PubMed1996

Effects of anticoagulants and storage (4 degrees C) on packed cell volume (PCV) of Nigerian domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

1. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of anticoagulants and storage (4 degrees C) on the PCV of blood samples from Nigerian domestic fowl (DF) and the guinea fowl (GF). 2. Citrate significantly reduced pre-storage PCV of the DF in comparison with the effect of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). 3. It further decreased (P < 0.05) the PCV of the blood of DF and GF over 3 d of storage; this was similar to the effect of EDTA on the PCV of the GF blood. 4. Citrate and oxalates induced haemolysis of blood of the DF and the GF in storage faster than EDTA, but overall the haemolysis was more pronounced from red cells of the GF than from those of the DF. 5. The mean fall in the PCV of the DF was significant at 3.0 mg EDTA/ml of blood in contrast to the fall in the PCV of the GF blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Inheritance of the barred plumage pattern of the Silver Campine Fowl, together with its relationship to other patterned fowl.

1. An investigation was conducted among the progeny from a cross between a Silver Campine male and a Silver Spangled Hamburgh bantam female into the inheritance of the autosomal transverse barring of the Campine. 2. Both parental breeds possess the marble chickdown phenotype which has been shown to depend upon homozygosity of 3 genes; the birchen allele E*R at the E-locus, the eumelanin restrictor DB*B and the feather pattern arranging gene PG*P whilst the spangled feather pattern of the Silver Spangled Hamburgh has been attributed to homozygosity of E*R, DB*B, ML*M and PG*P, where ML*M is the eumelanin extension melanotic. 3. Examination in F1 and F2 generations of both chickdowns and adult plumage demonstrate that of the 4 loci, segregation occurs only for ML*M and hence the genotype of the Silver Campine to be homozygous E*R, DB*B, ML*N and PG*P. 4. The relationships between the genotypes of the Campine and those of other breeds with autosomal transversely barred plumage and between the Campine and those of other patterned fowl based on the E*R allele are discussed and presented in tabular form. In addition patterned fowl based on alleles other than E*R at the E-locus are included in order to demonstrate the effect of substituting E*R.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Influence of fowl uropygial gland and its secretory lipid components on the growth of skin surface fungi of fowl.

Fungal species, which were shown to colonize consistently on the skin surface of the breast region of adult (1 year old) white leghorn fowl, were identified as Aspergillus sydowii, A. tamarii, A. rugulosus and Absidia corymbifera. Of these, A. sydowii and A. tamarii were the dominant forms. Two species of fungi, namely, Aspergillus niger and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were shown to be present in the cultures of the scrubbings from breast skin surface after 60 days of captivity of the fowls. Extirpation of the uropygial gland resulted in encouragement of the in vitro population growth of all species of fungi except that of A. rugulosus. The effect was found to be very conspicuous for A. sydowii and A. tamarii, particularly after 60 days of gland removal. Addition of total lipids and the wax diester component of free-flowing uropygial secretion as 0.2% suspension in Sabouraud's agar medium of individual fungal isolates caused marked suppression of the population growth of A. sydowii, A. tamarii, Absidia corymbifera and to some extent of S. brevicaulis. Other components of secretory lipids, such as wax alcohols (2,3-alkane-diols), wax acids, triglycerides and hydrocarbons (including squalene) when supplemented separately to culture medium of individual fungi at identical concentration, were also shown to cause inhibition of the growth of most of fungal species at different degrees.

Absidia↗
PubMed1976

Studies on a protamine (galline) from fowl sperm. 4. Degradation of galline by trypsin-like protease of fowl sperm heads.

Galline, a protamine of domestic fowl, was obtained by two preparation procedures from the semen of a strain of White Plymouth Rock and submitted to fractionation by column chromatography on Bio-Gel CM-30. In the first procedure the specimen prepared from sperm heads was purified by the use of distilled water and dilute acetic acid and fractionated into almost eight fractions (G-I-G-VIII) in the same way as the specimen from a strain of New Hampshire (1,2). No difference could be found between galline specimens from the two different strains based on the amino acid and terminal analyses of each fraction. The specimen of galline from sperm heads purified with 1% citric acid (the second procedure) was composed of only one component, which was isolated as a single peak. The smaller fractions, G-I-G-VII, were found to be derived from G-VIII by the action of trypsin-like protease contained in the extract of sperm heads with 1% citric acid. This enzyme seems to originate in the acrosome of fowl spermatozoa. Consequently, it is concluded that intact galline is composed of only one molecular species and its total amino acid sequence is represented by the completed formula of G-VIII as shown in the preceding paper (4).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Nucleotide sequence of L1 and part of P1 of hexon gene of fowl adenovirus associated with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome differs with the corresponding region of other fowl adenoviruses.

In order to study the serotypic variations in hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) causing virus, the DNA was extracted from the purified virus, a 0.7 kb variable region of hexon gene encoding L1 and part of P1 amplified and sequenced. Both nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences, corresponding to the variable region, were compared with the published fowl adenovirus sequences (FAV serotypes 10, 1 and 8). As expected the 0.7 kb sequence showed single open reading frame (ORF). There was a nucleotide sequence variation of 8.2, 28.1 and 40.3%, respectively, with FAV serotypes 10, 1 and 8. The dendrogram constructed with the nucleotide sequences showed that HHS virus and FAV10 are closer to each other and are away to FAV1 and FAV8. However, the derived amino acid sequence showed variations as high as 28.8, 38 and 45.1% with FAV serotypes 10, 1 and 8, respectively. Such high degree variation has been found due to the shift in the reading frame caused by deletions indicating that the FAV4 associated with HHS is unique and different from FAV10. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on nucleotide sequence analysis of hexon gene fragment of FAV4 associated with HHS.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl (Gallus domesticus). Rates of protein synthesis in fast and slow skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle of the adult fowl.

Rates of protein synthesis in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle of fully grown fowl (Gallus domesticus) were determined in vivo by means of the constant infusion method using [14C]proline. In the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle, containing predominantly slow fibres, the average synthesis rate of non-collagen muscle proteins was 17.0 +/- 3.1% per day, a value higher than that obtained for cardiac muscle (13.8 +/- 1.3% per day) and for smooth muscle of the gizzard (12.0 +/- 1.9% per day). In the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle, containing predominantly fast fibres, synthesis rates were much lower (6.9 +/- 1.8% per day). In each case these average rates for the non-collagen protein were similar to the average rate for the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions. The RNA concentration of these four muscles showed that relative rates of protein synthesis were determined mainly by the relative RNA concentrations. The rate of protein synthesis per unit of DNA (the DNA activity) was similar in the two skeletal muscles, but somewhat lower in cardiac muscle and gizzard, possibly reflecting the larger proportion of less active cell types in these two muscles. These quantitative aspects of protein turnover in the two skeletal muscles are discussed in terms of the determination of ultimate size of the DNA unit, and in relation to muscle ultrastructure.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Sensible heat transfer from the fowl: boundary-layer resistance of a model fowl.

1. The sensible heat transfer from a physical model of an adult fowl was investigated for the range of air speeds encountered in poultry houses in the United Kingdom, 0.09 to 2.7 m/s, equivalent to Reynolds numbers (Re) from 10(3) to 3 + 10(4). The Grashof number (Gr) range studied was from 6 + 10(6) to 10(7). 2. The pooled results were analysed to give a relationship between the Nusselt number (Nu) and Re in the mixed convective regime of : Nu = 2 + 0.79 Re0 48 A combination of Nu, Re and Gr did not produce a better fit to the results. 3. Enhancement of heat transfer observed when Re was close to 10(3) was probably caused by an interaction between the forced and natural air currents.

Animals↗