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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Introducing psychology as an academic discipline in France: Théodule Ribot and the Collège de France (1888-1901).

This paper describes the context in which the teaching of psychology as an autonomous discipline was introduced in France, and reproduces the first psychology lecture given in France by Théodule Ribot on 9 April 1888 at The Collège de France. In France, this recognition was delayed because of the negative influence of spiritualist philosophy. It took both the acknowledged status of a man (Ribot) and a minister's decision for this new type of teaching to be accepted in France. After describing the events that took place at the Collège de France and at the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, we reproduce in full Ribot's inaugural lecture at the Collège, an important document for the history of French psychology. We conclude by describing the circumstances in which this teaching came to its end in 1901.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2002

Epidemiological surveillance at Electricité de France-Gaz de France: health assessment of nuclear power plant employees between 1993 and 1998.

Because the 17,500 employees working in nuclear power plants at Electricité de France, the national power company, may be exposed to a wide variety of industrial hazards, the health insurance department of the company has set up an epidemiological surveillance programme for them. This report describes its first stage, an analysis of their health problems. This descriptive, cross-sectional and exhaustive study examined sick-leave, mortality and cancer incidence to assess the health of the employees working from 1993 through 1998. The analysis compared the employees in nuclear power plants, considered 'exposed', with the rest of the personnel of Electricité de France-Gaz de France, the 'non-exposed' (125,000 persons). Relative risks for these variables were estimated, after stratification for age, sex and work grade. Globally, the employees in the nuclear sector appeared to have fewer health problems than the other company employees. This was true regardless of age and especially for men, operating employees and supervisory employees. Nonetheless, three points must be noted: non-work accidents generated a non-significant excess of absenteeism and mortality among these employees, especially among management and supervisory personnel; suicides affected supervisors in particular; and an excess of primary malignant brain tumours affected both mortality [relative risk (RR) = 1.96, n.s.] and incidence, especially among operating employees (RR = 2.87, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-8.43). No excess of malignant blood disease was observed. This study, performed for surveillance purposes, points to brain tumours as a problem that raises important aetiological questions. Research is now necessary to provide answers. Surveillance of nuclear plant employees at Electricité de France should be continued and expanded to include the study of specific occupational exposures.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

A national survey of human Mycobacterium bovis infection in France. Network of Microbiology Laboratories in France.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of Mycobacterium bovis in the epidemiology of human tuberculosis in France. DESIGN: A national survey in France in 1995 using a questionnaire mailed to all French microbiological laboratories performing mycobacteria cultures. RESULTS: M. bovis was isolated in 38 out of 7075 cases of bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis (0.5%) notified to the National Reference Centre (CNR) in 1995, resulting in an incidence of 0.07 per 100,000 population. Incidence rates increased with age, and were the highest among patients of 75 years or more (range 0.02-0.33/100,000). Two cases of tuberculosis due to M. bovis were reported in foreign-born children who had come to France for treatment of their disease. No cases were reported among French-born children. The site of tuberculosis was pulmonary in 17 cases, extra-pulmonary in 14, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary in one, and unknown in six. Extra-pulmonary sites were more frequent in older patients, and pulmonary sites more frequent in younger patients. Two patients were coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Occupational exposure was identified in 13 cases and ingestion of non pasteurised milk in three. In addition, 11 patients had a possible risk of exposure related to their country of birth, family contact or occupation. CONCLUSION: In France, the 0.5% proportion of human tuberculosis due to M. bovis is similar to that of other developed countries. The higher incidence of the disease among older people is likely to reflect the efficacy of the control measures for tuberculosis in cattle.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Older and younger adults' strategy use and execution in currency conversion tasks: insights from French franc to euro and euro to French franc conversions.

Younger and older adults were taught new strategies for converting amounts presented in French francs into euros or amounts presented in euros into French francs. The choice/no-choice method was used to obtain information on how often each newly learned strategy was used as well as information on the speed and accuracy of strategies. The results showed that both younger and older participants used the new conversion strategies unequally often and had strategy preferences that were justified by the relative ease of execution of each strategy. We discuss numerous practical applications of the present findings, as they suggest that one can help younger and older people by teaching them the add-half and divide-three strategies for the French-franc-euro conversions, that no specific strategies should be taught to older people, and that newly taught strategies are more efficient than those people use spontaneously.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Social integration and mortality: a prospective study of French employees of Electricity of France-Gas of France: the GAZEL Cohort.

The authors investigated associations between social integration and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among French employees of Electricity of France-Gas of France. A total of 12,347 men aged 40-50 years in 1989 and 4,352 women aged 35-50 years in 1989 comprised the sample. In age-adjusted survival analyses for all causes of death, men who were least socially integrated were 4.42 times as likely to die during follow-up (1993-1999) as those with the highest level of integration (p < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, self-reported health, depressive symptoms, and region of France, relative risks for men ranging from the least socially integrated to the most socially integrated were 2.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 6.23), 1.95 (95% CI: 1.25, 3.04), and 1.37 (95% CI: 0.92, 2.04) in comparison with the most integrated men. In multivariate cause-specific analyses, isolated men had elevated risks of dying from cancer (relative risk = 3.60) and from accidents and suicide (relative risk = 3.54). Among women, in multivariate analyses, the relative risk was 3.64 (95% CI: 0.72, 18.58). The small number of deaths among women (n = 29) limited statistical power and prohibited cause-specific analyses. These results suggest that in this employed cohort of middle-aged men and women, social integration is an important predictor of mortality.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk factors in a working population in Ile-de-France (France): first results of the PCV-METRA study.

In 1989, the French PCV-METRA Group (PCV-METRA = Prevention Cardio-Vasculaire en Médecine du Travail) started a large prospective survey of cardiovascular (CDV) morbidity and mortality and of CVD risk factors, especially cholesterol, in a working population in Ile-de-France, a region including Paris. This report presents the first results of this study, based on a sample of 5758 men and 2603 women, aged 18-65 years. The variables examined included the levels of total cholesterol 1/2 (TC), High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the other major CVD risk factors (smoking, sedentary way of life, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, use of oral contraceptives and familial history of CVD risks). TC and LDL-C significantly increased with age. The changes with age were significantly different in men and women. The levels were similar in both sexes at less than 30 yrs, increased sharply for men after age 30 and were significantly higher in men than in women from 30 to 55 yrs. Beyond 55 yrs, no difference was observed between the two sexes. In contrast, HDL-C was higher in women at all age ranges. In the total sample, 35% of men and 21% of women were hypercholesterolemic (TC > or = 2.4 g/L). Our observations fully confirm and refine previous findings in the US and in other European countries. In addition, a substantial set of data on CVD risk factors for the working population in France, especially for female subjects for whom data are scanty, is now available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Electrokinetic bioprocessing under microgravity in France as illustrated by space bioseparation: a programme initiated in France and in cooperation with Belgium and Spain.

The use of electrokinetic phenomena should prove to be a promising bioseparation technique especially as an application of bioprocessing under microgravity. Therefore, a bioseparation Research and Development programme involving several research teams has been under way for three years in France. Based upon the results of this fundamental research, a programme is now proposed for the development of an automated process chain making it possible to obtain biological macromolecules of high purity under microgravity. This Space Bio Separation programme received the Eureka label at the 6th Ministerial Eureka conference. The project will last six years. It will involve the cooperation of several scientific and industrial partners in France, in Spain and in Belgium. The programme includes the development and validation of three different bioseparation facilities for space.

Belgium↗

PubMed1997

[Contribution to the study of the management of extremely premature infants in metropolitan France (with the exception of Ile-de-France)].

BACKGROUND: Regionalization of perinatal care is one of the purposes of the last 'Plan du Gouvernement pour la Périnatalité' (French Government's Perinatal Project). The aims of the study are first to investigate the site of admission of the very low birth weight infants and secondly to analyze postnatal transfer policies. POPULATION AND METHODS: Neonatal units in France (excluding Ile-de-France area), using exogenous surfactant were asked for their number of intensive care costs (1-5, 6-10, more than 10) and for the yearly rate of admission preterms less than 33 weeks gestational age. They were also classified as academic or not. RESULTS: One hundred and six out of 129 units participated. Ten units were excluded because they did not use surfactants. Among the 71 non academic units, the number of intensive care cots was less than six in 57/71 (80%) vs 1/25 (4%) in the academic units. There was no relationship between the number of admission and transfer policy. In 29 units with less than six cots, and in 20 of those with 20 admissions or less, transfer occurred exceptionally or never. CONCLUSIONS: The concept of "critical mass", usually recommends to ensure expertise, is not warranted in most French neonatology units. It is worrisome to state that many small units do not transfer any children or do it for a limited number. On the other hand, a majority of the infants transferred post-natally could have drawn benefit from in utero transfer. From these data, it is possible to assume that regionalization of perinatal care is far from achieved in most parts of the French territory.

Disease Management↗

PubMed1991

Multicenter survey of diabetic pregnancy in France. Gestation and Diabetes in France Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical care and outcome of diabetic pregnancy and gestational diabetes in France and study their associations with glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a multicenter prospective survey with systematic collection of clinical and biological data (HbA1c analysis in a central laboratory) at five successive examinations and consecutive recruitment of women at any stage of pregnancy in 46 specialized centers from all parts of France. Pregnancies were followed to the end. There were 483 single pregnancies (232 women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM], 78 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM], and 173 with gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM]), and 11 twin births (8 IDDM, 3 GDM). RESULTS: We observed 30 abortions (6%), 8 perinatal deaths (1.8%, 4 IDDM, 4 GDM), and 13 congenital malformations (3%). In the 11 twin pregnancies, there were 7 congenital malformations. Premature births and cesarean sections were found very frequently (42 and 61% IDDM, 29 and 55% NIDDM, 22 and 32% GDM, respectively). In the three groups, birth weight adjusted for gestational age was much greater than national reference values. HbA1c levels during the first trimester were significantly higher in women who aborted (mean +/- SE 7.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.1%, P less than 0.001) and those who gave birth to malformed infants (6.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.1%, P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal mortality was slightly higher in diabetic women than the general population (1.8 vs. 1.2%), but the prematurity rate was much higher, possibly due to an interventionist policy in some centers. Fetal loss and congenital malformations were associated with poor glycemic control.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1989

[An epidemiologic survey of caries frequency and periodontal status in children 6 to 15 years of age in 11 provincial regions in central France, Bourgogne and the Ile de France].

An epidemiological survey of dental caries and periodontal conditions was conducted on 2,022 children in eleven french "departments" of Center of France and part of Bourgogne and lle de France. It showed a dft of 3.03 and dfs of 4.83 at the age of 6 years, as well as an increasing DMFT from 0.65 at the age of 6 to 7.26 at the age of 15. The DMFS increased from 0.91 at 6 years to 12.31 at the age of 15. The calculus index increased steadily from 0.14 at the age of 6 to 0.64 at the age of 15. The gingival index increased from 0.27 in the 6 year old, to 0.55 in the 15 year old.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Mortality of bladder cancer in France: 1952--1976. Trends and increase, particularly in the South of France (author's transl)].

Trends in mortality from bladder cancer have been described with several statistical methods using bi and multivariate analysis. Between 1952 and 1976, the mortality by bladder cancer was marked by an increase for both sexes with a predominance among the males (annual increase + 3,65%, against 1.34% among the females). In 1976, the age-adjusted rate/100,000 of mortality was 11,35 for males and 3,20 for the females showing an high sex-ratio. The computerized mapping of this cancer geographical distribution shows a significant predominance in the south of France and also a high statistically significant correlation with the geographical distribution of lung and gallbladder cancer mortality in France.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

International forum: France. The national survey of plasma exchange and therapeutic cytapheresis in France.

Created in 1985, the French Society of Haemapheresis (SFH) Registry is the largest data base of plasma exchange (PE) in the world. Data analysis shows that neurological diseases are the most frequent indications for PE in France and that improvement in technique has reduced early complications. As for therapeutic cytapheresis, peripheral blood stem collection represents the major activity (64%). The second most common activity is UVA extracorporeal photochemotherapy.

Cytapheresis↗

PubMed1998

[Admission modalities of brain dead patients at Ile de France hospitals which do not harvest organs. Cooperative Group for Transplantation of Ile de France (GCIF)].

In order to identify possible causes for the shortage in organ procurement today in France, a regional survey including 74 hospitals in the Paris area which are likely to receive brain dead patients (BDP) and in which there were neither harvesting nor transplantation activities was conducted. Of the 66 hospitals (89%) answering this survey, half of them were district general hospitals. In the 2 years before the survey, they received on average three BDP. Such a figure represents at least 10% of BDP seen in this area. For one half of the centres, care of these patients was difficult or impossible due to the available facilities. Organisational concerns were among the major problems raised by the transfer of these patients to harvesting centres. A preestablished geographical network would be of help for simplifying the transfer of these patients. Interestingly, about 50% of centres already had such links with a transplantation centre. This study provides information concerning logistics and possible points which could be improved in order to increase the number of BDP liable to be transferred to transplantation centres.

Brain Death↗

PubMed1998

[Modalities of transition of diabetic adolescents from pediatrics to the adult care in the Paris-Ile-de-France region: an appeal to cooperative work for improving quality of care. Paris-Ile-de-France Section of DESG (Diabetes Education Study Group) in French language].

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the conditions in which diabetic adolescents are transferred from pediatric to adult health care, and to record the opinions of the physicians about this issue. METHODS: A questionnaire-based study was performed among all the pediatricians in the hospital setting and all the diabetologists from the Paris-Ile-de-France area. Questionnaires from 50 pediatricians and 51 diabetologists were completed (response rate: 68%). RESULTS: 1) Not enough information was transmitted: a quarter of the diabetologists were visiting for the first time without any information on the adolescent, and only half the pediatricians received feedback information from the internists after the first visit. And yet, when considered, it was important to be kept informed after the first visit and the following ones. 2) Medical relationships were poor: more than three out of four pediatricians and diabetologists had none or very few professional meetings, and two thirds of them were not aware of the way the others were working. 3) Eighty percent of pediatricians and diabetologists considered that the transfer of diabetic adolescents had to be organised in order to keep the coherence of medical follow-up, to minimise the psychological effects of the transition, and to avoid a complete break in the patient follow-up. 4) The expectations of the pediatricians were: the validation of their previous follow-up through the feedback information from diabetologists and the continuity of the medical follow-up; those of the diabetologists were: to gain the patient's confidence and to master the patient's previous history, in order to provide a better follow-up. 5) According to the opinion of both pediatricians and diabetologists, the main errors to avoid were, by the paediatricians, to miss the time and the preparation of the transfer and, by the diabetologists, to denigrate the previous pediatric management and to change the insulin regimen immediately. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a lack of communication between physicians of pediatric and adult health care centres. But it also underlines their recognition of the importance of the transition's stakes and their common motivations in order to improve it.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Clinical and molecular epidemiology of hospital Enterococcus faecium isolates in eastern France. Members of Réseau Franc-Comtois de Lutte contr les Infections Nosocomiales.

We carried out a surveillance study of Enterococcus faecium isolates in the Franche-Comtéregion of France over three years. Clinical and epidemiological strains were characterized by antibiotype and genotype (pulsed field gel electrophoresis, PFGE). Three case-control studies were performed to identify risk factors for colonization/infection with three defined resistant phenotypes (amoxycillin, high-level gentamicin and high-level kanamycin). The crude incidence of colonization/infection was 0.156%, and 68.8% of cases were classified as hospital-acquired. Incidence did not differ according to the type of hospitalization (middle term or acute care). The urinary tract was the major site of infection. Resistance rates were: 45.8% (amoxycillin), 18.7% (high-level gentamicin), 61.4% (high-level kanamycin) and 3.1% (vancomycin). No isolate produced b-lactamase and one isolate carried the vanA gene. PFGE revealed two major epidemic patterns each including resistant strains isolated in different hospitals and during different periods in the study. Previous antimicrobial treatment was not identified as a risk factor for colonization/infection with any resistant phenotype. Despite the low frequency of vancomycin-resistant isolates in this study, resistant strains were widely disseminated and had characteristics enabling them to persist and spread. If these strains acquired the vanA gene, the risk of an outbreak would be large. So, the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium in hospitals should be carefully monitored in the future.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[ A registry of ischaemic cardiopathies among active workers at Electricité de France-Gaz de France. Program development and first results].

BACKGROUND: The social security department of the French national electric and gas company has established an ischemic heart disease register among a population of about 140 000 employees based on sick leaves as well as deaths recorded with their medical cause. METHODS: History of the illness, medical tests and treatments were known retrospectively from the consulting physicians of the company. Acute coronary events recorded were: inaugural angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, sudden coronary death and fortuitous discovery of coronary disease. RESULTS: A first study conducted on employees during the 1993-1995 period showed infarction incidence age rates similar to those estimated from the French MONICA registers for France as a whole. Regional discrepancies were observed for myocardial infarction rates: Nord-Pas de Calais, Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine, Franche-Comté and Limousin were at the most elevated risk (SIR=131, 155, 169, 125 and 178 resp). Large variations according to socio-economic status were observed. CONCLUSION: This register will permit studies on the links between socio-economic status at different professional career points and the occurrence of ischemic heart disease and the evaluation of the impact of psychosocial factors such as previous depressive disorders.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed1992

Tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. A retrospective multicentre study of 123 cases in France. The Groupe des Infectiologues du Sud de la France.

In order to study the epidemiological, clinical, and progressive characteristics of TB in HIV-infected individuals, a retrospective study was conducted in nine infectious disease centres of university hospitals located in the southern half of France. Among the 5730 HIV-seropositive in- and out-patients, 123 (2.1 per cent) had TB (121 infections caused by M. tuberculosis, 2 by M. bovis). Tuberculosis was pulmonary in 53 patients (43.1 per cent), extrapulmonary in 36 patients (29.3 per cent), and combined in 34 patients (27.6 per cent). There was no statistically significant difference among these three locations as to the mean CD4 count/mm3 (160 +/- 17), the type of antituberculosis therapy, the length of treatment (10.8 +/- 0.6 months) and the outcome. Fifty-two (45.2 per cent) patients received an initial antituberculosis therapeutic regimen of four drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide; 54 (46.9 per cent) were started on three drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol; and nine (7.8 per cent) received a two-drug combination: isoniazid, rifampicin. Fourteen of 75 patients subsequently received secondary preventive therapy. The mean follow-up time was 252 +/- 290 days. Clinical healing was obtained in 57.7 per cent of patients. Forty-six patients died, 33 during treatment: 23 from AIDS and eight from TB (in the first 3 weeks of treatment). Five patients suffered from relapses due to poor treatment compliance. Patients had a good prognosis if tuberculosis was diagnosed early.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Digestive cancers in France. Comparison of the incidence in 7 departments and estimation of incidence in the entire country of France].

Estimation of differences in the incidence of digestive cancers in France was made from incidence data coming from 7 French departments covered by population-based registries. For some localizations, such as cancer of the pancreas, incidence variations could be explained by differences in recording techniques. But geographic variations clearly appeared for digestive tract cancers: the incidence of esophageal cancer is 4 to 5 fold less in the departments of Tarn and Haute-Garonne than in the department of Calvados. Conversely, the incidence of colorectal cancer is lower in the department of Calvados than in the others. For the entire country, the estimated number of digestive cancers is 46,300 cases per year. This number represents a third of all cancers in males and a fourth in females. Colorectal cancer (25,700 cases per year) is the most frequent of all cancers in both sexes. Cancer of the stomach (8,200 cases per year) is the second digestive cancer, equal to esophageal cancer in males. The heavy burden of digestive cancers in public health is emphasized by our results. These results should lead our country to intensify research in the direction of primary and secondary prevention.

Adult↗