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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Comparison of findings among residents on Michigan dairy farms and consumers of produce purchased from these farms.

Consumers who had purchased farm products from both quarantined and nonquarantined farms were examined during the cross-sectional clinical survey of 1,029 Michigan residents. Since PBB had inadvertently contaminated cattle and other farm animals, ingestion of meat, milk, eggs and other farm products was thought to have possibly resulted in significant PBB body burdens in some consumers. Findings were considered in comparison with those made among farm residents. Prevalence of symptoms in consumers of farm products from quarantined farms (CQ) was similar to that found in farmers on quarantined farms (FQ); the prevalence was lower in consumers of products from nonquarantined farms (CNQ). Liver function abnormalities were found with similar prevalence in dairy farmers and consumers. Distribution, mean and median values of PBB serum levels in consumers were found to be similar to those of dairy farmers. These results indicate that significant body burdens of PBB had been accumulated by some consumers of farm products in Michigan and that prevalence of symptoms and liver function abnormalities resembled those found among dairy farm residents.

Biphenyl Compounds↗
PubMed1976

Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine whether feeding farm animals antibiotics in feed caused changes in the intestinal bacterial flora of farm dwellers and their neighbors. Chickens were fed tetracycline-supplemented feed (tet-feed), and, as expected, within one week their intestinal flora contained almost entirely tetracycline-resistant organisms. Increased numbers of resistant intestinal bacteria also appeared, but more slowly, in farm members, but not their neighbors. Within five and six months, 31.3 per cent of weekly fecal samples from farm dwellers contained greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant bacteria as compared to 6.8 per cent of the samples from the neighbors (P less than 0.001). Seven of the 11 farm members, but only three of the 24 neighbors, had two or more fecal samples containing greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant coliforms (P less than 0.01). These resistant bacteria contained transferable plasmids conferring multiple antibiotic resistances. Selective pressure by tet-feed for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chickens extends to human beings in contact with chickens and the feed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Clostridium botulinum in Scottish fish farms and farmed trout.

Rainbow trout and specimens of pond mud were collected from three fish farms and examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. Two of the farms were constructed with concrete channels and one was mud-bottomed. Cl. botulinum was isolated only from the mud-bottomed farm (24% of muds), and the isolates were all non-proteolytic type B. The implications of the presence of Cl. botulinum spores in the mud of fish farms is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Aujeszky's disease. Studies on the possibility of differentiating between contaminated pig-breeding farms and farms on which the pigs have been inoculated with the Bartha vaccine (author's transl)].

The serological studies reported in the present paper were done on forty-one pig-breeding farms contaminated with Aujeszky's disease and four farms that were free from this disease and on which fifty per cent of the animals had been inoculated with the Bartha vaccine. The serological studies were based on the serum neutralization test (SN test). On contaminated farms, the majority of the animals present at the time of outbreak of the disease were serologically positive. Comparison of the serological findings on farms on which there had been outbreaks of the disease from two to seven and from seven to twelve months previously, showed that there was hardly any difference in titre levels between the two groups. Of twenty-eight breeding boars used for service at the time of the outbreak, twenty-one per cent were serologically negative. Serological studies in breeding gilts showed that virulent virus was only transmitted up to two months after the outbreak of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Animal farming and the oral microbiome in the Agricultural Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Raising farm animals imparts various exposures that may shape the human microbiome. The oral microbiome has been increasingly implicated in disease development. Animal farming has also been associated with certain chronic diseases such as cancer; however, underlying biological mechanisms are unclear. We investigated associations between raising farm animals and the oral microbiome in the Agricultural Health Study. METHODS: This analysis included 1,245 participants (865 farmers and 380 spouses) who provided oral wash specimens and information on types and numbers of specific animals raised on their farms within 2 years before sample collection. The oral microbiome was measured by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. We evaluated associations of farm animal exposures with alpha and beta diversity metrics (within- and between-sample diversity, respectively), as well as presence and relative abundance of specific bacterial genera. All analyses adjusted for potential confounders (e.g., age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption). RESULTS: Overall, 63 % of participants raised farm animals, most commonly cattle (46 %) and hogs (20 %). Those who raised a large number of hogs (≥2,000 vs. no hogs) had higher alpha diversity. Conversely, raising sheep/goats and raising larger numbers of poultry were associated with lower alpha diversity. Beta diversity was not significantly different between participants with and without any farm animals. Participants raising any farm animals had higher relative abundance of Porphyromonas and lower relative abundances of Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014. Several genera were more likely to be absent with specific animal exposures (e.g., Capnocytophaga for cattle and sheep/goats; Corynebacterium, Dialister, Stomatobaculum, and Solobacterium for sheep/goats and poultry). CONCLUSIONS: This was the largest study of farm animal exposures and the human microbiome to date. Findings suggest that raising specific farm animals may influence the oral microbiome, supporting the need to further investigate the potential role of animal farming in disease etiology.

Microbiota↗
PubMed2026

Longitudinal study of prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in German organic meat chicken farms.

Widespread prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp. in meat chicken is a major concern for public health. We examined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in 14 German organic meat chicken farms rearing slow-growing broilers, male layer hybrids, or dual-purpose cockerels in a longitudinal study. Most farms participated with four subsequent flocks. Each flock was sampled three times: approximately 1 month after hatching (before outdoor access), 2 weeks after first outdoor access, and at the end of the fattening period. Strikingly, most flocks were already Campylobacter-positive before first outdoor access. At the end of the fattening period, 98% of all flocks were positive, with C. jejuni being the predominant species. Antimicrobial resistance of 405 C. jejuni and 79 C. coli revealed overall high levels of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance but absence of macrolide resistance. Ertapenem resistance was observed in individual farms. Generalized linear mixed models with random factors for farm and flocks within farm were used to assess predictors for the occurrence of ciprofloxacin- and tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni. Season, fattening type, and the interaction of sampling time point and fattening type were significant fixed effects. Results for flocks within farms showed clustering effects (ICCCIP = 0.447; ICCTET = 0.412). Whole-genome sequencing of representative isolates confirmed great overall genetic variety, with farm- or fattening type-dependent dissemination of certain multi-locus sequence types. ST21 clonal complex for sequenced C. jejuni and ST828 clonal complex for sequenced C. coli were most commonly detected.IMPORTANCECampylobacter spp. are major foodborne pathogens associated with the consumption and handling of chicken meat. This longitudinal study provides further insight into the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of thermotolerant C. jejuni and C. coli in German organic meat chicken farms, a growing sector with strict limitations on antibiotic treatment. We included multiple flocks of farms fattening either slow-growing broilers, male layer hybrids, or dual-purpose cockerels to account for a variety of fattening types. Consequently, we were able to demonstrate significant differences in the occurrence of ciprofloxacin- and tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni based on fattening type, sampling time point, and season. Our findings highlight the successful spread and persistence of ciprofloxacin-, tetracycline-, and ertapenem-resistant C. jejuni and C. coli among all three types of organic meat chicken regardless of the lack of antibiotic treatment.

C. coli↗
PubMed2024

The fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in Large-Scale chicken farm Environments: Preliminary view of the performance of National veterinary Antimicrobial use reduction Action in Guangdong, China.

In 2018, China implemented the Veterinary Antimicrobial Use Reduction Action to curb the rapid development of antibiotic resistance (AR). However, the AR-related pollutions in animal farms after the reduction policy has been poorly investigated. Here, we performed a comprehensive investigation combining UPLC-MS/MS, metagenomic, and bacterial genomic analyses in eight representative large-scale chicken farms in Guangdong, China. Our results showed that antibiotics and ARGs contaminations were more severe in broiler farms than in layer farms. Notably, diverse tet(X) variants were prevalent in the chicken farms. These tet(X)s was carried by diverse E. coli lineages and obviously correlated with ISCR2 and IS1B transposases. The resistomes in chicken farms was significantly correlated with microbial community, and multiple factor analyses indicated that the joint effect of antibiotics-microbial community-MGEs was the most dominant driver of ARGs. Host tracking identified a variety of ARG bacterial hosts and the co-occurrence of ARGs-MRGs-MGEs. Source tracking indicated that the inherent component represented the main feature of resistomes in different hosts, while ARG transfer between the chicken gut and farm environments were frequent. A multiperspective evaluation of AR risk revealed that the early effect of antibiotic reduction was exhibited by the mitigation of maximum level of risky ARGs, prevalence of environmental AR pathogens, and HGT potential of ARGs mediated by phage structures. Overall, our findings provide insights into the antibiotic and ARG profiles in large-scale chicken farms with different rearing strategies and demonstrate a preliminary view of the performance of antibiotic reduction actions in China.

Chickens↗
PubMed1979

Migrant farm workers: social conditions, adaptive belief systems, and psychiatric care.

Two migrant farm labor camps were observed during two summer harvesting seasons. A part of the observations consisted of interviews with 104 farm laborers, with 16 of them being interviewed intensively. Migrant farm workers were exploited by the crew boss and the farm owner, and they in turn exploited each other. Consequently, many workers left farm work. Those who remained in the camps adapted their attitudes and their views to the conditions. Though they had a begrudging respect for the crew boss, they showed an overriding concern with exploitation. They conveyed a numbness about life, themselves, and their place in society; this numbness was combined with self criticism and an attempt to maintain some self-respect. They expressed distrust for and suspicion of others, and though they could not articulate it very well, they felt great fear and anxiety. In order to diagnose and treat disorder in migrant farm workers, psychiatrists must understand the exploitive social setting of migrant farm work and the adaptations of workers to that setting.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Predominance of extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to independent farms in a mountain valley in Norway between 1600 and 1850.

The marriages contracted between 1600 and 1850 in the parishes Vang and Slidre in the mountain valley of Valdres in Norway were investigated, using the information in the genealogical and local history of the parishes and in various public archives. The parishes functioned as a marriage isolate, in spite of regular communication with neighbouring districts. Only 54 of 4334 marriages were with residents outside the parishes, and marriages with a non-farming class (clergy) were as rare (47); 1130 marriages were probably between offspring of crofters and independent farmers. The further analysis concerns 3103 marriages contracted by the eldest sons and other heirs to 463 of the 493 farms, with members of the farming class within the parishes. Because of the linear settlement with clusters of same-named farms along both sides of the river, marital distance was measured by counting the number of farm-clusters (neighbourhood steps) between places of birth. In comparison with expectation when the marriage partner is chosen at random, marriages within the cluster occurred 13 times more frequently than expected, with an adjoining cluster 8 times more frequently and with a neighbour 1-2 clusters away 6 times as frequently as expected. One-third of the 3103 marriages were contracted within a distance of two clusters or less, and 60% eight clusters or less apart. A marital distance of 15 clusters (= 7 km) included 74% of the marriages. The predominance of a marriage pattern based on such geographical proximity must necessarily imply similarity in genetic structure of the descendants. Close consanguineous mating was apparently consciously avoided. This extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to the independent farms is probably explained by the function of a marriage as a contract to benefit the farm: promoting good neighbourliness and preventing quarrels and lawsuits related to the already very complicated ownership of cultivated land.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Depressed cholinesterase activities among farm workers in New Jersey.

The widespread use of organophosphate pesticides creates the possibility of excessive exposure of migrant farm workers to these compounds. Blood cholinesterase determinations were used to compare the organophosphate pesticide exposure of 57 migrant farm workers with that of 35 controls. Frequently reported symptoms of the farm workers which might be related to pesticide exposure were also studied, including headaches, dizziness, loss of weight, nausea, and a general feeling of weakness or loss of energy. Significantly depressed cholinesterase activities were found in the farm workers, with 10.5% of the farm workers having values below the lower limit of normal. There was no significant relationship between frequently reported symptoms of the farm workers and depressed cholinesterase levels.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

Farm tractor fatalities: the failure of voluntary safety standards.

There are no governmental standards for operator protection which require compliance by farm tractor manufacturers. To see how the Wisconsin farming population fares under voluntary safety standards, death certificate data were used to determine rates of tractor-associated fatal injuries. The injury deathrate associated with tractors on farms increased from 10.9 per 100,000 male farm residents during 1961-1965 to 13.6/100,000 during 1971-1975 (p less than .05). Deaths associated with overturning tractors were most common; with death rates of 6/100,000 male farm residents for 1961-1975. The rise in tractor-associated death rates shows that voluntary safety standards are not protecting the farm population. Rollover protective structures (ROPS) are designed to protect operators when tractors overturn but under voluntary safety standards these ROPS are sold only as optional accessory devices. Current Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations which require ROPS for employees operating tractors do not protect self-employed farmers and their families. It is recommended that the government require all tractors sold to be equipped with ROPS as is currently the case in England and Sweden.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1976

[Experience in controlling the Salmonella carrier state on a pedigree poultry breeding farm].

Systematic microbiologic control was carried out in the 1972-1975 period on an elite poultry farm whereas from the 23,724 samples studied, taken from objects of the epizootic chain forage-birds-hatchery, 78 cultures of Salmonella organisms of 14 species or 0.32 per cent of the total number of samples were isolated. A trend was observed toward the year-to-year drop in the number of positive findings of Salmonellae, and by the end of 1975 the results were negative. This fact was backed by the investigations in the poultry dressing combines throughout the country that have received the parental forms of birds from the sanated elite poultry farm. Established was vertical (congenital) transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, and using the typhoid-pullorosis test all carrier birds were detected and eliminated. Thus serologically were followed up and eliminated the hidden sources of infection among the flocks on the elite poultry farm. The alimentary mechanism of infection transmission (horizontally with the chain forage-birds was discontinued through the storage of feed mixtures packed in bags (not in bulk). The chain birds-hatchery was interrupted by means of fumigation, the eggs being treated up to the second hour following laying, and then subjected to four subsequent treatment with disinfectants up to hatching. The environment was sanated by three-fold disinfections every sixth day with lysol, formalin or veraform, anf fumigation with formaldehyde vapours, resulting in 100 per cent effectiveness. This was demonstrated many times bacteriologically. The overall observation of hygiene measures contributed to the sanation of the elite farm. The parallel examination of personnel on the farm made by organs of the Hygiene and Epidemiologic Inspection detected a female worker that acted as a carrier of S. enteritidis. Upon her elimination the complex of measures for the study and complete sanation of the farm was considered fulfilled.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Co-operation between veterinarian and farm adviser, still an undeveloped field? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].

In actual practice it does not often happen that the veterinarian gets into touch with the farm adviser, or vice versa, to exchange views on a particular farm or on problems in their fields of activity. As a rule, this is due to lack of time and/or insufficient acquaintance with each other. There are two fields in which effective co-operation between the two is possible, viz. the management of problem herds and in herd health practice. Interest is centering increasingly in the latter and it is precisely this field in which the farm adviser may also play an important role. It is claimed that working together at the solution of a (veterinary-agricultural) problem on a particular farm will contribute to a closer acquaintance on both sides. The initiative may be taken either by the veterinarian or by the farm adviser. This will possibly result in a happy collaboration in the future, not only in dealing with problem herds but also in hered health practice on those farms on which this is required (or desired).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2024

Horizontal plasmid transfer promotes antibiotic resistance in selected bacteria in Chinese frog farms.

The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the ecosystem are global public health concerns. One Health emphasizes the interconnectivity between different habitats and seeks to optimize animal, human, and environmental health. However, information on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within complex microbiomes in natural habitats is scarce. We investigated the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and the spread of ARGs in intensive bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) farms in the Shantou area of China. Antibiotic susceptibilities of 361 strains, combined with microbiome analyses, revealed Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Citrobacter and Klebsiella sp. as prevalent multidrug resistant bacteria on these farms. Whole genome sequencing of 95 ARB identified 250 large plasmids that harbored a wide range of ARGs. Plasmid sequences and sediment metagenomes revealed an abundance of tetA, sul1, and aph(3″)-Ib ARGs. Notably, antibiotic resistance (against 15 antibiotics) highly correlated with plasmid-borne rather than chromosome-borne ARGs. Based on sequence similarities, most plasmids (62%) fell into 32 distinct groups, indicating a potential for horizontal plasmid transfer (HPT) within the frog farm microbiome. HPT was confirmed in inter- and intra-species conjugation experiments. Furthermore, identical mobile ARGs, flanked by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), were found in different locations on the same plasmid, or on different plasmids residing in the same or different hosts. Our results suggest a synergy between MGEs and HPT to facilitate ARGs dissemination in frog farms. Mining public databases retrieved similar plasmids from different bacterial species found in other environmental niches globally. Our findings underscore the importance of HPT in mediating the spread of ARGs in frog farms and other microbiomes of the ecosystem.

Animals↗