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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Male and female roles in crosses of Aspergillus nidulans as revealed by vegetatively incompatible parents.

To resolve the role of male and female nuclei and mitochondria in cleistothecium formation in the model organism Aspergillus nidulans, we analysed the genetic constituents of cleistothecia from crosses between vegetatively compatible and incompatible parents. We used markers that enabled us to determine the nuclear genotype of the cleistothecial wall and the nuclear and mitochondrial genotype of the ascospores. In compatible parents, nuclear genomes and cytoplasm usually mix in the vegetative hyphae prior to the formation of the sexual stage after which any cleistothecial composition is possible. In incompatible parents, the maternal strain contributes the nuclei for the cleistothecial wall and one nucleus as well as mitochondria for the ascospore origin. The paternal strain donates one nucleus for the ascospore origin. Only in crosses between vegetatively incompatible partners, it is possible to assign a female and male role to the parental strains. Our results confirm that the vegetative heterokaryotic stage is not a prerequisite for cleistothecium formation. Using this tool, we analysed sexual sporulation mutants for male or female sterility.

Aspergillus nidulans↗
PubMed1993

The female role in the transmission of HIV infection.

Women are increasingly recognized as a significant population at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In major cities in Africa, the Americas, and Europe, HIV infection is the leading cause of death in women aged 25 through 29 years. New patterns have emerged in the epidemic, the most dramatic of which is the increased rate of transmission for heterosexuals, directly associated with an increase in seropositivity among women and children. Between 1989 and 1990, the number of women diagnosed with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome rose 34% compared with a 22% rise in men. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have increased support for studies related to prevention of HIV infection in response to these trends. Health professionals should demonstrate an understanding of the complex nature of sexuality, femininity, and the female role in society when educating female patients about virus avoidance, so that preventive behavior will be perceived as consistent with a woman's personal standards for sexual relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Societies without men and the integration of women abroad: migration and female roles. The case of Italy].

"The role of women during the 'grande emigrazione' from Italy at the end of the century needs to be studied from two different angles. First it is necessary to identify what was preserved and what evolved in the societies that were left behind after the departure of the menfolk....Second, it is necessary to describe the role played by the women who emigrated abroad, and therefore to look at the conditions they met with in the foreign countries where they arrived alone, or as wives, daughters and mothers. These two aspects of the relationship between gender and migration are dealt with in this article, which reflects the current debate in Italy on the subject." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA AND ITA)

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The female role as assessment of mental health of women within the general population of Cantabria].

This paper tries to analyse the relationship between traditional feminine role (marriage, motherhood and housing) and mental health in spanish women. The General Health Questionnaire 60-items (GHQ-60) was used to define "cases" in a random sample of the general population of Cantabria consisting of 630 women aged 17 and over. The rate of probable prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 26.4%. In contrast to previous studies, motherhood and traditional feminine role correlated with the lowest GHQ-60 mean scores. Occupational status was not related to mental health. Women living with husband, children, parents and/or parents-in-law scored lower on GHQ-60 than those living with husband and children. These results are discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature. At least, they reconfirm the importance of socio-cultural factors in community psychiatric disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles.

Human history is punctuated by periods of rapid cultural change. Although archeologists have developed a range of models to describe cultural transitions, in most real examples we do not know whether the processes involved the movement of people or the movement of culture only. With a series of relatively well defined cultural transitions, the British Isles present an ideal opportunity to assess the demographic context of cultural change. Important transitions after the first Paleolithic settlements include the Neolithic, the development of Iron Age cultures, and various historical invasions from continental Europe. Here we show that patterns of Y-chromosome variation indicate that the Neolithic and Iron Age transitions in the British Isles occurred without large-scale male movements. The more recent invasions from Scandinavia, on the other hand, appear to have left a significant paternal genetic legacy. In contrast, patterns of mtDNA and X-chromosome variation indicate that one or more of these pre-Anglo-Saxon cultural revolutions had a major effect on the maternal genetic heritage of the British Isles.

Cultural Evolution↗
PubMed1992

[Population resettlement and changes in female roles in the Sahel].

"What are the implications of population resettlement schemes from poor regions to more fertile regions on the condition of women? Using the Sahelian experience, the article suggests that, even though resettlement is generally accompanied by significant increases in household resources, it does not necessarily imply an improvement in the status of women." The Sahel region encompasses parts of Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Africa↗
PubMed2000

Wpkci, encoding an altered form of PKCI, is conserved widely on the avian W chromosome and expressed in early female embryos: implication of its role in female sex determination.

Two W chromosome-linked cDNA clones, p5fm2 and p5fm3, were obtained from a subtracted (female minus male) cDNA library prepared from a mixture of undifferentiated gonads and mesonephroi of male or female 5-d (stages 26-28) chicken embryos. These two clones were demonstrated to be derived from the mRNA encoding an altered form of PKC inhibitor/interacting protein (PKCI), and its gene was named Wpkci. The Wpkci gene reiterated approximately 40 times tandemly and located at the nonheterochromatic end of the chicken W chromosome. The W linkage and the moderate reiteration of Wpkci were conserved widely in Carinatae birds. The chicken PKCI gene, chPKCI, was shown to be a single-copy gene located near the centromere on the long arm of the Z chromosome. Deduced amino acid sequences of Wpkci and chPKCI showed approximately 65% identity. In the deduced sequence of Wpkci, the HIT motif, which is essential for PKCI function, was absent, but the alpha-helix region, which was conserved among the PKCI family, and a unique Leu- and Arg-rich region, were present. Transcripts from both Wpkci and chPKCI genes were present at significantly higher levels in 3- to 6-d (stages 20-29) embryos. These transcripts were detected in several embryonic tissues, including undifferentiated left and right gonads. When the green fluorescent protein-fused form of Wpkci was expressed in male chicken embryonic fibroblast, it was located almost exclusively in the nucleus. A model is presented suggesting that Wpkci may be involved in triggering the differentiation of ovary by interfering with PKCI function or by exhibiting its unique function in the nuclei of early female embryos.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Personality profiles of male and female positive role models in medicine.

This study was designed to investigate the personality profile of positive role models in medicine. Participants were a national sample of 188 physicians (164 men, 24 women) who had been nominated by the chief executive officers of their institutions as positive role models and who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Compared to the general population, these 188 male and female positive role models in medicine scored higher on Conscientious factor, and on Achievement Striving, Activity, Competence, Dutifulness, Trust, Assertiveness, and Altruism facets, but they scored lower on the Vulnerability facet than the general population. In addition, the male role models scored significantly higher than men in the general population on the Agreeableness factor, and the female role models obtained significantly higher scores than the population norms on Extraversion and Openness factors, and on Feelings, Ideas, Positive Emotions, Values, Warmth, Aesthetics, and Fantasy facets. The female role models scored far below their sex-related norms on Neuroticism factor and on Angry Hostility facet. Comparisons between the male and female role models showed that the female role models scored higher on the Openness factor, and on the Feelings, Positive Emotions, Aesthetics, and Fantasy facets of personality. Implications in medical education and in explaining, assessing, and improving the qualities that contribute to professional success and in promoting the concept of "positive medicine" are discussed.

Adult↗