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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Sex-role change, anomie and female suicide: a test of alternative Durkheimian explanations.

Durkheim's influential book, Suicide, provides general (economic) anomie, conjugal anomie, and sex-role convergence explanations of changes in suicide rates under conditions of social change. We used trend analyses of American suicide rates and female/male suicide ratios from 1950 to 1984 and the regression of the ratios on female educational attainment, white female labor force participation, white fertility rates, and divorce rates to examine these explanations. The general anomie explanation of female suicide trends is supported for the middle-aged (30 to 54 years) but not for the young (10 to 30 years) or the elderly (55 to 74 years). The conjugal anomie proposition is at best supported for age groups between 15 and 44 when general anomie is not pronounced. The role convergence explanation is rejected for all 13 5-year-age-groups. General anomie may not be a viable explanation of suicide trends for groups actively supporting relevant social changes or not yet tradition-bound or for groups whose retirement status reduces the importance of some social changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Gender roles, social support, and postpartum depressive symptomatology. The benefits of caring.

Although women are assumed to be particularly vulnerable to depressive symptomatology after childbirth, the extent to which this symptomatology predominates over that found in men at this life cycle stage has not been addressed. This study examined gender differences in postpartum depressive symptomatology and the link between postpartum symptomatology and gender roles and relationships in a sample obtained from childbirth preparation classes. The data show no gender difference in depressive symptomatology at 2 months after childbirth. Women manifested a decrease in depressive symptomatology and men showed a slight increase from the preparenthood point. We partially link women's equivalent rather than higher distress levels to the protective effects of their varied social supports. By contrast, men depended primarily on their spouses, but both genders experienced a decrease in spouse support after childbirth. Female lack of support was more strongly associated with symptomatology in homemakers compared with employed women or women on maternity leave. Within the context of gender role changes, the data highlight benefits of female bonding in contrast to the "costs of caring" depicted by other researchers.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Denial of aging: age identification and reference group orientations.

A 10-year longitudinal study of the age-identities of persons 70 and older revealed that many rejected the possibility that they were, in fact, "old." Although there was increased acknowledgment in the restudy of being old, a majority of respondents continued to define themselves in other ways (i.e., as middle-aged or elderly). The importance of comparative reference groups for aging denial was tested. As hypothesized, favorable self-evaluations versus age peers were positively correlated with younger self-images. These comparative evaluations were shown to be as useful as "positional" variables in explaining age-identity. The findings demonstrate the utility of a reference-group perspective in explaining diverse psychological adaptations to late-life role changes.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Role, ritual, and the grynnflnk.

While cohabitation among middle-class youth has been increasing, there has been little exploration of the influence of this change on the extended kin system. This paper examines the formal recognition of cohabitation, via role change and ritual, and introduces terminology to describe a relationship heretofore unaccounted for in our vocabulary.

Ceremonial Behavior↗
PubMed1979

Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: gender role change with puberty.

A 31-yr-old male pseudohermaphrodite is reported with 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Laboratory data revealed a plasma testosterone of 228 ng/100 ml, a plasma androstenedione of 620 ng/100 ml, and an abnormal androstenedione to testosterone ratio. Plasma estradiol was 4.6 ng/100 ml and plasma estrone was 22 ng/100 ml. This subject was born in a hospital, incontrovertibly declared to be a female, and unambiguously raised as a girl by his parents for the first 17 yr of his life. At age 14 yr, he was able to change to a male gender role with ease. As an adult, he is a well adjusted, happily married man with a successful professional career. Surgical correction of bilateral cryptorchidism and hypospadias was carried out at age 14 yr. At age 30 yr, he developed a teratocarcinoma-seminoma of the right testis with retroperitoneal node metastases. After orchiectomy and retroperitoneal node dissection, he was placed on chemotherapy and is presently free of metastases.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1992

Head injury: impact on the wives.

Wives of head-injured patients often need considerable support because of the myriad of role transitions and role changes they experience. The impact of the head injury on the wife of a survivor is presented in this article. Content analysis was used to analyze data with the themes of role changes, emotional impact of the injury, hope and need for support emerging. Implications for practice and research include need for support groups with nurses as facilitators, the importance of fostering hope, and need for education of health care professionals.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Psychological functioning of daughters of breast cancer patients. Part II: Characterizing the distressed daughter of the breast cancer patient.

Sixty daughters whose mothers had breast cancer were cross-sectionally studied. Daughters age 11-20 reported feeling significantly more uncomfortable about involvement in their mothers' illness than daughters age 20+. Daughters whose mothers died were more likely to report long-term life plan changes and role changes with their mothers during the mothers' illness. The Global Symptom Index was predicted by the daughter's perceived degree of involvement with her mother (during her mother's illness), current emotional resolution (about her mother's illness), and sexual satisfaction. Sexual satisfaction was predicted by role changes during the mother's illness, frequency of sexual relations, and a depression scale.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

The search for structural principles in children's manipulative play: a parallel with linguistic development.

Our study investigated the role of 3 structural principles--hierarchical complexity, interruption, and role change--in the development of children's construction play. The 3 principles are formally parallel to dimensions of language structure. Children from 2 to 6 were required to use varying combinations of structural features in order to build a series of modeled constructions. Predictions about the order of difficulty of our constructions, formulated on the basis of their constituent structural features, were confirmed by the results. Hierarchical complexity and role change, features of "deep structure", added significantly to the difficulty of a construction strategy. Interruption, a "surface-structure" feature, had, in contrast, a minimal effect. The results lend further support to the notion of a cognitive organization common to language and other modes of behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Returning to school after a spinal cord injury: perspectives from four adolescents.

A phenomenological approach was used to explore the experience of returning to school following a spinal cord injury. Four adolescents who sustained spinal cord injuries and returned to premorbid school environments were interviewed concerning their perceptions, feelings, and experiences of returning to school. The responses were coded into six themes: people, role change, self-image, coping strategies, accessibility, and feelings. The themes were discussed as to their relevance on returning to school following a spinal cord injury. The research participants' suggestions on ways to ease the transition from the rehabilitation environment to the school environment and implications of the study are included.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Preparing children for parental disability.

Based on the recognition that the sudden onset of disability with attendant, often prolonged hospitalization can compromise family integrity, mobilize anxieties in all family members, and lead to major role changes within a given family structure, this paper describes specific techniques designed to minimize family crisis secondary to the disability of a parent through the preparation of the children to understand parental disability within the limits of the child's readiness and to help the child master his feelings about these life events. Methods include the use of "special stories," creative play, and active involvement of the child with the handicapped parent in the rehabilitation process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

From heroin to methadone--social role changes and reinforcement differentials in relation to outcome on methadone. Part I. The study of reinforcement differentials.

This study examines the relevance of reinforcements available to the addict in five critical stages of his career to his success on methadone maintenance. In-depth focused interviews were held with 30 addicts who had completed a program of methadone induction and who were characterized by social worker's evaluations as Successful, Marginally Adjusted, or Failures. The Successful group showed a higher initial negative reinforcement followed by higher positive reinforcement on methadone. The Moderately Successful group showed more negative reinforcement before treatment but continued to show negative reinforcements afterwards. The Failures were low on negative reinforcements earlier but negative reinforcements were high after treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role stabilization in families after spinal cord injury.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine how family roles changed after spinal cord injury of a child or spouse. Parental and spousal roles--including provider, child care and socialization, housekeeper, sexual, recreational, therapeutic, and kinship roles--were studied. Results indicated that, overall, families that experienced spinal cord injury did not significantly change in role functioning. In most instances, mothers, fathers, husbands, and wives continued to play roles that traditionally were a part of their family functioning. Spinal cord injury, however, was perceived by family members as a crisis event that lessened over time, but that for the majority of respondents continued indefinitely.

Family↗
PubMed1992

Living with a heart transplant: long-term adjustment.

The number of heart transplants performed worldwide has increased greatly in the past 10 years, and survival rates will continue to improve with the introduction of new immunosuppressive therapies. With this improved lifespan outlook, the experience of living with a heart transplant needs to be understood as a chronic condition. Twenty-nine recipients who were a minimum of 5 months post-transplantation (mean 22 months) and 23 significant others were interviewed twice 6 months apart using close-ended and open-ended questions developed from the Common Sense Model of health beliefs. Results suggest that although life improved for the majority post-transplantation, recipients continue to experience work problems, financial burdens, family role changes, lifestyle changes, and side effects associated with long-term drug treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Male to female: the role transformation of transsexuals.

Twelve male transsexuals were found to have acquired a successtion of gender roles from childhood to adulthood-ambivalent, homosexual, drag queen, and transsexual. Thse roles constituted different stages of their livers during which they were clarifying their psychosocial gender role as transsexuals. Their transition through these roles suggests that these individuals are a subset of the transsexual phenomenon, for many--probably most--other transsexuals do not adopt these roles prior to becoming adult transsexuals. The social interaction of these transsexuals with significant others differed from the ways in which sociological role theories view this process: the significant others in their lives (apart from their mothers) primarily influenced their role changes by withdrawing from and/or rejecting these individuals--not by inducing them to conform to their role expectations. As permanently cross-dressed transsexuals, these individuals continued to associate with the institutions of the gay world, which alone was tolerant of them and where they could draw on the emotional support of other transsexuals in this last presurgery role. At this point they had become their own reference group.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Technological dependency: a preliminary model and pilot of home total parenteral nutrition.

As hospital costs increase and durations of hospital stays decrease, clients are being discharged to home care in more acute states and often with demands for high technology therapy. To assist in understanding the experiences families face in adapting to either short- or long-term dependence on technology, a model was developed from literature and research review. The literature review suggested that self-care practices affected each of the family members' adaptation. The model was developed to indicate self-care issues and problems impacting adaptation to high technology at home. A pilot study was conducted to determine if interviews and questionnaires would collect data necessary to test the model. This article describes the pilot study results. Data indicated that relationships and role changes did occur after the family became technologically dependent. Also, although depression and anxiety were common responses, the family members felt capable and successful in their caregiving roles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experiences of patients and significant others with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators after discharge from the hospital.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of mortality in this country. The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) is a technology which has proven successful in reducing the risk of SCD in patients who qualify for it. However, little is known about how individuals adjust to living with the device. This field study used a focus group technique to investigate the question "What are the experiences of patients and their significant others (S.O.) in the time since being discharged from the hospital with an AICD?" Fifteen AICD recipients and 14 S.O.s each attended one of three focus groups which were tape recorded. Data from the transcriptions were analyzed by a combination of content analysis and ethnographic summary. The major concerns of the patients were [Physiologic], the sensations of being shocked, medications, trouble sleeping, dizziness (accompanied by heat intolerance at times), physical awareness of the device; [Psychosocial], fear, including fear of death and preparation for death, changes in mental functioning, changes in lifestyle including clothing not fitting, loss of control, driving an automobile, and spousal overprotectiveness. The primary psychosocial concerns of the S.O.s were fears, including fear of death and preparation for death, family and role changes, being overprotective and driving an automobile. Mental changes and heat intolerance have not been addressed in the literature previously.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Quality of life across age and family stage.

It is clear that the quality of life of the individual is intertwined with that of his or her family. Therefore, health care professionals and other professionals who work with families facing terminal illness must (1) identify those factors that put the patient and the family at risk of suffering further disruption of psychosocial quality of life and (2) seek out whatever resources are necessary to help the patient and the family improve their quality of life. Families with young children are more dependent on external resources than are other families, and they place more strains on the spouse caregiver. If these resources are not available, parents are less able to handle crucial developmental family matters. Clinicians who are aware of this deficit are better able to recognize role performance problems and help families obtain the external resources. Secondly, families who have relied on ascribed roles before the parent fell ill are at greater risk of psychosocial dysfunction: they lack appropriate ways to deal with role reallocation in order to make the best use of their talents. Professionals who are sensitive to this can help families adapt to role changes. A third area that places families at risk is poor spousal communication. Good communication patterns appear to facilitate adjustment to both terminal illness and bereavement (4,6). Professionals trained in family and social therapy are equipped to help family members develop effective communication, which can in turn help them prioritize tasks, seek outside resources when needed, and negotiate role assignments.

Adolescent↗