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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Overproduction of Campylobacter ferritin in Escherichia coli and induction of paracrystalline inclusion by ferrous compound.

The ferritin gene (cft) of Campylobacter jejuni was overexpressed in cells of Escherichia coli using a T7 RNA polymerase expression system. Many round particles which were the same size as the ferritin particles purified from C. jejuni were observed in the lysate of the cft-overexpressed E. coli cells. Since most of them were devoid of a central electron dense core consisting of ferric irons, the Campylobacter ferritins over-produced in E. coli seemed to be apoferritin. When large amounts of ferrous iron (supplied as FeSO4) were added to culture medium, the cft-overexpressed cells formed large inclusion bodies of paracrystalline arrays comprised of ferritin particles with central electron dense cores. The addition of ferric irons did not produce paracrystalline inclusion.

Campylobacter jejuni↗
PubMed1996

[Ferrous compounds].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1998

Ferric trimaltol corrects iron deficiency anaemia in patients intolerant of iron.

BACKGROUND: Oral iron supplements, which are usually in the form of ferrous (Fe2+) salts, are toxic to the gastrointestinal mucosa, and so intolerance is common, resulting in poor compliance and failure of treatment. The sugar derivative maltol strongly chelates iron, rendering it available for absorption and stabilized in the less toxic ferric (Fe3+) form. AIM: To test whether ferric trimaltol could correct iron deficiency anaemia in patients intolerant of ferrous sulphate. METHODS: Twenty-three patients were recruited from gastroenterology clinics, of whom 1 5 had inflammatory bowel disease, a group often difficult to treat with oral iron. Patients with iron deficiency anaemia and documented intolerance to ferrous sulphate were given 3 months of treatment with ferric trimaltol. RESULTS: Nineteen of 23 patients completed the treatment and anaemia was fully corrected in 14 of these, mean haemoglobin increased from 106 +/- 15 to 126 +/- 16 g/L, and there was a particularly low incidence of side-effects. Of 11 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who completed the study, nine fully corrected their anaemia. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that in patients intolerant of ferrous compounds, ferric trimaltol corrects iron deficiency and has a low incidence of side-effects.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2005

Kinetics of interconversion of ferrous enzymes, compound II and compound III, of wild-type synechocystis catalase-peroxidase and Y249F: proposal for the catalatic mechanism.

With the exception of catalase-peroxidases, heme peroxidases show no significant ability to oxidize hydrogen peroxide and are trapped and inactivated in the compound III form by H2O2 in the absence of one-electron donors. Interestingly, some KatG variants, which lost the catalatic activity, form compound III easily. Here, we compared the kinetics of interconversion of ferrous enzymes, compound II and compound III of wild-type Synechocystis KatG, the variant Y249F, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). It is shown that dioxygen binding to ferrous KatG and Y249F is reversible and monophasic with apparent bimolecular rate constants of (1.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and (1.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (pH 7, 25 degrees C), similar to HRP. The dissociation constants (KD) of the ferrous-dioxygen were calculated to be 84 microm (wild-type KatG) and 129 microm (Y249F), higher than that in HRP (1.9 microm). Ferrous Y249F and HRP can also heterolytically cleave hydrogen peroxide, forming water and an oxoferryl-type compound II at similar rates ((2.4 +/- 0.3) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (pH 7, 25 degrees C)). Significant differences were observed in the H2O2-mediated conversion of compound II to compound III as well as in the spectral features of compound II. When compared with HRP and other heme peroxidases, in Y249F, this reaction is significantly faster ((1.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1))). Ferrous wild-type KatG was also rapidly converted by hydrogen peroxide in a two-phasic reaction via compound II to compound III (approximately 2.0 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)), the latter being also efficiently transformed to ferric KatG. These findings are discussed with respect to a proposed mechanism for the catalatic activity.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2004

Helicobacter pylori infection, iron absorption, and gastric acid secretion in Bangladeshi children.

BACKGROUND: Nonheme-iron absorption requires an acidic milieu. Reduced gastric acid output as a consequence of Helicobacter pylori infection could be an important limiting factor for iron absorption. OBJECTIVE: We measured gastric acid output and iron absorption from a non-water-soluble iron compound (ferrous fumarate) and a water-soluble iron compound (ferrous sulfate) in children with and without H. pylori infection. DESIGN: Gastric acid output was quantified before (basal acid output, or BAO) and after pentagastrin stimulation (stimulated acid output, or SAO) in 2-5-y-old children with iron deficiency anemia who were (n = 13) or were not (n = 12) infected with H. pylori. Iron absorption was measured by using a double-stable-isotope technique. H. pylori-infected children were studied before and after eradication therapy. RESULTS: BAO and SAO were significantly lower in the H. pylori-infected children (0.2 +/- 0.2 and 1.6 +/- 0.9 mmol/h, respectively) than in the uninfected children (0.9 +/- 0.7 and 3.1 +/- 0.9 mmol/h, respectively; P = 0.01 and P < 0.005). BAO and SAO improved to 0.8 +/- 1.3 and 3.3 +/- 2.4 mmol/h, respectively, after therapy. Iron absorption from ferrous sulfate was significantly greater than that from ferrous fumarate both before (geometric : 19.7% compared with 5.3%; P < 0.0001) and after (22.5% compared with 6.4%; P < 0.0001) treatment in H. pylori-infected children. Corresponding values for uninfected children were 15.6% and 5.4%, respectively (P < 0.001; n = 12). CONCLUSIONS: Iron absorption from ferrous fumarate was significantly lower than that from ferrous sulfate in both H. pylori-infected and uninfected Bangladeshi children. Treatment of H. pylori infection improved gastric acid output but did not significantly influence iron absorption. The efficacy of ferrous fumarate in iron fortification programs to prevent iron deficiency in young children should be evaluated.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1984

The nitrosyl compounds of ferrous animal haloperoxidases.

Human myeloperoxidase, human eosinophil peroxidase and bovine lactoperoxidase (donor: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) reduced with ascorbic acid form nitrosyl compounds which show rhombic EPR signals centered at g = 2. Using 14NO (IN = 1), the central resonance signal exhibited a hyperfine structure of nine lines originating from a triplet with a small hyperfine splitting (AII(zeta) = 0.69 mT for myeloperoxidase and 0.73 mT for eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase) superimposed upon a triplet with a larger hyperfine splitting (AI(zeta) = 2.34, 2.32 and 2.09 mT for myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase, respectively). Using 15NO (IN = 1/2), the nitrosyl compound of ferrous myeloperoxidase and ferrous lactoperoxidase showed a doublet of triplets superimposed upon the central resonance signal. These results demonstrate that a nitrogen nucleus is present at the fifth ligand position of the haem iron in these peroxidases.

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed2002

Acute iron poisoning.

Intoxications with ferrous compounds are uncommon but ferrous sulphate is most frequently involved. Ferrous fumarate is less toxic than ferrous sulphate. Two cases of ferrous fumarate poisoning that resulted in digestive mucosal lesions are reported.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

New poly-iron(II) complexes of N4O dinucleating Schiff bases and pseudohalides: syntheses, structures, and magnetic and Mössbauer properties.

Six dinuclear ferrous complexes including [Fe2(acpypentO)(O2CMe)(NCS)2] (1), [Fe2(acpypentO)(O2CMe)(NCSe)2] (2), [Fe2(acpypentO)(NCO)3] (3), ([Fe2(acpybutO)(O2CMe)(NCS)2] (5), [Fe2(acpybutO)(O2CMe)(NCO)2] (6), and [Fe2(acpybutO)(O2CMe)(N3)2] (7), one tetranuclear (bis-dinuclear) ferrous compound, [Fe4(acpypentO)2(N3)6] (4), and one mononuclear ferrous compound, [Fe(acpybutOH)(NCS)2] (8), have been prepared, and their structures and magnetic and Mössbauer properties have been studied (acpybutOH = 1,4-bis[[2-pyridyl(1-ethyl]imino)]butane-2-ol and acpypentOH = 1,5-bis[[2-pyridyl(1-ethyl]imino)]pentane-3-ol). The X-ray diffraction analyses yielded the following results: 1 (C23H26Fe2N6O3S2, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 8.0380(7) A, b = 12.4495(8) A, c = 27.358(2) A, beta = 92.180(10) degrees, V = 2735.7(4) A(3), Z = 4) is a dinuclear species in which the unequivalent high-spin (HS) Fe(II) sites are bridged by the alkoxo oxygen atom of the symmetrical acpypentO- Schiff base and one syn-syn acetato anion; 3 (C22H23Fe2N7O4, triclinic, Ponemacr;, a = 8.4152(10) A, b = 9.1350(10) A, c = 17.666(2) A, alpha = 97.486(14) degrees, beta = 100.026(14) degrees, gamma = 113.510(13) degrees, V = 1195.9(2) A3, Z = 2) is a dinuclear species in which the unequivalent HS Fe(II) sites are bridged by the alkoxo oxygen atom of the symmetrical acpypentO- Schiff base and one end-on NCO anion; 4-MeOH (C39H50Fe4N26O3, triclinic, Ponemacr;, a = 9.1246(11) A, b = 10.2466(11) A, c = 14.928(2) A, alpha = 91.529(15) degrees, beta = 101.078(16) degrees, gamma = 106.341(14) degrees, V = 1309.6(3) A3, Z = 1) is a bis-dinuclear species in which the unequivalent HS Fe(II) sites are bridged by the alkoxo oxygen atom of the symmetrical acpypentO- Schiff base and one end-on N(3)(-) anion, and the symmetry related Fe(II) sites are bridged by two end-on N3- anions; 8-MeOH (C21H26FeN6O2S2, triclinic, Ponemacr;, a = 8.7674(9) A, b = 12.0938(13) A, c = 12.2634(14) A, alpha = 106.685(14) degrees, beta = 93.689(14) degrees, gamma = 108.508(13) degrees, V = 1163.7(2) A3, Z = 2) is a mononuclear species in which the octahedral low-spin (LS) Fe(II) site is in an N6 environment provided by the four N atoms of the protonated asymmetrical acpybutOH Schiff base and two thiocyanato anions. The Mössbauer spectra of all dinuclear species (1-3 and 5-7), and of the bis-dinuclear compound 4, evidence two distinct HS Fe(II) sites while the Mössbauer spectra of the mononuclear compound 8 evidence a LS Fe(II) site over the 80-300 K temperature range. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility was fitted with J = -13.7 cm(-1), D = -1.8 cm(-1), and g = 2.096 for 1; J = 3.0 cm(-1), D(1) = 1.6 cm(-1), E(1) = -0.35 cm(-1) (lambda(1) = 0.22), D2 = - 12.2 cm(-1), E2 = 1.1 cm(-1) (lambda2 = 0.09), and g = 2.136 for 3; and J(1) = - 0.09 cm(-1), J(2) = 15.9 cm(-1), D(1) = 5.7 cm(-1), D(2) = 12.1 cm(-1), and g = 1.915 for 4. The nature of the ground state in 3 and 4 was confirmed by simulation of the magnetization curves at 2 and 5 K. The intradinuclear interaction through the central O(alkoxo) of the acpypentO- ligand and one pseudohalide bridges is ferromagnetic in 3 (end-on cyanato) while it is very weakly antiferromagnetic in 4 (end-on azido). The interdinuclear interaction through two end-on azido bridges (4) is ferromagnetic as expected. In agreement with the symmetry of the two iron sites of complexes 3 and 4, the fits show that D2 (tetragonal pyramid) is larger than D1 (distorted trigonal bipyramid (3) or distorted octahedron (4)).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of the characteristics of corrosion scale in drinking water distribution systems].

Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the microstructure, chemical composition, crystalline structure and compound constitute of the corrosion scale from cast iron pipe and galvanized steel pipe in drinking water distribution systems. The outer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner was porous. Iron was the primary chemical element of the corrosion scale, and the composition of the scale was iron compounds. The outer scale were ferric compounds such as alpha-FeOOH, gamma-FeOOH, alpha-Fe2O3, gamma-Fe2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were ferrous compounds such as Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. The characteristics of the corrosion scale was lying on hydraulic conditions and water quality in distribution systems, and the characteristics of iron pipe materials.

Corrosion↗
PubMed1986

[Manganese in the water supply of the town of Beaucaire: origins and solutions].

Changes in domestic water supply appearance and quality linked with increasing manganese amount and iron at a lesser degree, having been found by the inhabitants of Beaucaire (Rhône Valley), a study was made by chemists, hydrogeologists and biologists to detect the origin. The problem is not specific to this town and can frequently be found in the Saône and Rhône valleys. The results show that we have to deal with an aquifer with semi-captive groundwater whose supply is double: the Rhône and calcareous mountain masses. The low-oxygen waters are enriched, by dissolution from gravel, with manganese and iron which are preferentially fixed on porous and cracked surface elements. The conditions for manganese liberation are connected with the presence of organic matters, bacteria (capable to reduce the manganic compounds) and anaerobiosis. The supply does not seem to be the only cause in the low-oxygen contents; the action of heterotrophic microorganism using organic matter and consuming oxygen, at the groundwater periphery, must be taken into account. Thus the central part of the groundwater system is a reducing environment which allows the modification of the bacterial metabolism towards a ferric and manganic compounds reduction process. The result is the transformation of insoluble manganic and ferric compounds into manganous and ferrous compounds which are liberated into the groundwater.

France↗
PubMed1982

False-positive stool occult blood tests caused by iron preparations. A controlled study and review of literature.

Stools from 10 male volunteers were tested by Hemoccult and Hematest occult blood methods after the ingestion of ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate. The volunteers served as their own controls. The Hemoccult methods had 65% and 50% false-positive reactions while the Hematest had 25% and 65% false-positive reactions after ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate, respectively. In vitro testing confirmed that ferrous compounds caused a false-positive Hemoccult slide reaction. Previous studies of the effect of medicinal iron on occult blood tests are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Mössbauer investigations of high-spin ferrous heme proteins. I. Cytochrome P-450.

Anaerobically reduced samples of cytochrome P-450 from Pseudomonas putida were studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. In the presence of an applied magnetic field the high-spin ferrous heme iron showed an intricate pattern of electric and magnetic hyperfine interactions which could be parametrized successfully in terms of a spin Hamiltonian formalism. The results imply a very low (triclinic) symmetry of the heme iron. The effects of the ligand environment and of spin-orbit coupling result in a large zero-field splitting of the electronic ground state. The electronic ground state. The electric-field gradient tensor is characterized by a large asymmetry parameter, and its principal axes are rotated substantially from the frame that defines the zero-field splitting. This study shows that high-field Mössbauer spectroscopy provides a unique tool for structural investigations of high-spin ferrous compounds and can substitute, under suitable conditions, for magnetic susceptibility measurements. The present paper focuses on the methodology and data analysis; in the subsequent paper the data obtained for P-450 are compared with new results obtained for hemoglobin, chloroperoxidase, and horseradish peroxidase.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Effects of ascorbic acid on interactions between ciprofloxacin and ferrous sulphate, sodium ferrous citrate or ferric pyrophosphate, in mice.

The absorption of ciprofloxacin has been reported to be impaired by concomitant administration of ferrous sulphate. The effects of sodium ferrous citrate and ferric pyrophosphate, which have been used as extensively as ferrous sulphate, on the absorption of ciprofloxacin were compared with that of ferrous sulphate. The effects of ascorbic acid on the interactions between ciprofloxacin and each iron compound were studied in mice. Mice were treated orally with ciprofloxacin (50 mg kg(-1)) alone, the iron compound (ferrous sulphate, sodium ferrous citrate or ferric pyrophosphate; 50 mg elemental iron kg(-1)) alone, ciprofloxacin with each iron compound or ciprofloxacin in combination with each iron compound and ascorbic acid (250 mg kg(-1)). The maximum serum concentration of ciprofloxacin was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced from 1.15+/-0.11 microg mL(-1) (ciprofloxacin alone) to 0.17+/-0.01, 0.27+/-0.01 or 0.28+/-0.02 microg mL(-1), respectively, when ferrous sulphate, sodium ferrous citrate or ferric pyrophosphate was administered along with ciprofloxacin. The addition of ascorbic acid did not affect the inhibitory effects of each iron compound on the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin did not affect the variation of serum iron levels after administration of each iron compound. The addition of ascorbic acid significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced the increase in serum iron concentration after administration of sodium ferrous citrate, showing an increase from 270+/-6 microg dL(-1) to 463+/-11 microg dL(-1) compared with an increase from 248+/-8 microg dL(-1) to 394+/-18 microg dL(-1) after administration of sodium ferrous citrate alone. Ascorbic acid also caused a significant (P < 0.01) increase in serum iron concentration from 261+/-16 microg dL(-1) to 360+/-12 microg dL(-1) after administration of ferric pyrophosphate, although it did not affect the levels after ferrous sulphate administration. The results suggest that sodium ferrous citrate and ferric pyrophosphate should not be administered with ciprofloxacin (as for ferrous sulphate) and that sodium ferrous citrate is converted to the ferric form more easily than ferrous sulphate. This difference in convertibility might contribute to a clinical difference between sodium ferrous citrate and ferrous sulphate.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Effects of electron transport inhibitors and uncouplers on the oxidation of ferrous iron and compounds interacting with ferric iron in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Oxidation of Fe2+, ascorbic acid, propyl gallate, tiron, L-cysteine, and glutathione by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied with respect to the effect of electron transport inhibitors and uncouplers on the rate of oxidation. All the oxidations were sensitive to inhibitors of cytochrome c oxidase, KCN, and NaN3. They were also partially inhibited by inhibitors of complex I and complex III of the electron transport system. Uncouplers at low concentrations stimulated the oxidation and inhibited it at higher concentrations. The oxidation rates of Fe2+ and L-cysteine inhibited by complex I and complex III inhibitors (amytal, rotenone, antimycin A, myxothiazol, and HQNO) were stimulated more extensively by uncouplers than the control rates. Atabrine, a flavin antagonist, was an exception, and atabrine-inhibited oxidation activities of all these compounds were further inhibited by uncouplers. A model for the electron transport pathways of A. ferrooxidans is proposed to account for these results. In the model these organic substrates reduce ferric iron on the surface of cells to ferrous iron, which is oxidized back to ferric iron through the Fe2+ oxidation pathway, leading to cytochrome oxidase to O2. Some of electrons enter the uphill (energy-requiring) electron transport pathway to reduce NAD+. Uncouplers at low concentrations stimulate Fe2+ oxidation by stimulating cytochrome oxidase by uncoupling. Higher concentrations lower deltap to the level insufficient to overcome the potentially uphill reaction at rusticyanin-cytochrome c4. Inhibition of uphill reactions at complex I and complex III leads to deltap accumulation and inhibition of cytochrome oxidase. Uncouplers remove the inhibition of deltap and stimulate the oxidation. Atabrine inhibition is not released by uncouplers, which implies a possibility of atabrine inhibition at a site other than complex I, but a site somehow involved in the Fe2+ oxidation pathway.

Acidithiobacillus↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of density functionals for energy and structural differences between the high- [5T2g:(t2g)4(eg)2] and low- [1A1g:(t2g)6(eg)0] spin states of iron(II) coordination compounds. II. More functionals and the hexaminoferrous cation, [Fe(NH3)6]2+.

The ability of different density functionals to describe the structural and energy differences between the high- [(5)T(2g):(t(2g))(4)(e(g))(2)] and low- [(1)A(1g):(t(2g))(6)(e(g))(0)] spin states of small octahedral ferrous compounds is studied. This work is an extension of our previous study of the hexaquoferrous cation, [Fe(H(2)O)(6)](2+), [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 9473 (2004)] to include a second compound-namely, the hexaminoferrous cation, [Fe(NH(3))(6)](2+)-and several additional functionals. In particular, the present study includes the highly parametrized generalized gradient approximations (GGAs) known as HCTH and the meta-GGA VSXC [which together we refer to as highly parametrized density functionals (HPDFs)], now readily available in the GAUSSIAN03 program, as well as the hybrid functional PBE0. Since there are very few experimental results for these molecules with which to compare, comparison is made with best estimates obtained from second-order perturbation theory-corrected complete active space self-consistent field (CASPT2) calculations, with spectroscopy oriented configuration interaction (SORCI) calculations, and with ligand field theory (LFT) estimations. While CASPT2 and SORCI are among the most reliable ab initio methods available for this type of problem, LFT embodies many decades of empirical experience. These three methods are found to give coherent results and provide best estimates of the adiabatic low-spin-high-spin energy difference, DeltaE(LH) (adia), of 12 000-13 000 cm(-1) for [Fe(H(2)O)(6)](2+) and 9 000-11 000 cm(-1) for [Fe(NH(3))(6)](2+). All functionals beyond the purely local approximation produce reasonably good geometries, so long as adequate basis sets are used. In contrast, the energy splitting, DeltaE(LH) (adia), is much more sensitive to the choice of functional. The local density approximation severely over stabilizes the low-spin state with respect to the high-spin state. This "density functional theory (DFT) spin pairing-energy problem" persists, but is reduced, for traditional GGAs. In contrast the hybrid functional B3LYP underestimates DeltaE(LH) (adia) by a few thousands of wave numbers. The RPBE GGA of Hammer, Hansen, and Norskov gives good results for DeltaE(LH) (adia) as do the HPDFs, especially the VSXC functional. Surprisingly the HCTH functionals actually over correct the DFT spin pairing-energy problem, destabilizing the low-spin state relative to the high-spin state. Best agreement is found for the hybrid functional PBE0.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Identification and characterization of the iron compounds in bone marrow by means of Mössbauer spectrometry.

In order to determine and to demonstrate the cellular iron molecular states in hematopoietic bone marrow, direct investigations were performed by means of different and complementary spectroscopic techniques: optical absorption, electron spin resonance and Mössbauer spectrometry. In fact, the latter appears to have been the most informative. In addition to the hemoglobin forms, five- and six-coordination ligand protoporphyrins IX (monomeric and polymeric stacking, respectively) were observed. A small amount of non-hemic high-spin iron III storage component (ferritin) was measured. No diferric transferrin was detected. A ferrous compound was also observed and attributed to the mitochondrial iron pool.

Bone Marrow↗