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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Disposition of ethanol in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid of third-trimester pregnant ewes.

The disposition of ethanol in maternal arterial blood, fetal arterial blood, and amniotic fluid of nine conscious, cannulated pregnant ewes (128 to 137 days' gestation) was determined for 1-hour maternal intravenous infusion of ethanol, 1 gm/kg maternal body weight. The maternal arterial blood and fetal arterial blood ethanol concentration-time curves were virtually superimposable up to 14 hours. The apparent zero-order ethanol elimination rates for maternal arterial blood and fetal arterial blood were similar. There was a time lag in the transfer of ethanol into amniotic fluid relative to fetal arterial blood, and the peak ethanol concentration in amniotic fluid was significantly lower than the concentrations in maternal arterial blood and fetal arterial blood. The apparent zero-order ethanol elimination rate for amniotic fluid was slower, but not significantly so, compared with the ethanol elimination rates for maternal arterial blood and fetal arterial blood. Ethanol-derived acetaldehyde was found in maternal arterial blood, fetal arterial blood, and amniotic fluid at concentrations at least 1000-fold lower than the respective ethanol concentrations. The data indicate that, for administration of this ethanol dosage regimen to the third-trimester pregnant ewe, there is rapid, bidirectional placental transfer of ethanol; elimination of ethanol from the fetus is regulated primarily by maternal elimination of ethanol; the amniotic fluid may serve as a reservoir for ethanol in utero; and there is appreciable acetaldehyde-metabolizing capacity.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1980

Fetoscopy guided by real-time ultrasound for pure fetal blood samples, fetal skin samples, and examination of the fetus in utero.

Techniques for sampling pure fetal blood, fetal skin and for fetal examination by fetoscopy are described in detail after experience gained in 151 diagnostic fetoscopies on 145 patients. Of particular importance were a real-time scanner and a particle size analyser. The region of insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta was the optimum site for obtaining pure fetal blood, and this was achieved in 136 out of 143 patients (95 per cent) sampled at 18 to 23 weeks gestation. This made maternal blood transfusion before prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies unnecessary. An anterior placenta rarely prevented successful fetoscopy, and often made fetal blood sampling easier. Four fetal losses (3.7 per cent) were judged to be due to fetoscopy.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed2001

Fetal and embryonic hemoglobins in erythroblasts from fetal blood and fetal cells enriched from maternal blood in fetal anemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is a delay or reversal in switch mechanisms from embryonic (e and z) to fetal (g) hemoglobins accompanying the erythroblastosis of anemic fetuses and whether an increased erythroblast count in fetal blood is associated with an increase in feto-maternal cell trafficking. DESIGN AND METHODS: Fetal and maternal blood samples were obtained from 10 cases with rhesus isoimmunization and 2 cases with maternal Parvo-B19 virus at 19-33 weeks' gestation. Blood samples were also taken as controls from 61 fetuses and 86 mothers. Fetal erythroblasts were isolated by triple density gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting with CD71 antibody. Fluorescent antibodies were used to immuno-stain for zeta (z), epsilon (e) and gamma (g) hemoglobin chains. In the maternal samples, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for X and Y chromosomes was also carried out to confirm the presence and proportion of the enriched fetal cells from maternal blood. RESULTS: In both fetal and maternal blood the percentage of erythroblasts positive for g-globin chain was significantly higher in the anemic fetuses compared to the controls (fetal blood, p<0.001, R=0.91; maternal blood, p<0.001, R=0.56), but there was no significant difference in expression of the e and z-chains. The percentage of cells with Y-signals was also higher in the maternal samples of anemic fetuses compared to normal controls (p<0.001, R=0.56). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the erythroblastosis of anemic fetuses is not accompanied by a delay or a reversal in switch from embryonic to fetal hemoglobin chains. Severe fetal anemia is associated with an increase in feto-maternal cell trafficking.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Prenatal diagnosis from fetal blood].

Fetal blood sampling under ultrasound guidance allows prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobin and coagulation disorders but also infectious fetal diseases (i.e. toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus). In utero, therapeutic possibilities have considerably reduced the number of therapeutic abortions.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMed1992

Lack of relation between fetal blood gases and fetal blood flow velocity waveform indices found in rhesus isoimmunised pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between umbilical vein blood gas components and the vascular resistance in four fetal arteries in Rh-immunised pregnancies. DESIGN: A prospective observational study over a 4-month period. SETTING: King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS: Fifteen Rh-isoimmunised pregnant women. INTERVENTIONS: Pulsed Doppler examinations of the umbilical artery, fetal internal carotid artery, thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta before transabdominal fetal blood sampling from the umbilical vein on 38 occasions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Doppler flow velocity pulsatility index (PI), systolic/diastolic ratio (A/B) and resistance index (RI) in the four fetal arteries investigated were related to the umbilical vein blood gases and acid-base status (PO2, PCO2, O2-content, CO2-content, HCO3, base excess and lactate concentration). RESULTS: There were no correlations between the Doppler indices in any of the vessels studied and the blood gases components in the umbilical vein. The ratios between the corresponding Doppler indices in the different vessels were also independent of the blood gases and acid-base status and there were no significant differences in the Doppler indices in the same vessel between fetuses with blood gas values over the 75th centile and those with values below the 25th centile. CONCLUSION: This study does not support a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance in the fetal cerebrum in relation to fetal hypoxia in Rh-immunized pregnancies.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1983

[Effects of maltose infusion on amino acid composition of maternal venous blood and fetal blood in utero].

A study was made of the possibility that the maltose infusion, which had good clinical results against intrauterine growth retardation, can change the amino acid composition in maternal and, or fetal blood. We have done a comparative study with maltose-infusion and non-infusion groups in spontaneous delivery. Amino acid, maltose, glucose, glutamine dehydrogenase (GLDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and blood urea nitrogen were analyzed in maternal venous (MV), umbilical venous (UV) and umbilical arterial blood (UA). The following results were obtained: Blood glucose were significantly higher in MV and UV in the infusion group. Maltose had a significant correlation only between UV and UA. Glucose and maltose had no significant correlation. Valine, tyrosine and ethanolamine were significantly lower in MV with infusion. Aspartic acid in UA was significantly lower with infusion. Phenylalanine in UV had a significant correlation (r = -0.58) with the maltose level. Activities of GLDH, ICDH, GGTP and BUN did not change significantly following maltose infusion. These results suggest that clinical efficiency of maltose infusion can be based not only in the increased supply of glucose but also the efficient use of transported amino acid in the fetus.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Fetal and embryonic hemoglobins in erythroblasts from fetal blood and fetal cells enriched from maternal blood in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is a delay or reversal in switch mechanisms from embryonic (epsilon and zeta) to fetal (gamma) hemoglobins accompanying the erythroblastosis in fetuses of diabetic mothers, and whether the increased erythroblast count in the fetal blood is associated with an increase in fetomaternal cell trafficking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fetal and maternal blood samples were obtained from 11 fetuses and five pregnant women in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus. Blood samples were also taken as controls from 35 fetuses and 33 mothers. Fetal erythroblasts were isolated by triple density gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting with anti-CD71 antibody. Fluorescent antibodies were used to immunostain for gamma (gamma), epsilon (epsilon) and zeta (zeta) hemoglobin chains. In the maternal samples, fluorescence in situ hybridization for X and Y chromosomes was also carried out, to confirm the presence and proportion of enriched fetal cells from the maternal blood. RESULTS: In both fetal and maternal blood the median percentages of erythroblasts positive for gamma-globin, epsilon-globin and zeta-globin chains were significantly higher in fetuses of diabetic mothers compared to controls (fetus, gamma-globin, 76 vs. 64%, p < 0.0001; epsilon-globin, 4 vs. 0%, p < 0.0001; zeta-globin, 4 vs. 0%; p < 0.0001; mother, gamma-globin, 14 vs. 1%, p < 0.0005; epsilon-globin, 0.25 vs. 0%, p < 0.0003; zeta-globin, 0.2 vs. 0%, p < 0.0003). The median percentage of cells with Y signals in maternal blood was also higher in diabetic pregnancies compared to normal controls (7.5 vs. 1%, p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the fetal erythroblastosis in diabetic pregnancies is accompanied by a delay in the switch from embryonic to fetal hemoglobin chains. In addition, it is associated with an increase in fetomaternal cell trafficking.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of fetal kidney function by determining the microprotein levels (alpha-1 and beta-2 microglobulin) in fetal blood].

Fetal renal function cannot be assessed with clearance methods. Fetal urea and creatinine serum levels correspond to maternal values, the fetus being hemodialyzed by his mother till birth. To predict glomerular filtration independently of maternal renal function, levels of alpha 1-microglobulin (MG) and beta 2MG and creatinine were routinely determined in cord blood of 375 newborns (GA 25.-42 weeks) in cord blood and in 154 cases in corresponding maternal blood samples. alpha 1MG was determined in a radial immunodiffusion method, beta 2MG by radioimmunoassay, creatinine enzymatically. The mean alpha 1MG concentration fell from 3.1 mg/dl in 25-31 weeks prematures to 2.3 mg/dl in 38-42 week group (p less than 0.005), beta 2MG concentration fell from 3.9 mg/l to a mean of 2.6 mg/l (p less than 0.0005), while in maternal blood, levels rose from 4.0 to 4.3 mg/dl (alpha 1MG) and from 1.7 to 1.8 mg/l (beta 2MG) (n.s.). Creatinine levels rose from 0.63 to 0.75 mg/dl in both fetal and maternal blood. Parallel to the rise in GFR, microprotein levels fall during intrauterine development, while maternal serum levels increase. There is no correlation between maternal and cord blood alpha 1MG or beta 2MG concentrations. This is distinct in cases with severe maternal or fetal renal insufficiency (n = 10). Thus microprotein determination in fetal serum can be used to detect severe renal function disturbances and to estimate glomerular filtration rate independently of maternal renal function.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of mercury levels in maternal blood, fetal cord blood, and placental tissues.

Previous studies have reported that mercury accumulates in cord blood during pregnancy. This study was carried out to determine where in cord blood the mercury accumulates, i.e., in cord erythrocytes, in cord plasma, or in both, and to determine whether the predominant form of mercury which accumulates is methyl or inorganic mercury. From our data it is clear that methyl mercury accumulates in cord erythrocytes: A total of 30% more methyl mercury was found in fetal erythrocytes than in maternal erythrocytes. Also correlation analysis of the methyl mercury levels in maternal and fetal erythrocytes showed a strong correlation (r = 0.87). In regard to inorganic mercury, the highest concentration was found in the placenta, suggesting a barrier role, but a significant correlation (r = 0.62) was also found between the maternal and fetal plasma levels of inorganic mercury. Moreover, the inorganic mercury concentration per gram of plasma was higher in fetal cord plasma than in maternal plasma. Overall, the relative levels of methyl and inorganic mercury reported here varied considerably in materrnal and fetal erythrocytes, plasma, and in the placenta, but all of the levels were low (<6 ng Hg/gm of tissue) and in agreement with Øtotal¿ mercury levels reported by others.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed1983

Ceftriaxone distribution between maternal blood and fetal blood and tissues at parturition and between blood and milk postpartum.

The penetration of ceftriaxone into the fetus at parturition was studied in 17 subjects. Despite its high protein binding, ceftriaxone quickly reached the umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and placenta, achieving substantial concentrations, which then disappeared, with elimination half-lives of approximately 6 h, identical to that of the mother. The elimination half-life of ceftriaxone of 5 to 6 h in these mothers was somewhat shorter than that reported for normal subjects. The concentrations of ceftriaxone achieved in fetal tissues were sufficient for therapeutic effects. The penetration of ceftriaxone into milk was studied 3 days postpartum in 20 other patients. This antimicrobial agent entered breast milk rapidly and disappeared with a half-life of 12 to 17 h. The concentrations achieved were only 3 to 4% of those in maternal serum and were most likely of little clinical relevance.

Adult↗