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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Does grand multiparity affect fetal outcome?

Low birthweight and stillbirth rates of 16,647 Jerusalem deliveries were examined by birth-order comparing longitudinal to cross-sectional data. Six hundred fifty-seven complete sibships of 7 or more were assessed, including 95 sibships from the socio-economically homogeneous ultraorthodox Jewish community of Mea Shearim. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies grandmultiparas were not at increased risk for low birthweight, but did have a higher frequency of stillbirths.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking and pregnancy.

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with many adverse outcomes, including fetal and neonatal death. These consequences are tragic in many ways, but perhaps the greatest tragedy is that they are preventable if the smoker ceases to smoke during pregnancy. Although in some instances the so-called constitutional hypothesis is difficult to disprove, the available evidence seems more than convincing that it is smoking itself, and not the smoker's unique constitution, that is responsible. Cessation from smoking is clearly advisable at any time, but more so during pregnancy when every cigarette affects both the smoker and her unborn child.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1994

Factors associated with high risk of perinatal and neonatal mortality: an interim report on a prospective community-based study in rural Sudan.

In a community-based prospective study, 6275 deliveries resulting in 6084 livebirths, 150 stillbirths (SB) and 167 neonatal deaths (NND) were monitored over a period of 3 years. The risk of an unfavourable outcome (SB or NND) in multiple pregnancies was more than ninefold that of singletons. Teenage mothers and those over 34 years of age ran nearly twice the risk of having an unfavourable outcome of pregnancy compared with mothers aged 20-29 years. First pregnancy and grand-multiparity (greater than eight previous pregnancies) carried a similar risk of an unfavourable outcome compared with mothers with 1-4 previous pregnancies. The most serious risk factor was the adverse outcome of the previous pregnancy. Compared with mothers whose last outcome had resulted in a livebirth surviving at least 30 days, mothers with a previous SB had seven times the risk (adjusted for age and parity) of SB and more than twice the risk of NND in the current pregnancy. Maternal illiteracy was associated with significantly higher risk of NND, and this rate decreased with increasing years of education. Frequency of antenatal visits had a marginally significant effect on the SB rate. Socioeconomic factors, diet and iron supplementation during pregnancy did not seem to affect the outcome.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1996

Demographic survey of the level and determinants of perinatal mortality in Karachi, Pakistan.

A demographic survey was used to estimate the level and determinants of perinatal mortality in eight lower socio-economic squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. The perinatal mortality rate was 54.1 per 1000 births, with a stillbirth to early neonatal mortality ratio of 1:1. About 65% of neonatal deaths occurred in the early neonatal period, and early neonatal mortality contributed 32% of all infant deaths. Risk factor assessment was conducted on 375 perinatal deaths and 6070 current survivors. Poorer socio-economic status variables such as maternal and paternal illiteracy, maternal work outside the home and fewer household assets were significantly associated with perinatal mortality as were biological factors of higher parental age, short birth intervals and poor obstetric history. Multivariable logistic analysis indicated that some socio-economic factors retained their significance after adjusting for the more proximate biological factors. Population attributable risk estimates suggest that public health measures for screening of high-risk women and use of family planning to space births will not improve perinatal mortality substantially without improvement of socio-economic conditions, particularly maternal education. The results of this study indicate that an evaluation of perinatal mortality can be conducted using pregnancy histories derived from demographic surveys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Causes and factors affecting perinatal mortality at Princess Basma Teaching Hospital in North Jordan.

This is the first study about the perinatal mortality in North Jordan. Between 1st June 1991 and 31st May 1992, 8,146 deliveries took place at Princess Basma Teaching Hospital. There were 250 perinatal deaths comprised of 124 stillbirths and 126 early neonatal deaths. The perinatal mortality rate was 30.6 per 1,000. The factors which might have affected this rate were mainly prematurity, low birth weight, unexplained intrauterine fetal death, and congenital malformations. The possible ways of improving the results are discussed.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1995

The influence of socio-biological factors on perinatal mortality in a rural area of Bangladesh.

"The present study considers data on all pregnancies that ended in a stillbirth or live birth in a rural area of Bangladesh during the years 1982 to 1984. It considers the relationships of both biological and socio-economic factors to perinatal mortality....[Results show a] lack of association with any measure of socio-economic status.... Our study has confirmed that survival of the perinatal period is separately related to both maternal age and primiparity. Once maternal age is taken into account, high parity shows no evidence of decreasing survival chances."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Perinatal mortality in rural Malawi.

Reported are the results of a study to assess the prevalence and risk factors for perinatal death among pregnant women in Malawi over the period 1987-90. There were 264 perinatal deaths among the 3866 women with singleton pregnancies (perinatal mortality rate, 68.3 per 1000 births). Among the risk factors for perinatal mortality were the following: reactive syphilis serology, nulliparity, a late fetal or neonatal death in the most recent previous birth, maternal height < 150 cm, home delivery, and low socioeconomic status. Although unexplained perinatal deaths will continue to occur, perinatal mortality can be reduced if its causes and risk factors in a community are given priority in antenatal and intrapartum care programmes. The following interventions could potentially reduce the perinatal mortality in the study population: screening and treating women with reactive syphilis serology; and management from early labour, by competent personnel in a health facility, of nulliparous women and multiparous women who are short or have a history of a perinatal death.

Body Height↗
PubMed1996

Changing stillbirth rates: quality of care or quality of patients?

OBJECTIVES: To explain the U-shaped curve of stillbirth rates (SBR) in Harare. DESIGN: A retrospective descriptive study. SETTING: Greater Harare Maternity Unit SUBJECTS: A 15pc (approx.) sample of deliveries recorded in Labour Ward registers in 1979, 1984 and 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Stillbirth or livebirth. RESULTS: Some changes over the three years (e.g. proportion of primipara) indicate that obstetric "riskiness" of the population changed in a way which could explain the changes in SBR. CONCLUSIONS: However SBR's of large babies (birth weight 2,500 g to 4,499 g) increased and decreased over the years implying that changes in quality of care may also have contributed to the changes in SBR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effect of maternal age and birth weight on the temporal trend in stillbirth rate in Austria during 1984-1993.

We assessed the risk of stillbirth in Austria during 1984-1993 in dependence of the variables maternal age, birth weight, year of birth and sex. All children born in Austria between 1984 and 1993 were included in the study (905,939 births). The risk of stillbirth was estimated by means of a logistic regression model. During the study period, stillbirths decreased significantly in Austria. Both birth weight and maternal age had a non-linear association with the risk of stillbirth. The lowest stillbirth rate was in the birth weight category of 3300-3899 grams (g). Of all stillbirths 62% occurred in infants weighing < or = 2500 g at birth. We also found a significant interaction between birth weight and year of birth suggesting that the effect of birth weight was not stable over the years. The proportion of young mothers (< 20 years) decreased clearly over the observation period. The proportion of low birth weight (< = or 2500 g) infants remained around 7.5% during the 10-year period, but the stillbirth rate decreased linearly over time in this group. In infants weighing > 2500 g at birth the stillbirth risk decreased during first five years but started to increase thereafter. Since over 60% of stillbirths in Austria occur in the low birth weight category, it is obvious that more effective strategies are needed for prevention of low birth weight births and fetal immaturity. In addition, further efforts are needed to prevent also high birth weight of newborns particularly in diabetic mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A study of perinatal mortality and associated maternal profile in a medical college hospital.

Study of perinatal mortality in a Medical College Hospital revealed stillbirth rate as 38.4, early neonatal death rate as 29.3 and overall perinatal morality rate as 67.7 per 1000 live births. More than half (53.6%) of the perinatal deaths were in primipara and another 22.8% in mothers of parity more than 3. Most mothers (85.9%) did not receive adequate antenatal care services. On admission 35.1% mothers presented with some risk factors. The major risk factors identified were toxaemia of pregnancy (14.8%), severe anaemia (13%) and antepartum haemorrhage (2.6%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A study on profile of stillbirths.

The incidence of stillbirths in "one year period" was studied by record analysis in a teaching hospital. A stillbirth rate of 38.4 per 1000 live births was observed. On admission 96.3% cases had some adverse foetal conditions detected readily. Leading factor detected was intra-uterine growth retardation (45.4%). Other major conditions observed were intra-uterine hypoxia (18.4%), malpresentation (11.9%), multiple pregnancy (8.3%). Birth weight was below 2000 g in 53.1% cases. Records showed 78.5% mothers had not received antenatal care.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Examination of the porcine fetus.

The primary purpose of necropsy of the porcine fetus is the collection of tissues to be submitted to the laboratory to assist in identification of the causative agent(s). Proper collection and handling of tissues are critical for optimum identification of infectious agents. Gross examination is an aid in differentiating stillbirth and neonatal death, determining relative time of fetal death, and identifying congenital defects.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1976

Fat distribution in the adrenal cortex as an indication of the mode of intrauterine death.

The presence of fat in the fetal zone of the adrenal cortex in the stillborn macerated fetus is indicative of the mode of intrauterine death. Three basic patterns are recognized. In the type I pattern there is only a scant amount of fat, close to the medullary zone. In the type II pattern fat is more widespread and is present in many more cells of the fetal zone. The type III pattern reflects a massive fatty change of almost all cells throughout the fetal cortical zone. Correlation of the three fat patterns with the pathology of the placenta and clinical data relevant to the etiology of intrauterine death has led to the following conclusions. The type I fat pattern is indicative of an acute mode of death, the type II pattern is indicative of a more prolonged period of intrauterine deterioration prior to death, whereas the type III pattern is indicative of a chronic mode of death. Determination of the fat patterns in the fetal zone of the adrenal cortex can be helpful when the clinician is confronted with the problem of fetal death, especially when maceration may hamper more detailed pathologic studies.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1996

Apoptosis in the human female reproductive tract.

Throughout fetal and adult life, the balance of cell proliferation and cell death determines the size of cell populations in tissues throughout the body. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the physiologic process of cell deletion. Cell death is critical in morphogenesis in the embryo and fetus as well as in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the adult. Throughout the menstrual cycle, cell death and renewal occur in the female reproductive tract in a highly regulated sequence. The process of follicular atresia and the cyclic shedding of the endometrium involve the process of apoptosis. In pathologic states, resistance to cell death by apoptosis may play a fundamental role in tumorigenesis. Because apoptosis is such a fundamental biologic process in a variety of physiologic and pathologic states, many unique to the female reproductive tract, it is imperative that clinicians be conversant with the rapidly expanding information in this area. Although apoptotic cell death has been recognized histologically for over 20 years (1), the molecular mechanisms that regulate apoptosis have only recently begun to be elucidated. The identification of some of these regulators, such as the p53 gene, has improved our understanding of the mechanisms of tumor response to chemotherapy. This review will summarize our current knowledge of the mechanisms of apoptosis in the ovary and endometrium, and in the normal development and malignant transformation of the breast.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

5-Azacytidine induces toxicity in PC12 cells by apoptosis.

5-Azacytidine (5 Az)is a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, and it may allow inactive genes to become expressed. In a previous study, we demonstrated that 5 Az administered to the dam induced apoptosis in the brains of fetal mice. In this study, the 5 Az-induced apoptosis was further characterized in differentiated PC 12 cells as a model for neuronal apoptosis. Cell death, determined by the activity of released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the medium, occurred from 24 to 48 hrs after 5 Az treatment. Toxicity for differentiated PC 12 cells was observed on treatment with more than 10(-1) micrograms/ml of 5 Az, and it reached the maximal level at 10 micrograms/ml. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, prevented 5 Az toxicity, suggesting that this cell death required protein synthesis which could be related to the activation of a dormant gene(s). Electrophoresis of DNA from 5 Az-treated cells evoked ladder formation, indicating the cleavage of DNA into nucleosomes. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated bleb formation, the so-called apoptotic bodies on the cell surface. The biochemical and morphological findings indicated that 5 Az-induced cell death occurred in the form of apoptosis. 5 Az-induced cell death was prevented by treatment with cAMP but not by treatment with high K+ or deoxycytidine. These results suggest that a cAMP-sensitive mechanism is involved in 5 Az-induced cell death. PC 12 cells should be of value in elucidating the molecular mechanism of 5 Az-induced neuronal apoptosis.

Animals↗