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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Dependence on phenobarbital but not pentobarbital using drug-adulterated food.

A drug-adulterated food (DAF) method was used in an attempt to establish physical dependence on either pentobarbital or phenobarbital in male CF1 mice. The mice were acclimated to the control diet for four days and then assigned to treatment groups. Group I continued to receive the control diet; Group II received pentobarbital, 5 mg/g food, increased by 5 mg, daily, for 14 days; Group III received pentobarbital, 5 mg/g food, increased by 5 mg, daily, for 7 days; Group IV received pentobarbital, 10 mg/g food, increased by 10 mg, daily, for 7 days; Group V received phenobarbital at 2.5 mg/g food for 5 days and then 3.0 mg/g food for 2 days. During drug administration, all mice were monitored daily for signs of intoxication, change in body weight, and food consumption. At the end of the drug exposure period all mice received control diet and were observed for signs of withdrawal. Mice in Group II and Group IV demonstrated significant declines in body weight and food consumption and an apparent increase in the degree of intoxication but not signs of withdrawal. Group III mice demonstrated little sign of impairment during exposure to pentobarbital and no withdrawal syndrome was observed. Mice presented phenobarbital were found to exhibit a significant degree of intoxication and a withdrawal syndrome was demonstrated. The data suggest, with respect to the drug administration schedules used, that the DAF method was not suitable for the establishment of physical dependence on pentobarbital in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Foods--adulteration involving hard or sharp foreign objects; compliance policy guide; availability. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Notice.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability of a compliance policy guide (CPG) entitled "Foods--Adulteration Involving Hard or Sharp Foreign Objects." This CPG is intended to help FDA components and industry comply with FDA's internal enforcement process concerning foods that contain hard or sharp foreign objects.

Food Contamination↗
PubMed1983

Reactivity of normal and VMH-lesion rats to quinine-adulterated foods: negative evidence for negative finickiness.

Much of the evidence for the existence of a negative finickiness component in the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) syndrome comes from studies comparing the relative reactivities of VMH and normal rats to quinine adulteration. The present experiments addressed two major questions regarding the response of normal and VMH animals to quinine: (a) Do the anorexic properties of quinine depend on quinine's sensory properties (i.e., its bitter taste) or on its postingestive effects; (b) do VMH rats in fact overrespond to quinine adulteration? These issues were examined by comparing the feeding adjustments to quinine by VMH and normal animals in a sham-feeding situation and under normal feeding circumstances, on animals' initial exposure to this drug. The results were consistent with the view that the sensory properties of quinine alone were sufficient to induce large changes of food intake in both groups. In terms of whether lesion rats were more reactive to the taste of quinine, it is argued that previous research had measured reactivity in two dissimilar ways. The present data were used to illuminate how use of these two procedures for measuring reactivity lead to diametrically opposed conclusions regarding the existence of negative finickiness in the VMH syndrome. It is suggested that when the more appropriate measure of reactivity is adopted and when the confound of body weight differences between normal and VMH animals is eliminated, little evidence exists for a conclusion that VMH rats are more reactive than normals to quinine-adulterated foods.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. .IV. Visual detection of hair in food.

Under Section 402(a)(3) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act the distribution of foods which may contain repulsive or offensive matter, considered as filth, is prohibited. Filth includes contaminants such as rat, mouse, and other animal hairs and excreta; whole insects, insect parts, and excreta; and other extraneous materials which, because of their repulsiveness, would not knowingly be eaten or used. The presence of such filth renders food adulterated. Some foods, even when produced under good manufacturing practice, contain low levels of natural or unavoidable defects such as dirt, insect parts, and hair that are not hazardous to health. Although the health hazard is eliminated, most consumers find the presence of "any" visible filth contaminant such as hair in a food product objectionable. The objective of this study was to determine when a defect (hair) in a food (mushrooms) is visible to a consumer by testing the visual acuity of a consumer panel under controlled laboratory conditions. Of the panelists participating in the study, when presented with a single hair on a flat surface with a solid-colored background, 27% were able to detect a 1-mm hair, 58% were able to detect a 3-mm hair, and 75% were able to detect a 10-mm hair. Twenty-five percent of the panelists surveyed were able to detect a 5- or 10-mm hair on sliced, canned mushrooms. The experimental design and results of this study are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Food additives--an unending controversy.

The use of food additives originated in ancient times but did not engender controversy until the early 1800s, when intentional food adulteration became appallingly common in some countries. Problems with intentional food adulteration continued until about 1920, when regulatory pressures and effective methods of food analysis reduced the frequency and seriousness of food adulteration to acceptable levels in the United States. Since 1920 the use of legally sanctioned food additives has become common. However, for the last several decades the regulation of food additives has been a matter of controversy. Explanations for this controversy, which is likely to continue, are not difficult to identify and are discussed in the text.

Food Additives↗
PubMed1983

Changes in body weight and food-related behaviour induced by destruction of the ventral or dorsal noradrenergic bundle in the rat.

Three experiments contrasted the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the ventral noradrenergic and dorsal noradrenergic projections, predominantly to hypothalamus and cortex, respectively, upon body weight changes and food-related behaviour in the rat. In general, ventral noradrenergic bundle lesions enhanced weight gain and these effects were exaggerated by the provision of palatable cheese to the standard chow diet. In contrast, lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle produced minor changes in body weight. Associated with the effects of ventral noradrenergic bundle lesions were hyperphagia, enhanced suppression of intake of food adulterated with quinine, (at high concentration), a small attenuation of food neophobia, and enhanced acquisition, but not performance, of the eating response to tail-pinch stimulation. These ventral noradrenergic bundle lesions failed to alter basal activity levels, amphetamine anorexia or the diurnal pattern of eating or activity. In contrast, lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle did not produce either hyperphagia or enhanced rejection of food adulterated with quinine. However, there was a strong attenuation of food neophobia and a retarded acquisition (but unimpaired performance) of eating in response to tail-pinch stimulation. The results are discussed in connection with previous studies of ventral and dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions, with the effects of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions and with the underlying behavioural and physiological processes that mediate these contrasting effects of different neuroanatomical patterns of central noradrenaline depletion.

Animals↗