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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Three-dimensional in vivo motion of adult hind foot bones.

Knowledge of hind foot bone motion is important for understanding gait as well as various foot pathologies, but the three-dimensional (3D) motion of these bones remains incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to quantify the motion of the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid in normal adult feet during open chain quasi-static uniplanar plantar flexion motion. Magnetic resonance images of the right feet of six normal young adult males were taken from which 3D virtual models were made of each hind foot bone. The 3D motion of these models was analyzed. Each hind foot bone rotated in the same plane about half as much as the foot (mean 0.54 degrees of bone rotation per degree of foot motion, range 0.40-0.73 degrees per degree of foot motion as measured relative to the fixed tibia). Talar motion was primarily uniaxial, but the calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid bones exhibited biplanar (sometimes triplanar) translation in addition to biaxial rotation. Net translational motions of these bones averaged 0.39 mm of bone translation per degree of foot motion (range 0.06-0.62 mm per degree of foot motion). These data reflect the functional anatomy of the foot, extend the findings of prior studies, provide a standard for comparison to patients with congenital or acquired foot deformities, and establish an objective reference for quantitatively assessing the efficacy of various hind foot therapies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Size and shape differences between male and female foot bones: is the female foot predisposed to hallux abducto valgus deformity?

This study introduces a new technique to measure bone size and shape. A three-dimensional laser scan was taken of the talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, and first metatarsal from 107 skeletons of known age and sex. The bones were analyzed for differences in bone morphology between the sexes and the ability of each bone to contribute to the adducted position of the first metatarsal. Linear measurements showed that male bones were larger than female bones. Measurements of articular surfaces suggested that female bones had the potential for more movement to occur in the direction of adduction, possibly resulting in the female first metatarsal being more adducted than that in the male skeleton. Such differences may underlie the predisposition of the female foot to develop hallux valgus deformity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Functional articulation of some hominoid foot bones: implications for the Olduvai (hominid 8) foot.

Previous observations on twelve fossil foot bones (Olduvai 8: Day and Napier, '64) together with multivariate morphometric studies of one of them, the talus (Day and Wood, '68) suggested human-like bipedality for this foot. Subsequent studies showed the conclusions on the talus to be wrong: The fossil talus, as defined by eight measures, does not resemble that of man but is reminiscent of those of creatures known (extant--orangutans) or believed (extinct--some fossil apes and monkeys) to be arboreal in habitus (Oxnard '72; Lisowski, et al., '74, '76). A reassessment of the entire Olduvai 8 foot is therefore necessary to answer the problem posed by a foot that has a non-human talus with, apparently, a human arched pattern of the remaining tarsal and metatarsal bones. The dry bones of a series of feet of extant hominoids have been rearticulated and are found to be close to the actual relationships presented by dissected specimens in which ligaments, articular cartilages and soft tissues are present. Similar rearticulation applied to casts of the individual Olduvai foot bones produces a structure that is not arched in the same manner as the human foot; it displays features that ally it more closely with the feet of various apes. Sections of casts of the already rearticulated Olduvai foot (from both the Wenner Gren Foundation and the Kenya National Museums) show that the human-like appearance of the original rearticulation is due to a series of incorrect osteological alignments. Although casts do not permit study of surface features, the dimensions of the casts are sufficiently accurate to permit rearticulation in this manner. It is thus clear, a) that the Olduvai foot is not adated for bipedality in the manner of man, and b) that it displays features in which it resembles the feet of arboreal creatures. Such anatomical characters as relate to bipedality in the fossil suggest usage as in an arboreal species that also walks bipedally with flattened arches (like a chimpanzee or gorilla) rather than with the high arches of man.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of foot shape on the three-dimensional position of foot bones.

To eliminate some of the ambiguity in describing foot shape, we developed three-dimensional (3D), objective measures of foot type based on computerized tomography (CT) scans. Feet were classified via clinical examination as pes cavus (high arch), neutrally aligned (normal arch), asymptomatic pes planus (flat arch with no pain), or symptomatic pes planus (flat arch with pain). We enrolled 10 subjects of each foot type; if both feet were of the same foot type, then each foot was scanned (n=65 total). Partial weightbearing (20% body weight) CT scans were performed. We generated embedded coordinate systems for each foot bone by assuming uniform density and calculating the inertial matrix. Cardan angles were used to describe five bone-to-bone relationships, resulting in 15 angular measurements. Significant differences were found among foot types for 12 of the angles. The angles were also used to develop a classification tree analysis, which determined the correct foot type for 64 of the 65 feet. Our measure provides insight into how foot bone architecture differs between foot types. The classification tree analysis demonstrated that objective measures can be used to discriminate between feet with high, normal, and low arches.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1981

[Osseous changes in the foot bones in patients with arterial occlusion and simultaneous polyneuropathy (author's transl)].

The present article evaluates 26 cases with arterial occlusion and additional polyneuropathy in diabetes mellitus or chronic alcohol addiction. For comparison, a group of 30 patients with arterial occlusion without neurologically detectable polyneuropathy were also evaluated. It is pointed out that the osseous changes in the foot bone region are due to the additionally existing polyneuropathy and cannot be explained alone by an avascular bone necrosis in arterial vascular occlusion. Changes in the sense of an arthropathy occur in our group of patients even in case of unilateral arterial occlusion, these changes occurring bilaterally in the foot bones; after reconstruction measures in the arterial vascular system, these arthropathic changes in the foot bones continue to advance in case of persisting polyneuropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Foot bones from Omo: implications for hominid evolution.

We reanalyze a hominid talus and calcaneus from Omo dating to 2.2 mya and 2.36 mya, respectively. Although both specimens occur at different localities and times, both tarsals articulate well together, suggesting a single taxon on the basis of size and function. We attribute these foot bones to early Homo on the basis of their morphology. The more modern-like tarsal morphology of these Omo foot bones makes them very similar to a talus from Koobi Fora (KNM-ER 813), a specimen attributed to Homo rudolfensis or Homo erectus. Although the Omo tarsals are a million years younger than the oldest known foot bones from Hadar, both localities demonstrate anatomical differences representing two distinct morphological patterns. Although all known hominid tarsals demonstrate clear bipedal features, the tarsal features noted below suggest that biomechanical changes did occur over time, and that certain features are associated with different hominid lineages (especially the robust australopithecines).

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1994

Ewing's sarcoma of the foot bones: an analysis of seven cases.

Seven cases of Ewing's sarcoma presenting with primary lesions of the foot bones are described. Difficulty and delay in making the initial diagnosis are the hallmarks of the problems encountered at this site. Although radiation therapy plays an important role for control of disease in Ewing's sarcoma, surgery along with chemotherapy appears to give better results. Lesions of the forefoot are amenable to surgery; however, no guidelines are available in the literature for hindfoot lesions. Chemotherapy has revolutionized the outcome, and its use along with surgical intervention is recommended in all cases of Ewing's sarcoma of foot bones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Sterkfontein member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid.

Four articulating hominid foot bones have been recovered from Sterkfontein Member 2, near Johannesburg, South Africa. They have human features in the hindfoot and strikingly apelike traits in the forefoot. While the foot is manifestly adapted for bipedalism, its most remarkable characteristic is that the great toe (hallux) is appreciably medially diverged (varus) and strongly mobile, as in apes. Possibly as old as 3.5 million years, the foot provides the first evidence that bipedal hominids were in southern Africa more than 3.0 million years ago. The bones probably belonged to an early member of Australopithecus africanus or another early hominid species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The ordinal localization of mono-type foot bones].

The osteologic collection of the chair for anthropology, Moscow State University, comprising male (n = 70) and female (n = 14) foot bones from persons aged more than 18-20, was investigated. An appropriate Martin program was fixed to the instep bones (IB) of the proximal and middle toe phalanxes (4 sizes for each bone) with 65 signs being studied in each case. The mathematical data processing was SPSS-aided. Diagnostic models for defining the order IB localization in the proximal and middle phalanxes were elaborated on the basis of discriminative analysis. The classification accuracy is maximal for IB (80-100%) and minimal for the middle phalanxes (26.19-77.38%). The definition of the order localization of phalanxes in toes 2-5 is virtually impossible. The designed method can be used alongside with the routine anatomic-and-morphological findings. The congruence of surfaces in the instep-phalanx and interphalangeal joints must be necessarily checked.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Attribution of foot bones to sex and population groups.

Although cranial and pelvic bones are the preferred skeletal material used by forensic anthropologists to assign unknown individuals to their most probable sex and population (racial) groups, these remains may be unavailable. This paper presents models for classification using metatarsals, proximal pedal phalanges, and the first distal phalanx of the foot. Measurements include lengths and mediolateral and dorsoplantar widths of these foot bones. Four samples of 40 individuals each (black and white males and females) comprise the dataset. Models were developed separately for right and left sides. Three models are provided for each side: a metatarsal model, a proximal phalangeal model, and a combination model involving selected metatarsal and phalangeal measurements. A stepwise discriminant procedure was used for variable selection, with some highly correlated (r > 0.85) variables subsequently removed. The metatarsal models correctly assign approximately 77-84% of individuals to their correct sex and population groups; proximal phalangeal models yield correct assignments in 70-72% of cases, and the combination models give correct classifications in 87% of cases. Models exchanging variables selected from one side for corresponding variables on the other show discriminating power ranging from approximately 67-86%. More conservative "jackknife" estimates give correct assignments in 64-82% of cases. When these models are used for classification of sex alone, 86.2-93.7% ("jackknife" range, 84.3-91.2%) of cases are correctly classified; for race alone, 78.6-96.2% ("jackknife" range, 75.5-92.4%).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Differential diagnosis of changes in density and structure of the foot bones].

Skeletal disorders of the foot can be assessed radiologically by changes in bone density, structure and/or form. The knowledge of specific morphological criteria is a precondition for differential diagnosis. Our classification of skeletal disorders of the foot is based on the specific signs that can be observed in systemic and local diseases affecting the pedal bones.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2001

Minimal fixation in the treatment of open hand and foot bone fractures caused by explosive devices: case series.

AIM: To evaluate minimal fixation method with Kirschner's wires in the treatment of open fractures of the hand and foot short bones, caused by explosive devices. METHOD: There were 270 wounded persons with open fractures of hand and foot short bones, who were surgically treated at the Department of Surgery at the Osijek University Hospital. The stabilization of an unstable open fracture was performed with intramedullary positioned Kirschner's wires. In a few cases, satisfactory stabilization was achieved with Kirschner's wires positioned percutaneously alongside the wound and perpendicularly through the fracture. In the rest of the wounded, plaster immobilization was sufficient after surgical treatment and fracture reposition. RESULTS: Among 270 persons with 412 open hand and foot bone fractures, 49% had fracture only in the feet, 27% only in the hands, and 24% in both hands and feet. Unstable short bone fractures were found in 56 patients (21%). Such fractures were stabilized with Kirschner's wires (n=71). In 58 patients (21%) partial hand and foot amputations had to be performed. Reconstructive operations to improve pseudarthrosis after minimal osteosynthesis were performed on 5 short bones (7%). Osteitis was found on four short bones (6%) after minimal osteosynthesis. CONCLUSION: Minimal osteosynthesis with Kirschner's wires is a reliable and adequate method of the treatment of open unstable short bone fractures caused by explosive devices.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Human foot bones from Klasies River main site, South Africa.

The caves at Klasies River contain abundant archaeological evidence relating to human evolution in the late Pleistocene of southern Africa. Along with Middle Stone Age artifacts, animal bones, and other food waste, there are hominin cranial fragments, mandibles with teeth, and a few postcranial remains. Three foot bones can now be added to this inventory. An adult first metatarsal is similar in size and discrete anatomical features to those from Holocene burials in the Cape Province. A complete and well-preserved second metatarsal is especially long and heavy at midshaft in comparison to all Holocene and more recent South African homologues. A large fifth metatarsal is highly distinctive in its morphology. In overall size, these pedal elements resemble specimens from late Pleistocene sites in western Asia, but there are some differences in proportions. The fossils support earlier suggestions concerning a relatively high level of sexual dimorphism in the African Middle Stone Age population. Squatting facets on the two lateral metatarsals appear to indicate a high frequency of kneeling among members of this group. The new postcranial material also underlines the fact that the morphology of particular skeletal elements of some of the 100,000-year-old Klasies River individuals falls outside the range of modern variation.

Female↗
PubMed2003

[The biochemical markers of bone metabolism in differential diagnosis of hematogenic osteomyelitis of foot bones and acute stage of diabetic osteoarthropathy].

The determination of the level of leukocytes and ESR in 25 patients was shown to be of low informative value in differential diagnostics of destructive injuries of feet in patients with diabetes mellitus. An analysis of the biochemical markers of the bone remodeling has demonstrated high informative value of this method in differential diagnostics of acute stage of diabetic osteoarthropathy and osteomyelitis that allows to use it in complex examinations of osteomyelitis suspects.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A three-dimensional, anatomically detailed foot model: a foundation for a finite element simulation and means of quantifying foot-bone position.

We generated an anatomically detailed, three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of a human foot from 286 computerized topographic (CT) images. For each bone, 2-D cross-sectional data were obtained and aligned to form a stacked image model. We calculated the inertial matrix of each bone from the stacked image model and used it to determine the principal axes. Relative angles between the principal axes of the bones were employed to describe the shape of the foot, i.e., the relationships between the bones of the foot. A 3-D surface model was generated from the stacked image models and a detailed 3-D mesh for each bone was created. Additionally, the representative geometry of the plantar soft tissue was obtained from the CT scans, while the geometries of the cartilage between bones were obtained from the 3-D surface bone models. This model served dual purposes: it formed the anatomical foundation for a future finite element model of the human foot and we used it to objectively quantify foot shape using the relationships between the principal axes of the foot bones.

Aged↗