[Foot diseases in adults].
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Foot Deformities, Acquired↗
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Foot-mouth disease in mithum (Bas gaurus).
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Animals↗
The nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of foot and mouth disease virus RNA.
Foot and mouth disease virus RNA has been treated with RNase H in the presence of oligo (dG) specifically to digest the poly(C) tract which lies near the 5' end of the molecule (10). The short (S) fragment containing the 5' end of the RNA was separated from the remainder of the RNA (L fragment) by gel electrophoresis. RNA ligase mediated labelling of the 3' end of S fragment showed that the RNase H digestion gave rise to molecules that differed only in the number of cytidylic acid residues remaining at their 3' ends and did not leave the unique 3' end necessary for fast sequence analysis. As the 5' end of S fragment prepared form virus RNA is blocked by VPg, S fragment was prepared from virus specific messenger RNA which does not contain this protein. This RNA was labelled at the 5' end using polynucleotide kinase and the sequence of 70 nucleotides at the 5' end determined by partial enzyme digestion sequencing on polyacrylamide gels. Some of this sequence was confirmed from an analysis of the oligonucleotides derived by RNase T1 digestion of S fragment. The sequence obtained indicates that there is a stable hairpin loop at the 5' terminus of the RNA before an initiation codon 33 nucleotides from the 5' end. In addition, the RNase T1 analysis suggests that there are short repeated sequences in S fragment and that an eleven nucleotide inverted complementary repeat of a sequence near the 3' end of the RNA is present at the junction of S fragment and the poly(C) tract.
Aphthovirus↗
[The hand-foot-mouth disease].
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Age Factors↗
An assessment of the current status of foot-and-mouth disease in Nigeria.
Foot-and-mouth disease has been widespread throughout the country in recent years. The disease occurs mainly in cattle though spillover of infections has been observed in sheep and pigs. Virus types A, SAT 2 and SAT 1 are the usual cause of outbreaks. The present field control method is a 6-monthly vaccination schedulae for animals in government ranches, the few semi-commercial ranches and piggeries as well as for other valuable animals and exotic animals of high production quality. Arrangements are under way to institute a strict and more comprehensive control programme against the disease in view of the envisaged expansion of livestock development projects and improved zoo-sanitary status projected for our 3rd National Livestock Development Plan. A national policy of a barrier and frontier vaccination programme supplemented with strategic vaccinations in vulnerable foci is here recommended and discussed on the basis of a survey on the present status of the disease.
Animals↗
[Foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia. Serologic and immunologic study of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus].
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Animals↗
In vitro comparison of foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype variants causing disease in vaccinated cattle.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates of types O, A and SAT 2, from diseased animals in herds routinely vaccinated twice a year were compared antigenically with the vaccine strains in the complement-fixation, neutralization and radial immunodiffusion tests. It was found that strains which had readily infected vaccinated cattle had R values against the vaccine strain in the complementfixation and radial immunodiffusion tests of 30 or less, while strains causing primary outbreaks with little spread had R values of 30-40. Threefold differences in humoral neutralizing antibody concentration between the field variant and the vaccine strain in sera from vaccinated animals were likely to be significant in terms of protection.
Animals↗
The sub-type classification of strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus.
Sixteen foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains of type SAT 1 were compared in complement-fixation tests. With the test used, the range of antigenic variation within a type appeared to be greater than previously described. The concept of a sub-type group within which all strains are more closely related to each other than to any strain outside the group was not supported. Considering the group of strains studied, it is suggested that the classification of strains is best achieved by moninating a reference strain for each sub-type. Others are classified as related strains in one or more sub-type groups according to their relationships with the reference strains.
Animals↗
The foot-and-mouth disease situation in Iran.
Foot-and-mouth disease has been known in Iran since long ago. Typing of virus was done in 1950 at Mérieux Institute and since 1959 at Razi Institute. Type Asia 1 was isolated three times: in 1957, in 1964 and in 1973. In June 1962, FMD type SAT 1 entered Middle-Eastern countries; it was soon controlled, and completely eradicated by the end of 1963. At the present time, endemic types of FMD cause limited and sporadic outbreaks in some regions of Iran; their incidence is lowered every year. Except the endemic types A and O, all other types in Iran are considered as exotic. The control measures are: 1) stamping-out policy against exotic types, 2) mass-vaccination of all healthy susceptible animals by a polyvalent vaccine, 3) regular disinfection of premises and utensils, 4) strict application of sanitary measures.
Animals↗
Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies RNF24 as a critical host factor for foot-and-mouth disease virus entry.
BACKGROUND: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes substantial economic losses in global livestock production; however, the key host factors supporting its early infection process remain poorly characterized. METHODS: In this study, we performed an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening using porcine cells to screen and identify host factors involved in FMDV infection. RESULTS: We identified that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF24 supports efficient FMDV entry. RNF24 depletion inhibits viral entry and replication, whereas its overexpression enhances viral infectivity. Mechanistically, RNF24 preferentially promotes K27-linked non-degradative polyubiquitination of leupaxin (LPXN) at lysine 162, driving LPXN's trafficking to the plasma membrane. At the membrane, LPXN assembles a ternary integrin-LPXN-VP1 complex that strengthens virus-receptor interactions and promotes viral adsorption and entry. Disruption of this ubiquitination event via the LPXN K162R mutation impairs complex formation and compromises viral entry. CONCLUSION: Together, our study reveals a ubiquitin-dependent RNF24-LPXN regulatory axis that supports FMDV entry, highlights the role of non-degradative ubiquitination in viral pathogenesis, and proposes this interface as a potential target for antiviral intervention.
CRISPR screening↗
The location of the ploy(C) tract in the RNA of foot-and-mouth disease virus.
Fragments of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA of decreasing size, containing the 3' poly(A) sequence have been prepared by alkali treatment and sucrose gradient centrifugation followed by oligo(dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the ribonuclease T1 resistant oligonucleotides from these polyadenylated fragments has enabled us to locate the position of some of the longer oligonucleotides on the RNA. In particular the poly C tract has been shown to be near the 5' end of the RNA; The possible function of the poly(C) tract is discussed in the light of these findings.
Aphthovirus↗
An extended genetic recombination map for foot-and-mouth diseases virus.
The original foot-and-mouth diseases virus recombination map (Lake, Priston & Slade, 1975), which include 35 mutagen-induced ts mutants, has been extended both in detail and size by the mapping of a further 33 ts mutants (9 mutagen-induced and 24 spontaneous). The size increase from 0.57% to 3.27% maximum recombination fequency was principally due to the use of a new standardization technique for recombination fequencies but, in addition, the original map distance was increased by approx. 30% due to the mapping of new mutations. As in the original map, there was a marked concentration of mutations near the guanidine (gs) locus, i.e. 83% of the mutants had mutations in the third of the map adjacent to the gs locus.
Aphthovirus↗
Isolation and characterization of trypsin-resistant O1 variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus.
Strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus of types O1 and A10 were isolated which showed no significant loss of infectivity upon trypsinization. These 'trypsin-resistant' (TR) viruses were obtained by serial passage in BHK cells of virus that was trypsin-treated before inoculation of the cells. Three O1 isolates were cloned and studied further. Cell attachment of those TR O1 variants (OTR1) was not reduced by trypsinization, unlike that of parent virus. The polypeptide compositions of TR viruses as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were identical with those of parent virus, with the exception of OTR1 which contained an additional polypeptide approx, 3000 daltons larger than VP1. After trypsinization, which normally cleaves VP1, the polypeptide composition of the three TR viruses (including OTR1) and of parent virus did not show any significant difference. In OTR1 both the additional virus protein and VP1 were cleaved into a P18 molecule and smaller fragments. The surface location of this additional polypeptide was confirmed by iodination experiments. It was shown by immunodiffusion experiments that only OTR1 differed from the parent virus. This antigenic change was present on the trypsin-sensitive part of the virus since trypsinized TR viruses (including OTR1) were antigenically identical to trypsinized parent virus. The electrophoretic mobilities of the three OTR viruses isolated, and of parent virus, differed somewhat before trypsinization. After trypsin-treatment, the mobilities of TR viruses were all increased to the same level; however, their rate of migration was lower than that of trypsin-treated parent virus. This lower mobility of trypsin-treated OTR viruses was the only difference which could be associated with retained infectivity.
Antigens, Viral↗
Survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cheese.
Persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus during the manufacture of Cheddar, Mozzarella, Camembert cheese prepared from milk of cows experimentally infected with the virus was studied. Cheese samples were made on a laboratory scale with commercial lactic acid starter cultures and the microbial protease MARZYME as a coagulant. Milk was heated at different temperatures for different intervals before it was made into cheese. Food-and-mouth disease virus survived the acidic conditions of Cheddar and Camembert cheese processing but not that of Mozzarella. Foot-and-mouth disease virus survived processing but not curing for 30 days in Cheddar cheese preparaed from heated milk. However, the virus survived curing for 60 days but not for 120 days in cheese (pH 5) prepared from unheated milk. Foot-and-mouth disease virus survived in Camembert cheese (pH 5) for 21 days at 2 C but not for 35 days.
Animals↗
Antibody estimation by indirect complement fixation test for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle.
Antibody against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was measured by the indirect complement fixation (ICF) test. For this test serum samples were collected from cattle experimentally infected with FMD virus of O, A and Asia 1 types, as well as cattle infected in the field. Two types of antigen were used. One was antigen derived from infected lingual epithelial culture prepared by Frenkel's method with each type of the virus. The other was antigen derived from the lingual epithelium of cattle infected by virus inoculation. ICF antibody began to be dectected about 4 5 days after inoculation. It reached a maximum titer 10 14 days after inoculation, remaining at this titer for about a week or two, and then decreased gradually. It was, however, detectable even 63 days after inoculation. The rise and fall of ICF antibody was parallel with that of neutralizing antibody, although that antibody was always lower in titer than this. ICF antibody was detected type-specifically from cattle infected experimentally and naturally. These results indicated that the ICF test was available for the routine serological diagnosis and epizootiological investigation and research.
Animals↗
[Isolation of foot-and mouth disease virus in swine with other diseases].
The authors took a survey of foot-and-mouth disease samples of myocardium and tonsil from swine which was died without clinicals signs of foot-and-mouth disease, with isolation of virus, type O, A and C. It was observed and accentuated relation between the incidence of hog cholera, pneumonia and atipic foot-and-mouth disease, especially from suckling pigs.
Animals↗
Evaluation of amplicon-based nanopore sequencing for foot-and-mouth disease viruses in clinical and environmental samples.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes severe global economic loss, necessitating rapid viral characterization. Nanopore sequencing provides a simple, real-time workflow suitable for on-site outbreak response, addressing the limitations of conventional methods. In this study, we optimized a previously published amplicon-based protocol and used this method to characterize a diverse range of samples (vesicular fluid, epithelium, serum, nasal/oral swabs, and environmental samples) collected during FMD outbreaks in 2025 in the Republic of Korea. Of the 129 samples collected, we successfully recovered complete genomes from 37 samples and VP1 sequences from 85 samples. Amplifying the S-fragment in isolation and separately barcoding each pool of PCR amplicons markedly improved sequence recovery. Furthermore, sequencing success depended on viral load and sample type. Based on comparisons with real-time RT-PCR results, whole-genome sequence (WGS) recovery exceeded 77.3% at cycle threshold (Ct) values ≤25 across all clinical samples. In the Ct > 30 category, serum samples yielded the highest WGS recovery rates (44.4%). This rate was markedly higher than the success rates observed for epithelium (20.0%) and nasal swabs (9.1%), whereas oral swabs and environmental samples failed to yield any sequences (0%). However, VP1 recovery from environmental samples reached 80% at Ct ≤ 30 (8/10), providing an approach to enable non-invasive monitoring. These findings demonstrate that amplicon-based nanopore sequencing is a practical method for the rapid generation of genomic data during FMD outbreaks.IMPORTANCEAlthough rapid detection and genomic data analysis are crucial for effective foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control, the collection of these data can be challenging for certain sample types and impacted by reduced viral loads that result from nationwide FMD vaccination. This study provides a practical solution through large-scale evaluation of an optimized amplicon-based nanopore sequencing protocol to enhance the sequencing success rates for both clinical and environmental samples. Using a modified protocol to enhance genome recovery, we demonstrated that sequence data could be retrieved from diverse sample types (even with high real-time RT-PCR cycle threshold values). We identified serum as the most suitable sample, with environmental sample sequencing allowing for non-invasive monitoring during outbreaks. These results support the use of nanopore sequencing for rapid genomic analysis, particularly in outbreak responses, such as rapid surveillance, emergency vaccine selection, and epidemiological monitoring.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease↗
Endemic Circulation and Genetic Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Buffalo Populations of Bangladesh.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) is endemic in Bangladesh, causing severe economic losses in the livestock sector. While it primarily affects cattle, buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) remain highly susceptible. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of FMDV in buffaloes across three districts (Sylhet, Rajshahi, and Noakhali) of Bangladesh from January to June 2024. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 622 nasal swabs from 67 herds were collected and tested for FMDV RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Overall, 255 samples were positive, resulting in an individual-level prevalence of 41.0%(255/622), while 88.1% (59/67) of herds were FMDV-positive. Animal-level prevalence was highest in Sylhet (47.1%), followed by Noakhali (38.9%) and Rajshahi (37.1%). To further characterize circulating strains, eight representative RT-PCR-positive samples were sequenced, revealing the co-circulation of serotypes O (n = 5) and Asia-1 (n = 3). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belonged to the ME-SA/Ind2001e lineage of the serotype O and the Asia-1 Group V lineage, clustering with contemporary strains from Bangladesh and neighboring countries, suggesting possible intra- and transboundary transmission. Pairwise genetic distance evaluation revealed high regional similarity, while Mantel tests indicated significant associations between genetic, geographic, and temporal distances. Comparative genomic analysis revealed largely conserved genomic regions, whereas VP1 analysis indicated that purifying selection predominated across both serotypes, with serotype O exhibiting greater genetic diversity (π = 0.11642) than Asia-1 (π = 0.05258), suggesting localized antigenic variability and possible immune-mediated viral evolution. These findings highlight the need for strengthened surveillance, improved biosecurity, and integrated vaccination strategies to enhance FMD control and reduce economic losses in Bangladesh.
Animals↗