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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

Fluorescence of tryptophan-containing peptides on paper or silica gel after treatment with formaldehyde, formaldehyde-ozone or formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid.

Sensitive and specific procedures for the chromatographic detection of tryptophan and tryptophan-containing peptides are described. Formaldehyde gas induces strong and characteristic fluorescence from tryptophan and peptides with NH2-terminal tryptophan residues on silica gel. On filter-paper, the detection of small amounts of these compounds requires the additional use of an oxidant, such as ozone. Treatment with formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid was used as a method for inducing fluorescence from tryptophan-containing peptides regardless of the position of the tryptophan residue in the peptide molecule. This reaction is useful for the chromatographic demonstration of small amounts of such peptides on both paper and silica gel. The spectral properties of the fluorophores of such tryptophan-containing peptides are distinctive and serve to distinguish them from all other known biogenic compounds that are capable of giving fluorescence with formaldehyde.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1979

[Effects of ventilation with defined formaldehyde concentrations on lung function and lung structures. Animal experiments on the noxiousness of formaldehyde residues after disinfection in the aseptor (author's transl)].

Having seen the development of fatal pneumonias in ventilated patients, the cause of which was assumed to be the presence of residual traces of formaldehyde in the air in the respirator Kilian and Haug showed in 1973 initial formaldehyde concentrations up to 0.2 ppm in the ventilatory air of respirators correctly disinfected in the Aseptor. To study the effects of formaldehyde on lung function and lung structures, 23 young pigs were automatically ventilated with defined formaldehyde concentrations during 6 hours. The concentrations used were 0.02 ppm, 0.2 ppm and 2.0 ppm (double of the maximum permissible concentration). We found no differences in lung function, as shown by compliance measurements and arterial blood gas analysis. No radiological differences were in the thorax. Histologically, there were only slight alterations in lung structure in the group ventilated with double the maximum permissible concentration of formaldehyde. We conclude that the disinfection of respirators using formaldehyde in the Aseptor will remain the method of choice.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Measurement of formaldehyde concentrations in a subatmospheric steam-formaldehyde autoclave.

A method has been developed for measuring formaldehyde concentrations in a subatmospheric steam-formaldehyde autoclave. Data obtained using this method indicate that the concentration of formaldehyde in the chamber atmosphere is not homogeneous and that it decreases rapidly with time. The penetration of formaldehyde vapour into narrow tubes has also been investigated and was shown to be dependent on the length-to-bore ratio of the tubes. The formaldehyde concentration within the tubes could be increased by using a lower vacuum in the air removal stage at the beginning of the cycle.

Formaldehyde↗
PubMed1976

Protection against toxic effects of formaldehyde in vitro, and of methanol or formaldehyde in vivo, by subsequent administration of SH reagents.

Rapid and progressive inactivation in vitro of both alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase by low concentrations of acetaldehyde or formaldehyde is illustrated. This inactivation can be prevented or reversed by glutathione or other SH reagents. Those effects led to investigations in vivo. Rats and mice were injected with concentrations that would result in death in approximately 10 h (methanol) and approximately 4 h (formaldehyde). When 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), cysteine, or mercaptoethanol was injected (10 min to 3 h) after administration of methanol or formaldehyde, approximately 70% of the animals survived indefinitely; the remaining 30% showed substantial increase in survival time. The findings indicate the possibility of using reagents such as BAL for human therapy and suggest that the toxicity of methanol and formaldehyde is due in part to effects other than acidosis.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1992

[Determination of formaldehyde using the colorimetric method with acetylacetone. I. Determination of formaldehyde in selected cosmetic products].

Total formaldehyde content was determined by the colorimetric method with acetylacetone in shampoos and foam baths. The commercial products containing formaldehyde were fortified with a solution of this compound of various amounts. Recovery in this method was 91.7-98.7%. The method was found useful in routine determinations of formaldehyde in shampoos and foam baths and can be used by the State Sanitary Inspection.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1979

A steady-state-kinetic model for formaldehyde dehydrogenase from human liver. A mechanism involving NAD+ and the hemimercaptal adduct of glutathione and formaldehyde as substrates and free glutathione as an allosteric activator of the enzyme.

The steady-state kinetics of formaldehyde dehydrogenase from human liver have been explored. Non-linearities were obtained in v-versus-v[S] plots. It was necessary and sufficient to consider two reactants of the equilibrium mixture of formaldehyde, glutathione and their hemimercaptal adduct for a complete description of the kinetics. A random sequential reaction scheme is proposed in which adduct and beta-NAD+ are the substrates. In addition, glutathione can bind to an allosteric regulatory site and only the glutathione-containing enzyme is considered productive. Various alternative reaction models were examined but no simple alterative was superior to the model chosen. The discrimination was largely based on results of non-linear regression analysis. Several S-substituted glutathione derivatives were tested as activators or inhibitors of the enzyme, but all were without effect. Thio-NAD+, nicotinamide--hypoxanthine dinucleotide and 3-acetylpyridine-adenine dinucleotide could substitute for beta-NAD+ as the nucleotide substrate. alpha-NAD+ and ADP-ribose were competitive inhibitors with respect to beta-NAD+ and non-competitive with glutathione and the adduct. When used simultaneously, the inhibitors were linear competitive versus each other, indicating a single nucleotide-binding site or, if more than one, non-co-operative binding sites.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1978

Observations on the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: I. Survival of vaccinia virus-infected cockroaches during fumigation with formaldehyde.

In these studies it is shown that the common "British" and "American" adult cockroaches can survive exposure to formaldehyde fumigation carried out at double the strength and for four times as long as is recommended for disinfection of rooms. It is further reported that vaccinia virus ingested prior to the fumigation survives in the cockroach gut and may be excreted up to 5 days later. Since cockroaches are ubiquitous and are to be found in most hospitals, laboratories and animal houses, these findings should be considered whenever fumigation is called for.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Observations on the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: II. Prolonged survival of cockroaches drinking formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde solutions.

Adult cockroaches were found to survive up to 22 weeks when provided with 1% Formalin (0.4% formaldehyde) in lieu of drinking water. Given 4% Formalin or 2% glutaraldehyde they survived up to 41 days. During the experiments eggs were laid and hatched and the offspring continued to grow. Combined with surface disinfection, this may hold out a simple method of rendering adult cockroaches gnotobiotic or even axenic.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Observations of the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: III. The effect of formaldehyde in eliminating the normal gut flora.

The normal flora of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) was determined over a period of 24 days prior to substituting water with 1% Formalin for drinking water. During the first 4 days of treatment the normal flora was significantly reduced and by the fifth day, when the cockroaches became diarrhoeic, no bacteria, fungi, or viruses could be detected by the methods used.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Microbial resistance to formaldehyde. I. Comparative quantitative studies in some selected species of vegetative bacteria, bacterial spores, fungi, bacteriophages and viruses].

The resistence of different microorganisms to formaldehyde was determined. As test objects served gram-negative and gram-positive vegetative germs (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi-B, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis), bacterial spores (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis), fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans), bacteriophages (Escherichia coli phages, T1, T2, T3), and viruses (adenovirus, poliomyelitis virus, vaccinia virus). For the studies, suspensions of germs were exposed at identical temperature (20 degrees C) and pH (7.0). The microbicidal effect of formaldehyde was measured by the decrease of the proportion of germs capable of multiplication in the suspension (lg (N/N0); where: N0 equals initial number of germs capable of multiplication; N equals number of germs capable of multiplication after exposure to formaldehyde). For all germs the dependence of the microbicidal effect on the concentration of formaldehyde was determined. In all experiments, the duration of exposure was two hours. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella paratyphi-B were found to be more susceptible than Staphylococcus aureus (vf. Fig. 1 A). The strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa used were widely varying as to their susceptibility. To obtain equal microbicidal effects, concentrations of formaldehyde almost three times as high had to be used for the most resistant strain than were necessary for the most susceptible strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae examined were found to have an identical resistence to formaldehyde. Streptococcus faecalis was even more resistant to formaldehyde than Staphylococcus aureus. In the case of Streptococcus faecalis, a concentration of formaldehyde about three times as high had to be used to obtain microbicidal effects of identical magnitude. For the killing of Candida albicans cells concentrations of formaldehyde not higher than those needed for the killing of vegetative gram-negative bacteria were necessary. The conidia of Aspergillus niger were found to be more resistant than the cells of Candida albicans but did not require any higher concentrations than for the killing of Staphylococcus aureus (see Fig. 1 B). In the case of bacterial spores, a special phenomenon was observed. If the spores had been exposed to a temperature of 80 and 95 degrees C, respectively (depending on the species involved) for one or two hours following exposure to formaldehyde, a considerably higher number of spores was found to be capable of germination and colony formation than without such treatment (heat activation: cf. Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B). The spores of Bacillus cereus had only a relatively low resistance to formaldehyde. To reduce the proportion of the spores capable of colony formation to 1/10000, a 2.9% formaldehyde concentration was necessary without heat activation and one of 10.8% with heat activation...

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Formaldehyde-related antibodies in hemodialysis patients.

In a study of anti-N-like antibodies, we tested sera from 93 hemodialysis patients for hemagglutination reactions with untreated and formaldehyde-treated reagent red blood cells. Six of 22 sera from patients who had been dialyzed with formaldehyde-sterilized membranes had anti-N-like activity and 20 (91%) specifically agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. Sera from 71 patients dialyzed with disposable membranes neither had anti-N-like activity nor agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells. The agglutination of formaldehyde-treated red blood cells by sera from hemodialysis patients was unrelated to MNU phenotypes and, therefore, identified a second serologic specificity, provisionally termed "anti-formaldehyde." "Anti-formaldehyde" was absorbed by and eluted from NN red blood cells as well as from formaldehyde-treated red blood cells regardless of MNU phenotype. All eluates and sera containing anti-N-like activity also agglutinated formaldehyde-treated red blood cells, typically after the addition of anti-human serum. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that anti-N-like reactions of hemodialysis patients' sera represent cross reactions of formaldehyde related antibodies with N antigens of normal red blood cells.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Behaviour of DNA-RNase A complex in the presence of formaldehyde].

A formaldehyde-produced fixation of defects caused by a despiralizing action of a protein was studied in the case of DNA-RNAase A complex. The concentration of the defects fixed was measured by kinetic formaldehyde method (KF-method). It was shown that following processes take place in the complex in the presence of formaldehyde: (a) fixation of defects; (b) unwinding of DNA; (c) inactivation of the protein. The rates of all these processes depend on the concentration of formaldehyde, phi. At formaldehyde concentrations above some critical value phic the protein is inactivated before the defects are fixed. At phi less than phic the protein inactivation proceeds more slowly than the fixation of defects; at sufficiently low formaldehyde concentration no inactivation of protein occurs practically during the fixation time (20 min). The number of new defects formed during the time of fixation is linear with the formaldehyde concentration in the region where no inactivation of the protein occurs. Therefore the initial concentration of defects can be determined through an extrapolation to zero concentration of formaldehyde. On the basis of the data obtained a method is proposed for the evaluation of the number of defects in DNA caused by the despiralizing action of proteins. A model is proposed describing the behaviour of the complexes of DNA with despiralizing proteins in the presence of formaldehyde.

DNA↗