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PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Identification of NLP Family Genes in Cultivated Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and Analysis of Their Expression Under Heat and Botrytis cinerea Stresses.

Nodule inception (NIN)-like proteins (NLPs) are plant-specific transcription factors regulating nutrient absorption, growth, and stress tolerance; however, their roles in stress responses remain largely uncharacterized. Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa 'Camarosa') serves as an ideal model for dissecting the evolution and function of NLP genes. In this study, 37 FaNLP genes were identified genome-wide. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into three subfamilies, which are evenly distributed across seven chromosomes. Divergent exon-intron structures and conserved motif compositions suggest functional differentiation among FaNLPs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed distinct expression profiles under heat stress and Botrytis cinerea infection. Notably, FaNLPs were significantly more upregulated in the cultivar 'Shuxing' than in 'Benihoppe'. Heat stress inhibited photosynthesis and altered catalase activity (CAT), superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) and peroxidase activities (POD), whereas fungal infection enhanced chitinase activity in both cultivars. Comparative genomics with Arabidopsis and rice revealed strawberry-specific evolutionary patterns of NLPs. Subcellular localization prediction indicates that FaNLP proteins primarily localize to the nucleus, implying their potential roles as transcriptional regulators. This study links FaNLP sequence characteristics with stress response phenotypes, providing a foundation for elucidating NLP-mediated regulatory networks in strawberry. Future functional assays, including overexpression and knockout analyses, will further clarify the biological roles of FaNLPs.

Fragaria↗

PubMed2026

Emergence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in the Eastern United States.

Historically, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt in strawberry, has been a major problem for strawberry production in California but has been largely absent in the rest of the United States. During the growing seasons of 2023 to 2025, independent detections of Fof were made on strawberry plants exhibiting symptoms of Fusarium wilt in the eastern U.S. states of Florida, North Carolina, New York, Connecticut, and Virginia. Sixteen isolates were obtained from symptomatic plants across this region, and a subset (n = 14) were confirmed to be Fof by pathogenicity testing, morphological characterization, PCR diagnostics, and whole-genome sequencing. Specifically, these tests demonstrated that all tested isolates were virulent on susceptible (fw1) strawberry cultivars but not on resistant (FW1) cultivars, classifying them as race 1. Although all isolates tested positive with the more recently developed Fof-specific PCR assay by Burkhardt et al. (2019), many (43.75%) failed detection with the commonly used Suga et al. (2013) assay. Comparative genomics revealed that these isolates represent at least three distinct phylogenetic clades (Y1, Y2, and the putative Y10), suggesting multiple independent introductions rather than a single dissemination event. The genetic diversity of the eastern U.S. Fof populations and their likely origin from nursery stock highlight the need for more robust diagnostics, certified clean planting stock, and region-specific resistance trials to manage Fusarium wilt beyond California.

Fusarium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Endopolygalacturonase, an extracellular pectic enzyme of Rhizoctonia fragariae.

A pectolytic enzyme from culture filtrates of Rhizoctonia fragariae was purified approx. 29-fold. The enzyme exhibited maximal depolymerizing activity on Na-polypectate rather than pectin at pH 5.0 and was inhibited at different extent by divalent cations Mg++, Mn++, Ca++. The analysis by paper chromatography of the products of enzyme hydrolysis suggested that the enzyme attacks the substrate by a random mechanism. The absorption spectrum of the chromogen formed by the hydrolysis products and thiobarbituric acid suggested that the enzyme is a hydrolytic enzyme. On the basis of these results the enzyme is classifiable as endo-polygalacturonase (poly alpha-1,4-galacturonide glycanohydrolase E.C. 3.2.1.15).

Calcium↗

PubMed2026

Scalable medium-density genotyping platforms for cultivar identification, pedigree authentication, marker-assisted and genomic selection, and other applications in strawberry.

A broad spectrum of high-density genotyping approaches, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, genotyping-by-sequencing, and whole-genome reduced-representation sequencing, have been shown to perform well in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), despite the inherent complexity of the octoploid genome. While these approaches are effective, their routine deployment in breeding programs can be constrained by cost, computational requirements, and workflow complexity. In parallel, many breeding programs continue to rely on locus-specific assays for marker-assisted selection, resulting in fragmented and inefficient genotyping strategies. Here, we describe medium-density amplicon-based genotyping platforms for strawberry designed to provide cost-effective, turnkey solutions that integrate markers used for marker-assisted selection with genome-wide markers suitable for genomic prediction in a single laboratory assay. These platforms were developed by targeting 1,650 or 4,811 target SNPs via amplicon sequencing, and are interoperable with existing high-density genotyping resources, including a widely used 50K SNP array, thereby facilitating data integration across platforms. We benchmarked their performance relative to the 50K SNP array across breeding-relevant applications, including identity and purity testing, pedigree authentication, marker-assisted selection, and genomic selection, and further evaluated the feasibility of genotype imputation to enhance genome-wide information content. Across analyses, the 1,650- and 4,811-amplicon platforms produced results comparable to higher-density platforms while substantially reducing genotyping cost and analytical overhead. This work demonstrates that targeted amplicon-based genotyping can support efficient, scalable, and integrated genome-informed breeding, enabling the routine application of both marker-assisted and genomic selection within strawberry breeding workflows. Open-source R workflows are provided to support streamlined analyses in breeding contexts.

Fragaria↗

PubMed2026

Allelic variation and light-responsive regulation of FaMYB10-2 underlie tissue-specific anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry.

Anthocyanins critically determine fruit color, nutrition, and stress resilience in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), directly influencing consumer preference. Despite complex genetic and environmental regulation of their biosynthesis, the basis for tissue-specific pigmentation, notably the widespread occurrence of red skin and pale flesh, remains poorly understood. We integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and functional analyses across 200 cultivars to dissect receptacle pigmentation regulation. Approaches included FaMYB10-2 allele mining, promoter structural variant (SV) identification, expression profiling, regulatory interaction assays, and characterization of upstream light-responsive factors. FaMYB10-2 was identified as the key R2R3-MYB regulator of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. Alleles FaMYB10-2.2 and FaMYB10-2.3 encode truncated proteins retaining bHLH-binding capacity but lacking activation domains, functioning as dominant-negative repressors. A promoter SV 986 bp upstream of FaMYB10-2 was associated with reduced pale fruit due to cis-regulatory divergence. The SV (Alt) allele is prevalent in Asian cultivars, while the Ref allele is enriched in Western germplasm. Crucially, a light-responsive FaHYH-FaWRKY71 cascade activates FaMYB10-2 and structural genes haplotype-dependently, compensating for weak MYB activity in the skin. Our findings reveal a multilayered regulatory system integrating allelic variation, cis-regulatory divergence, and environmental signals, advancing anthocyanin understanding and providing engineering targets for polyploid crop color improvement.

Fragaria↗

PubMed2026

Rapid transcriptional reprogramming underlies Fusarium wilt resistance in strawberry: insights from comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses.

INTRODUCTION: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) severely constrains strawberry production, yet the underlying resistance mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS: A total of 64 strawberry germplasm accessions were evaluated for Fusarium wilt resistance. Integrated physiological and transcriptomic analyses were subsequently performed using the highly resistant cultivar 'Akihime' (ZJ) and the highly susceptible cultivar 'Ning Yu' (NY). RESULTS: Resistant resources were abundant, particularly among wild strawberry accessions. Compared with NY, ZJ exhibited higher soluble sugar accumulation, reduced oxidative damage, and increased peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities. Transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct temporal response patterns: ZJ underwent rapid and extensive transcriptional reprogramming at 24 h post-inoculation, whereas NY showed limited early responses but pronounced changes at 120 h. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that the early response of ZJ was mainly associated with stress-related processes, jasmonic acid-mediated signaling, transmembrane transport, plant-pathogen interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and secondary metabolism. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation supported the RNA-seq results and identified candidate genes associated with pathogen recognition, signaling, redox regulation, and protein homeostasis. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that rapid early immune activation and coordinated physiological and metabolic reprogramming are closely associated with strawberry resistance to Fof and provide useful germplasm and candidate genes for future functional validation and resistance breeding.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae↗

PubMed2026

Comprehensive study on pesticide residues and mycotoxins in freeze-dried strawberries and raspberries.

Freeze-dried fruit has gained popularity because it preserves the flavour and nutritional value of fresh fruit while providing extended shelf life. Despite this, there are concerns regarding its chemical safety. This study evaluated 58 freeze-dried fruit products from the Czech retail market, focusing on potential contamination. Pesticide residues and mycotoxins were determined using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Overall, 111 pesticide residues (or their metabolites) and 3 mycotoxins were quantified. After applying processing factors, 12 pesticide residues exceeded EU maximum residue limits. Prohibited substances, including carbofuran, omethoate, and haloxyfop, were detected. Tenuazonic acid was found in 71% of samples, while alternariol and tentoxin were detected less frequently. More than half (54%) of strawberry samples contained 10 or more pesticide residues, indicating potential cumulative exposure concerns, particularly for children with lower body weight. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of freeze-dried fruits and further assessment of dietary exposure.

Pesticide Residues↗

PubMed2026

Cationic porphyrin covalent organic framework reinforced hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films for photodynamic-photothermal sterilization and food preservation.

Microbial contamination in food necessitates effective antimicrobial packaging. While cellulose-based packaging materials suffer from limited antimicrobial efficacy, lack of active functionality, and susceptibility to inducing microbial resistance. To address these challenges, this study synthesized a cationic porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (Por-ICOF) as a multimodal photosensitizer. Por-ICOF was uniformly dispersed via non-covalent interaction within hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), creating an HPMC/Por-ICOF composite film. This integration enhanced mechanical strength (increased by 26%), hydrophobicity (WCA 71°), and gas barrier properties (OP reduced by 42%, WVP reduced by 36%). Under visible light, the HPMC/Por ICOF film superior absorption generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photothermal effects, inactivating 99.2% of Escherichia coli and 99.95% of Staphylococcus aureus within 20 min. The composite film exhibited excellent biocompatibility and effectively extended the shelf life of strawberries. This cationic modification strategy for cellulose-based films offers a novel avenue for the design of high-performance antimicrobial food packaging materials.

Food Preservation↗