The psychoanalytic understanding of human freedom: freedom from and freedom for.
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Child Development↗
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Clinical freedom and professional freedom.
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Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
[Freedom in disorders of the mind and spirit].
The much used and popular word "freedom" is being examined as to its significance and in that context the peculiar expression "freedom of will" is also brought into the discussion. In the course of this clarification, philosophy, jurisprudence, poetic-literary and our everyday language all had to lend a hand. In its application to psychic abnormal and sick persons one finds that in the endogenous psychoses, because of the profound change of existence, some patients experience the freedom of being for the very first time; this, however, can in the course of the illness turn into its opposite.
Bipolar Disorder↗
Explicit distance geometry: identification of all the degrees of freedom in a large RNA molecule.
An alternative approach to distance geometry ("explicit" distance geometry) is being developed for problems, such as the modeling of RNA folding in the ribosome, where relatively few distances are known. The approach explicitly identifies minimal sets of additional distances that can be added to a distance matrix in order to calculate structures that are consistent with all the known information without distorting the original input data. These additional distances are bounded to the extent possible by the known distances. These explicitly added distances can be treated as degrees of freedom and used to explore the full range of alternative foldings consistent with the original input in an organized way. The present paper establishes that it is practical to explicitly determine such degrees of freedom for even very large RNAs. To demonstrate the feasibility of the approach tRNA was represented as a simple undirected graph containing all relevant information represented in the usual cloverleaf secondary structure and nine base-base tertiary interactions. Using a three atom representation for each residue a total of 206 degrees of freedom are explicitly identified. To accomplish this a graph theoretic approach was used in which a minimal covering cycle basis was determined.
Algorithms↗
Medical research and human freedom.
This discussion of the nature of human freedom supports the common-sense view of conscious self-determination. The capacity for self-determination is expanded by knowledge and should be optimal among medical scientists, but many such have been passive when faced by increased restrictions on inquiry. Restrictions should be guided by medical ethics defined in major part by physicians and medical scientists. They are urged to protect their freedoms more actively.
Decision Making↗
An assessment of nicotine gum as an adjunct to freedom from smoking cessation clinics.
The Freedom from Smoking clinic programs offered by the American Lung Association are in widespread use. These programs were developed in the 1970s prior to the availability of nicotine gum in the United States. It was hypothesized that the addition of nicotine gum to these clinics (thereby including both behavioral and pharmacologic intervention) would boost abstinence outcome significantly. Two-hundred and seventy-three persons were randomly assigned to Freedom from Smoking clinics with or without prescription of nicotine gum. Abstinence outcomes at one week favored the nicotine gum conditions (86.3% of nicotine gum subjects were abstinent as opposed to 70.9% of comparison subjects, chi 2(1) = 9.79, p = .002). Effects for gum were no longer significant at later follow-ups, however, Overall duration and level of nicotine gum use were considerably less than optimal. In the absence of a placebo gum control group, expectancy cannot be eliminated as a possible explanation of the short-term results.
Adult↗
Editorial: The right to know. On the freedom of medical information.
Information about health and disease has high social value and is, thus, subject to a variety of controls. These influence the freedom of investigators to generate it; of editors and publishers to transmit it; and of professionals and the public to have access to it. Unconstrained research may threaten the social order and evoke legal or political limit setting. Prominent in the present era are the possibilities of dangerous ethical and biological consequences of new knowledge or, perhaps more important, of procedures for obtaining it. Medical information is transmitted through both the mass media and professional journals. Access to both by potential authors is limited by institutionalized mechanisms of social control and the academic-research subculture. An emerging factor is the editor's possible ethical responsibility for material which he accepts for publication. Access to information is determined by what finally is published, as well as membership in informal communication networks. It is also influenced by dependence, due to cost, time limitation and information overload, on prepackaged material presented in texts, anthologies, busy clinician-oriented journals, or commercial, e.g., pharmaceutical firms. The possibility that governments will, in time, become the major distributors as well as generators of medical information raises new questions as to its eventual freedom and control.
Biomedical Research↗
Large-scale study of freedom from smoking clinics--factors in quitting.
The American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking Clinics are widely available in the community and at the worksite for smokers who wish the help of a formal group program in quitting the habit. Little has been published on their outcomes. A study of 494 smokers attending 42 Freedom From Smoking Clinics in western New York State showed that 29 percent reported not smoking about 1 year after attending the clinic sessions. There was a wide range of quit rates over different clinics, but the rates were similar for men and women and for different age groups. Those initially smoking less than one pack per day were more likely to be successful in quitting than heavier smokers. Quit rates were similar in work site groups and in the community clinics. Perceptions of having received group support at the clinic were also related to higher success rates. Research on group composition and process might be a fruitful road to raising what seems to be a ceiling on the success of current techniques.
Adolescent↗
A health maintenance facility for space station freedom.
We describe a health care facility to be built and used on an orbiting space station in low Earth orbit. This facility, called the health maintenance facility, is based on and modeled after isolated terrestrial medical facilities. It will provide a phased approach to health care for the crews of Space Station Freedom. This paper presents the capabilities of the health maintenance facility. As Freedom is constructed over the next decade there will be an increase in activities, both construction and scientific. The health maintenance facility will evolve with this process until it is a mature, complete, stand-alone health care facility that establishes a foundation to support interplanetary travel. As our experience in space continues to grow so will the commitment to providing health care.
Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
A psychoanalytic model for human freedom and rationality.
The nature and scope of freedom and rationality in man are explored in light of the problems posed by a deterministic framework for understanding and explaining human though, feeling, and behavior. It is argued that the sort of explanation afforded by a psychodynamic theory is fully compatible with attributing freedom and rationality to persons. In particular, psychoanalytic theory is able to account for the existence of causal laws governing all aspects of human behavior, while providing a schema by which we can distinguish rational from irrational behavior, and free acts from those that are unfree.
Behavior↗
[Professional freedom and Act 101 of 1965].
Act 101 of 1965 replaced Act 13 of 1928 because the latter had become obsolete. Act 101 makes many new demands on and restricts certain privileges of the medical profession. New ideas, particularly if they restrict previous privileges, are resented. Also, new ideas do not necessarily denote progress. I am of the opinion that these curtailments are detrimental to public benefit. However, to provide positive suggestions to ease the situation is extremely difficult. All those concerned with public welfare should once again review public requirements. Ultimately, Act 101 prescribes for the whole population--is it then unreasonable to curtail medical professional freedom? Under the present circumstances this does not seem to be the case. However, sections of the Act may hamper doctors in the performance of their duties.
Ethics, Medical↗
Analogs of bradykinin with restricted conformational freedom.
Three analogs of bradykinin have been synthesized which bear an alpha-methyl group in the place of an alpha proton at position, 4, 5, or 8. Such analogs possess restricted conformational freedom and are of interest for three reasons. (1) They may provide information about the receptor-bound conformation of the peptide. (2) They may provide a route to antagonists of the native peptide. (3) They may be degraded slowly by proteolytic enzymes. None of the analogs described here antagonized the action of bradykinin, but one exhibited tissue specificity and decreased pulmonary inactivation in the rat.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A miniaturised force-torque sensor with six degrees of freedom for dental measurements.
Force-torque sensor systems capable of simultaneously measuring all six spatial degrees of freedom on solid bodies are not very widespread in the medical field, particularly because of the hitherto unacceptably large external dimensions. A sensor based on the strain gauge technique has been developed with a diameter of only 32.5 mm and height of 29 mm. The miniaturised supporting framework for the strain gauges has been cast in a single piece from a wax-plastic model by the one-way mould principle. A sensitivity of 10 mN with an upper limit of 50 N is attained.
Crowns↗
Society of the alone: Freedom, Privacy and Utilitarianism as dominant norms in the SRO.
The social world of the aged SRO tenant is described and analyzed. Charteristic features include an impoverishment of social roles and relationships which result in a "world of strangers". Dominant norms of SRO life which preclude the establishment of intimacy are examined; these include prescriptive norms of privacy, freedom, and utilitarianism
Aged↗
Period of freedom from relapse as an indication of cure in minimal change nephrotic syndrome in adults.
17 adult-onset nephrotic patients with minimal-change glomerular lesions experienced 39 relapses in all. The relationship between the remission period t (expressed in months) preceding each relapse and the rate of relapse (relapse rate) F (t) was proven to correspond closely to Weibull's distribution function as follows (chi 2 = 1.72, 0.5 less than p less than 0.75): In In (formula - see text) From the equation, the time when 99% of relapsing patients have relapsed is 39.3 months. This means that adult-relapsing nephrotic patients with minimal-change lesions will experience a relapse within 39.3 months of remission. They should be free from relapse and considered cured with a 99% reliability when remission has continued longer than 39.3 months, i.e. beyond the 'period of freedom from relapse'.
Adolescent↗
Freedom of inquiry and subjects' rights: historical perspective.
The author presents an historical overview of the various attitudes toward animal and human experimentation. He cites advocates (Bacon, Welch) and opponents (Johnson, Shaw) and traces the debate from the Graeco-Roman era, through the rise of the scientific establishment, to the present. Controversy over the fundamental rights of individual research subjects versus a future-oriented freedom of inquiry has been and continues to be a dilemma for clinicians and research scientists.
Animals↗
Subjects' rights, freedom of inquiry, and the future of research in the addictions.
Since the recent passage of regulations concerning subjects' rights and freedom on inquiry, opposition by the public and others to some areas of research in the addictions has prevented its implementation or continuation. Research investigators in the biomedical and behavioral sciences have been placed in the position of defending their work in an adversary climate. The author points out the importance of transmitting to the public, the scientific community, and legislators the investigators' concern that "subjects' rights" not be viewed only in a legalistic context, but also in the context of not harming the patient.
Advisory Committees↗
Adverse drug events and the Freedom of Information Act: an apple in Eden.
OBJECTIVE: To review some of the abuses and proper uses of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) spontaneous adverse-reaction reporting system, as a way of educating the reader to its strengths and limitations. DATA SOURCE: Published literature and reports based on information obtained from the FDA's database of spontaneous adverse drug-event reports. DATA SYNTHESIS: The Freedom of Information Act has increased public access to the FDA's database of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports. As these reports are voluntarily received and reported to the FDA, their use for comparisons of drug safety is severely limited. Despite these limitations and the FDA's caveats for use of these data, consumer advocacy groups, researchers, and various pharmaceutical marketing groups have used this source to project the incidence of adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSIONS: The FDA's spontaneous adverse-event reporting system is designed to generate signals of unexpected adverse drug events. Use of the data gathered by this system to make drug safety comparisons is beyond their credible scope because many factors influence the reporting of adverse events. Researchers and peer reviewers should place these data in the proper perspective and support sound research into questions of drug safety.
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗