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[The Dualism drive in Freudian theory].

The author discusses Freudian dualistic conception of drives and contends that it can be reduced to a monistic one, on the basis of modern conceptions of Biology, and after scanning the original writings of Freud on the subject of drive and instinct. The word Trieb (drive) is used by Freud as compared with Instinkt (instinct); in 1915 the concept is defined through its attributes: thrust, source, objet and goal; being object and goal contingent for the drive and fixed for instincts. The first dualism is love vs. hunger; the drives are either sexual or autoconservative. But Biology demonstrates today that all life movements are autoconservative. The second dualism, love vs. hate, and the third one, Eros vs. Thantos, interpreted through Biology, show that there is always a prevailing therm, the first one. In this view, instinct should be but one successful drive, "frozen" through time because of its very success, and transmitted through philogenetic channels, in order to be enlivened in each ontogenetic process.

Austria↗
PubMed1977

An evaluation of the validity of the Freudian theory of paranoia.

This paper evaluates the validity of the Freudian theory of paranoia on the basis of the available research evidence. This theory essentially states that delusional thinking arises as a result of the reaction-formation and projection of threatening unconscious homosexual wishes. It is concluded that a positive association between paranoid and homosexual tendencies has been found, but only for the case of male paranoid patients. The research leading to this conclusion has not, however, demonstrated that a defensive attempt against unconscious homosexual impulses causes delusional thinking. Rather, the argument is made that it is more parsimonious to assume that only the second step in the Freudian etiological mechanism, a continuous tension-reducing projection of the patient's threatening and intense hostility, need be invoked to account for paranoia.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

A cross-cultural test of the Freudian theory of circumcision.

Freud's thesis that circumcision is a symbolic substitute for castration as a result of the Oedipus conflict was tested by examining 111 societies (see the note to Table 1). The results show that circumcision is likely to be found in societies in which (1) the son sleeps in the mother's bed during the nursing period in bodily contact with her, and/or (2) the father sleeps in a different hut, reducing his influence on the son as a superior and competing male. Since these two factors seems to intensify the son's oedipal attachment to the mother, the data are compatible with Freud's theory. Bettelheim's theory of circumcision is less fully formulated, and only when we assume that males significantly reduce their vagina envy after puberty rites is his theory compatible with the data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A view of the background of Freudian theory.

A major concern of nineteenth century scientists was to delineate the objective units or entities with which science deals. While some philosophers of science abandoned the search as futile and tried to redefine science, investigators in the biological sciences and the sciences of man attempted to discover new entities upon which to base their disciplines. A new understanding of hypnotism gave Freud the opportunity to isolate objective entities within the mind and to found a psychology on that basis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Postwar writing and the literature of the women's liberation movement.

This article explores the relationship between both popular and scholarly writing about women in the postwar years 1946 to 1962, and the literature of the women's liberation movement written from 1963 to the early 1970s. The current feminist movement was particularly eager to discredit Freudian theories of female psychosexual maturation. This women's liberationist focus was entirely appropriate, since Freudian theories about women represented the last respectable academic prop upholding a dichotomous estimation of the socio-politico-economic potential of the sexes--i.e., sexism, as it has come to be called. Postwar scholarship had manifested a split perspective--that is, it was anti-Freudian and pro-feminist or pro-Freudian and anti-feminist. What is more, considerable academic writing about the "woman question" proposed an expanded role for females, advocating a point of view quite similar to that of contemporary feminists. In contrast, the popular literature--e.g., Life, Look, Ladies Home Journal, and the like--proposed only a Freudian (dichotomous) answer to the question, "What are the proper roles of the sexes?" While the findings with regard to popular writing are not too surprising, the extent of early scholarly support (i.e., prior to the women's liberation movement--roughly before 1963) for an expanded role for women was entirely anticipated.

Female↗
PubMed1975

The indication of sexual and aggressive similarities through humor appreciation.

Freudian theory and subsequent research indicate a connection between sexual and aggressive motivation. The present study investigated this proposed connection by examining humor preferences during an induced aggressive mood. Appreciation of neutral, sexual, and aggressive humor was examined under conditions of aggression arousal. A total of 90 male and 90 female university students participated in one of two 2 X 3 factorial designs that crossed arousal with humor type. Ss in arousal conditions rated all humor as funnier than Ss in neutral conditions, and sexual humor was rated as being funniest. Males and females showed complex significant differences in humor preferences.

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

LSD treatment in a severe case of compulsive neurosis.

A detailed account is given of the course and outcome of the treatment with LSD of an incapacitating compulsive-neurotic condition in a 30-year-old male. The treatment took place over 1 1/2 years from the autumn of 1962, and the patient, who has been followed since then, is completely cured symptomatically. In addition, a fortunate change in his general personality has taken place. The events during the LSD sessions revealed the basic elements of a development of his personality since early childhood, particularly the toilet-training period, which resulted in a typical compulsive character neurosis. In turn, this character neurosis became the matrix for the outbreak of his manifest neurotic compulsions which began 4 years before the onset of treatment. The material which emerged was in complete accordance with Freudian theory. No interpretations were given. While under the action of the drug the patient was left alone except for brief visits by the doctor or the nurse. He was free to call them if his anxiety became too strong for him to cope with alone. Besides, he had the support of reporting his experiences to the doctor after the LSD-effect had worn off and discussing them during interviews between the LSD days, still without interpretations being given to him. Practical details of procedure are reported. The necessary caution in employing LSD for treatment purposes, especially the selection of patients, is emphasized: theoretical implications of the psychological material and the course of the curative process are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[I. A mirror to reflect].

To explain the specular permutation of the right and the left an adult subject has recourse continually to expression--image. An elementary optical study demonstrates that explanation leads to metamorphose the flat-mirror in a lentil. In fact the operation truth-fully realized by the mirror is an antero-posterior rotation of subject causing necessary but secondary a couple right left rotation. The unvariance of this behaviour and these false answers authorizes to represent the mirror like an operator motiving the subject's identity without we understand the utmost reason. A second memory will thy to give an explanation of that fact to start from a symbiosis between the breuero-freudian theories and the piagetian concept.

Child↗
PubMed1977

[Status of vampirism and autovampirism].

Any interpretation of the perversion called vampirism ought to take into consideration the myths in which the relations between living and dead people (vampires, incubi, succubi, etc...) are represented, myths through which the persons alive project onto the dead ones to ambivalent, sexual and agressive, wishes they had toward the dead when they were still alive. Clinically the word vampirism should be used to name all sexual or agressive acts, whether blood-sucking happens or not, committed on a dead or dying person. In one third of the cases the act has both a sexual and an agressive components (mutilation of the dead body); in the other two thirds the act seems to have only a sexual component (sexual pleasure in the presence of or in contact with the dead body). The origin and the meaning of this exceptional perversion are discussed. Auto-vampirism, even more exceptional than vampirism, differs from the latter by the fact that blood succion is the essential symptom and by the fact that it is not on the side of sadism but on the side of masochism. In the light of two case-histories, one of which never published before, and on the basis of the Freudian theory of masochism, an interpretation of the data is propounded.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Stoicism and paranoia.

A paranoid strain is manifest in Stoic utterances generally, especially in the Stoic conception of autarky, where the Sage regards himself as distinctly "other" in the midst of society, and indifferent to its values, except as he dissembles his indifference. Now, influential theories of paranoia stress a projective process: for Freudians, the projection of repressed homosexual libido in altered form, for Ovesey, a "pseudohomosexual" anxiety arising out of a maladaptation in the male to the culturally assigned competitive male role, a failure perceived as effeminate. But Stoicism took root in the culture (Classical Greece) where homosexuality, far from being universally regarded as degenerate, was widely extolled as the norm for superior men and the most advantageous frame work for the tutelage of aristocratic boys. It would seem unlikely that paranoia in this context would reflect uneasiness over unconscious homoerotic (or distorted pseudo-erotic) strivings. What light is shed on the purported projection of either homosexual or pseudo-homosexual anxiety by paranoid elements in Stoicism?

Culture↗
PubMed1978

A selective review of the psychoanalytic literature on theoretical conceptualizations of narcissism.

This paper places recent theoretical conceptualizations of narcissism in the context of general psychoanalytic theory. It traces the major changes in the general theory that have relevance for the concept of narcissism. The literature review is organized to examine the concept of narcissism as it relates to drive theory, ego-ideal development and function, the concept of self-esteem, and self- and object relations. Remaining inconsistencies and disagreements between major theoreticians are clarified and areas of conceptual consensus are identified. An overview of the various theories of narcissism is presented with a suggestion for their possible synthesis and integration into the general psychoanalytic theory.

Drive↗