SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Fumonisins”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1998

In vivo effects of fumonisin B1-producing and fumonisin B1-nonproducing Fusarium moniliforme isolates are similar: fumonisins B2 and B3 cause hepato- and nephrotoxicity in rats.

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and related Fusarium species found on corn. They occur naturally in corn-based feeds and foods and are suspected human esophageal carcinogens. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most common homologue, causes the animal diseases associated with F. moniliforme. Hepato- and nephrotoxicities, disrupted sphingolipid metabolism, and liver cancer have been found in rats fed FB1. To determine the in vivo effects of diets containing fumonisins B2 (FB2) or B3 or (FB3), male rats were fed culture materials (CM) of FB1 non-producing F. moniliforme isolates to provide low (4.6-6.7 ppm), mid (32-49 ppm) or high (219-295 ppm) dietary levels of either FB2 (FB2CM) or FB3 (FB3CM). Other groups were fed culture material of an FB1 producing isolate (FB1CM) providing 6.9, 53 or 303 ppm total fumonisins (FB1: FB2: FB3 = 1.0: 0.38: 0.15) and a tenth group was fed a control diet having no detectable fumonisins. One-half (n = 5/group) the animals were killed after three weeks, at which time the toxicological and histopathological effects of the three culture materials were similar, mimicked the effects of FB1, and included decreased body weight gains, serum chemical indicators of hepatotoxicity, decreased kidney weights, and apoptosis of hepatocytes and kidney tubular epithelium. FB1CM, FB2CM, and FB3CM affected sphingolipids, causing increased sphinganine to sphingosine ratios (Sa/So) in both liver and kidneys. The remaining animals (n = 5/group0 were fed a control diet for three additional weeks. All body weight and tissue specific effects, including increased Sa/So, induced by the FB2Cm, FB3CM and low level FB1CM diets were absent following the recovery period. Except for mild biliary lesions found in the high dose of FB1CM group and a few apoptotic hepatocytes present in one mid- and two high-dose FB1CM rats, no evidence of toxicity remained in these groups, following the recovery period.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Fumonisin B1 contamination of maize and experimental acute fumonisin toxicosis in pigs.

The fumonisin B1 content of 69 visibly mouldy and 23 mould-free maize samples grown in Hungary in 1993-1995 was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fumonisin B1 was found to occur in 70-73% of the mouldy samples. The mycotoxin level increased from year to year: the highest fumonisin B1 concentration was 75.1 mg/kg. The samples that were mould-free on visual inspection showed a much lower prevalence of fumonisin B1 contamination (30%) and contained fumonisin B1 in markedly lower concentrations (average, 1.52 mg/kg; maximum concentration, 5.1 mg/kg). Using the Fusarium moniliforme strain designated 14/A, isolated from the sample that had the highest mycotoxin concentrations, fumonisin B1 toxin was produced on maize by an internationally accepted procedure. Subsequently, two weaned piglets were fed a diet containing 330 mg fumonisin B1 per kg of feed. The experimental animals developed hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema, and died in 5-6 days. The clinical symptoms and pathological lesions were consistent with those of porcine pulmonary oedema (PPE) diagnosed in the USA in 1989-1990, as well as with those of a disease entity that had already been described in Hungary in the 1950s as the so-called fattening or unique pulmonary oedema of pigs but considered to be of unknown aetiology. The results of the feeding trial confirm that this pig disease, which has occurred in Hungary for a long time, is caused by the mycotoxin fumonisin B1.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Fumonisins Veratox. A new rapid quantitative ELISA for determination of fumonisin in food and feed.

Polyclonal antibodies against fumonisin B1 were produced by immunizing sheep with fumonisin B1-keyhole limpet hemocyanin as an immunogen. A quantitative competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed whereby free fumonisins or sample extract containing fumonisins and enzyme-labelled fumonisin competed for binding to the solid phase-bound antibodies. The color intensity of wells, formed by substrate reaction with the enzyme, was inversely related to FB1 concentration. Detection limits for the assay were 0.1 ng/mL fumonisin B1 and concentrations of fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 required for 50% binding inhibition were 5.5, 23 and 18 ng/mL, respectively. For food and feed analyses, samples were extracted with 70% methanol and dilution of the extracts were used directly for ELISA. ELISA results were compared to HPLC analyses by a reference laboratory and the correlation (r value) between ELISA and HPLC was 0.967. The assay may be used to quantitate fumonisins in food and feed within 30 minutes.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Fumonisin toxicity and metabolism studies at the USDA. Fumonisin toxicity and metabolism.

Fumonisins are responsible for many of the toxic effects of the common corn fungus, Fusarium moniliforme. They are acute renal and liver toxins in rats, and have tumor promoting activity. Fumonisin B1 is poorly absorbed, rapidly excreted, and persists in small amounts in the liver and kidney. Fumonisins are specific inhibitors of ceramide synthase, and the toxic effects they produce may be related to their ability to disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, resulting in a myriad of problems in cell regulation and communication. In this paper, research that has been conducted on F. monilforme and the fumonisins at the USDA's Russell Research Center is reviewed.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effects of fumonisin B1 and (hydrolyzed) fumonisin backbone AP1 on membranes: a spin-label study.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and spin label techniques have been used to study the effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and hydrolyzed fumonisin backbone (AP1) on the structural and dynamic properties of phosphatidylcholine membranes at the molecular level. Multilamellar liposomes consisting of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) were used. Six different nitroxide spin labels were used to determine what effects FB1 may impart on the ordering and mobility of lipids in membranes. The experimental results disclose the following: (1) In the fluid phase membrane, FB1 significantly increases the fluidities of n-doxylstearic acid (SA) spin labels (SL) attached to carbons 5 and 7, which disorders the alkyl chains and perturbs the surface region of the bilayer; by comparison, minimal effects were detected near the center of the bilayer. (2) In the gel phase, FB1 and AP1 imparts marked rigidifying effects on membrane fluidity, which enlarges the change in ordering on the phase transition even further. (3) FB1 also restricts the mobility of the (rigid) cholestane spin label. (4) A reduction in mobility of the tempo-stearate spin label suggests that the tricarballylic acid (TCA) moieties of FB1 might mimic the structure of polar headgroups in phospholipids. The present results may provide additional mechanisms to elucidate the toxicological activities of the fumonisins.

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine↗

PubMed1992

A review and update of animal toxicoses associated with fumonisin-contaminated feeds and production of fumonisins by Fusarium isolates.

During the 1989 corn harvest season, numerous reports of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) outbreaks and a pulmonary edema (PPE) syndrome in swine from several regions of the United States were received by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Ames, Iowa. Previous and concurrent research linked Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisin-contaminated feeds to both diseases. Chemical and mycological investigations revealed fumonisin B1 (FB1) concentrations of 20 to 360 ppm in suspect swine feeds and 8 to 117 ppm in suspect equine feeds. Nonproblem feeds contained concentrations below 8 ppm. Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum were isolated from both problem and nonproblem equine and swine feeds. When cultured on autoclaved corn, the F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum isolated produced respective FB1 and fumonisin B2 (FB2) that range from less than 5 to more than 2450 ppm and less than 5 to more than 1000 ppm, respectively. Isolates from both problem and nonproblem feeds produces high levels (greater than 500 ppm) in culture. Reported here is a review of chemical and mycological data resulting from the study of several cases of PPE and ELEM.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1995

Fumonisin B1 alters sphingolipid metabolism and immune function in BALB/c mice: immunological responses to fumonisin B1.

Fumonisins have been reported to have diverse effects on animals, including immunosuppression in chickens and feeder calves; therefore, the effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on immune function in BALB/c mice was investigated. When administered i.p. with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), 5 to 100 micrograms of FB1 reduced the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) produced against SRBC; however, when administered daily, 1 to 50 micrograms of FB1 caused a 4 to 12-fold increase in the number of PFC after SRBC injection. Therefore, FB1 is not only immunosuppressive; but also, immunostimulatory. To test the possibility that there may have been an immune response to FB1 as an antigen, FB1 was injected into mice and the number of splenic cells forming rosettes on FB1-treated SRBC was determined. There were dose-dependent increases in the antigen-binding cells, with up to 4.9- and 4.6-fold increases, respectively, upon primary and secondary immunization. FB1-binding immunoglobulins could be detected in sera from some treated mice, but this response was not obtained in every experiment. In summary, these results show that FB1 has diverse effects on the immune system, causing both stimulation and suppression of the response to foreign antigens, and apparently inducing an antigenic response to FB1.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1996

Apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of fumonisin B1 in human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, esophageal epithelial cells and hepatoma cells.

Fumonisin B1 is associated with various animal and human carcinomas and toxicoses, including leukoencephalomalacia, hepatocarcinoma, pulmonary edema and esophageal carcinoma. We have examined the cellular effects of fumonisin B1 in vitro using cellular model systems relevant to potential human target tissues. Although fumonisin B1 has been described as a mitogen in Swiss 3T3 cells based on stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation, in the current work it was found that fumonisin B1 inhibited incorporation of [3H]thymidine by cultured neonatal human keratinocytes and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells at 10(-7) and 10(-4) M respectively. Fumonisin B1 also inhibited clonal expansion of normal human keratinocytes and HET-1A human esophageal epithelial cells at 10(-5) M and growth in mass culture of normal human fibroblasts at 10(-7) M. The clonogenicity of normal human keratinocytes decreased to 45.5% of controls after exposure to 10(-4) M fumonisin B1 for 2 days. However, no differences in the cell cycle distribution of cultured keratinocytes was noted after exposure to 10(-5) M fumonisin B1 for 40 h. The viability of normal human keratinocytes and HET-1A cells decreased as a result of fumonisin B1 treatment, as determined by a fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide flow cytometric cell viability assay. Fumonisin B1-treated keratinocytes released nucleosomal DNA fragments into the medium 2-3 days after exposure to 10(-4) M fumonisin B1 and increased DNA strand breaks were detected in attached keratinocytes exposed to 0-10(-4) M fumonisin B1 using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-based immunochemical assay system. Furthermore, fumonisin B1-treated keratinocytes and HET-1A cells developed morphological features consistent with apoptosis, as determined by phase contrast microscopy, fluorescent microscopy of acridine orange stained cells and electron microscopy. These results are consistent with the occurrence of fumonisin B1-mediated apoptosis in vitro.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1992

Generation of antibodies reactive with fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 by using cholera toxin as the carrier-adjuvant.

Murine polyclonal antibodies reactive with fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 were produced after a novel immunization procedure with cholera toxin as both a hapten carrier protein and adjuvant. Immunization of mice with two 7.5-micrograms doses of fumonisin B1-cholera toxin conjugate without adjuvant resulted in the production of fumonisin B1-specific antibodies in all mice within 15 days when intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes were used. In contrast, conventional immunization procedures with fumonisin B1-bovine serum albumin conjugates with and without Freund's adjuvant were largely ineffective. Fumonisin antibodies could be readily mass-produced in ascites fluid by using cholera toxin as a carrier-adjuvant. A competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was devised whereby immobilized fumonisin B1-ovalbumin and free fumonisin B1 competed for antibody binding. The detection limit for fumonisin B1 in the ELISA was 100 ng/ml. The antiserum cross-reacted with fumonisins B2 and B3 but not with the hydrolyzed backbone of fumonisin B1 and tricarballylic acid. Concentrations of fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 required for 50% binding inhibition were 260, 300, and 650 ng/ml, respectively. These polyclonal antibodies should find wide usage in the ELISA for fumonisins in foods, feeds, and tissues.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1993

Alteration of tissue and serum sphinganine to sphingosine ratio: an early biomarker of exposure to fumonisin-containing feeds in pigs.

Fumonisins are a group of naturally occurring compounds produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. They are believed to be the etiologic agent of several animal diseases associated with consumption of corn-based feeds including porcine pulmonary edema. Recently it was shown in vitro that fumonisins are specific inhibitors of sphingosine and sphinganine N-acyltransferases. Inhibition of these enzymes in cultured cells results in the accumulation of free long chain sphingoid bases, specifically sphingosine and sphinganine, and the depletion of complex sphingolipids. In this study, tissues and serum from male SPF pigs fed a nutritionally balanced diet containing corn or corn screenings naturally contaminated with fumonisins for up to 14 days were analyzed for free sphingoid bases and complex sphingolipids. Total fumonisins (B1 and B2) in the diets were analyzed at 0 (< 1), 5, 23, 39, 101, and 175 ppm. Pulmonary edema only occurred at 175 ppm, while histologic liver damage was present at > or = 23 ppm, and serum liver enzymes were significantly elevated at > or = 101 ppm. The results of this study show that free sphinganine is elevated in liver, lung, and kidney, from pigs consuming feeds containing fumonisins at total fumonisin concentrations of 23 ppm or greater. Sphingosine is also elevated in a dose-dependent manner, but to a lesser extent than sphinganine. The consequence of this differential inhibition is that the ratio of sphinganine to sphingosine increases, suggesting that sphinganine N-acyltransferase is the preferred target for fumonisins. Elevation of free sphinganine and free sphingosine in serum paralleled the increases in tissues. Statistically significant increases in the ratio were observed at feed concentrations as low as 5 ppm total fumonisins and in pigs (at higher concentrations) in which other serum biochemistry parameters and tissue morphology were not altered. Elevated ratios were also observed in serum from pigs fed pure fumonisin B1. The sensitivity of the ratio indicates that it could serve as an effective biomarker for consumption of fumonisin-containing feeds. In addition, the data supports the hypothesis that inhibition of sphingosine and sphinganine N-acyltransferase plays an important role in the pathogenesis of animal diseases associated with consumption of feed containing fumonisins.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Occurrence of Fusarium and fumonisins on food grains and in foods.

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon occurs worldwide on corn intended for human and animal consumption. A closely related species Fusarium proliferatum also occurs frequently on corn. Yellow dent corn, white dent corn, white and yellow popcorn and sweet corn may be contaminated. Both organisms are capable of producing fumonisins, including Fumonisin B1 (FB1), Fumonisin B2 (FB2) and Fumonisin B3 (FB3). Fumonisins have been found in corn and corn based foods worldwide. Fumonisins may be found in sound whole kernel corn at levels at or below 1.0 microgram/g. By contrast animal disease problems begin to occur at fumonisin levels above 5.0 to 10.0 micrograms/g. Corn based food products that have the most frequent and highest fumonisin levels, besides whole kernel corn, are corn meal, corn flour and corn grits. In the U.S., corn meal and flour have been found contaminated with FB1 at levels from 0.5 to 2.05 micrograms/g, and grits from 0.14 to 0.27 microgram/g. Corn flakes, corn pops, corn chips and tortilla chips have typically been found negative when tested for fumonisins. Popcorn, sweet corn and hominy corn have been found contaminated with sporadic, low levels (0.01 to 0.08 microgram/g) of fumonisins. Contamination levels of corn based foods in Europe appear to be similar to slightly lower than similar products in the U.S., with the possible exception of Italy, where their corn hybrids and corn-based foods appear to be more frequently contaminated with higher levels of fumonisins.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effects of dietary exposure to fumonisins from Fusarium moniliforme culture material (M-1325) on the reproductive performance of female mink.

Adult female mink (Mustela vison) were fed diets that contained Fusarium moniliforme culture material that provided low- or high-dose dietary concentrations of 86 or 200 ppm fumonisin B1, 22 or 42 ppm fumonisin B2, and 7 or 12 ppm fumonisin B3, respectively, from approximately two weeks prior to breeding through gestation and lactation. Breeding performance of the females was not affected by consumption of the fumonisin diets. However, 58% of the mated females fed the high-dose diet (254 ppm total fumonisins) whelped compared to 100% of those fed the control and low-dose diets (115 ppm fumonisins). There was a statistically significant, dose-dependent decrease in kit (young mink) body weights at birth and a notable, but non-significant, decrease in litter size. The percentage of stillborn kits was directly proportional to the concentration of fumonisins in the dams' diets. Fumonisin concentrations in milk collected from those fed the high-dose diets were approximately 0.7% of the dietary fumonisin concentrations. Lactational exposure to fumonisins did not significantly decrease kit survival from birth through three weeks of age. Hepatic cell vacuolation was present in 25% of the control and 80% of the high-dose adults. No treatment-related gross or histologic lesions were observed in the kit mink. Numerous differences in hematologic and serum chemical parameters were noted between the control and fumonisin-exposed mink.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1998

Assessment of human exposure to fumonisin B1.

Fumonisin B1 is currently regarded as the most significant mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. It has carcinogenic properties and may play a role in the etiology of human esophageal cancer. The human population is exposed to fumonisin B1 primarily by intake of fumonisin B1-contaminated maize. Maize consumed in the Netherlands is imported from all parts of the world. Since processing will not affect the overall toxic effect, the fumonisin B1 intake is directly related to the quantity of maize consumed. Literature results concerning the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in a total of 349 samples of maize from 18 countries worldwide demonstrated the presence of this mycotoxin in 93% of the samples. The median fumonisin B1 contamination of all samples was 420 ng of fumonisin B1 per g of maize, and the average contamination level was 1,359 ng of fumonisin B1 per g of maize. Human intake of fumonisin B1 was estimated based on the maize consumption of all people in the Netherlands in 1992. A probability distribution was derived to allow estimation of the exposure of the population to fumonisin B1 intake in relation to maize intake. It showed that among those in the group considered to be at risk, people with gluten intolerance such as people with celiac or Dühring's disease, 37% are estimated to be exposed to an intake of at least 10(5) ng and 97% to an intake of at least 10(3) ng of fumonisin B1 per person per day. For all people in the Netherlands these percentages would be 1% and 49%, respectively.

Carboxylic Acids↗

PubMed1995

Repression of protein kinase C and stimulation of cyclic AMP response elements by fumonisin, a fungal encoded toxin which is a carcinogen.

Fusarium moniliforme (FM) is a major fungal pathogen of corn and is involved with stalk rot disease. FM is widely spread throughout the world, including the United States. Most strains of FM produce several mycotoxins, the most prominent of which is called fumonisin. Recent epidemiological studies indicated that ingestion of fumonisin correlates with a higher incidence of esophageal cancer in Southern and Northern Africa and China. Furthermore, fumonisin causes a neurodegenerative disease in horses, induces hepatic cancer in rats, and induces pulmonary edema in swine. Considering that high levels of fumonisin have been detected in healthy and diseased corn grown in the United States, fumonisin may pose a health threat to humans and livestock animals. Structurally, fumonisin resembles sphingolipids which are present in the membranes of animal and plant cells. At the present time, very little is known concerning the mechanism by which fumonisin elicits its carcinogenic effect. Our studies indicate that fumonisin represses expression of protein kinase C and AP-1-dependent transcription. In contrast, fumonisin stimulated a simple promoter containing a single cyclic AMP response element. Since fumonisin did not alter protein kinase A activity, it appears that cyclic AMP response element activation was independent of protein kinase A. It is hypothesized that the ability of fumonisin to alter signal transduction pathways plays a role in carcinogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Data on the contamination of maize with fumonisin B1 and other fusariotoxins in Hungary.

The fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin content of maize samples collected in the period of storage and harvesting was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Of the mouldy maize samples collected in the period of storage, 70.8% contained fumonisin B1 (0.05-19.8 mg/kg; average concentration: 2.6 mg/kg), 87.5% contained zearalenone (0.01-11.8 mg/kg, average concentration: 1.26 mg/kg), 70% contained deoxynivalenol (0.07-21.2, average concentration: 4.33 mg/kg), and 41.7% contained T-2 toxin (0.06-0.39, average concentration: 0.2 mg/kg). These mycotoxins often occurred together in the samples. In the non-mouldy samples, both the positivity rate and the mycotoxin concentration were markedly lower. In the harvesting period, the mycotoxin content of maize ears more or less affected by moulds (so-called "affected sample") and of the average sample was determined separately for each maize-field involved in the study. Of the affected samples, 70% contained fumonisin B1 (0.095-52.4 mg/kg; average: 6.64 mg/kg), 17% contained zearalenone (0.006-0.079 mg/kg; average: 0.03 mg/kg), 13% contained deoxynivalenol (0.05-0.118 mg/kg; average: 0.09 mg/kg), and 39% contained T-2 toxin (0.05-0.551 mg/kg; average: 0.165 mg/kg). Fumonisin B1 and T-2 toxin often occurred together in the affected maize samples. Of the "average samples", 30% were contaminated with fumonisin B1 (0.06-5.1 mg/kg; average: 1.52 mg/kg) and 9% with T-2 toxin (min.-max.-average: 0.05 mg/kg). The results call attention to the fact that maize cultivated in Hungary is often contaminated with fumonisin B1. High concentrations of fumonisin B1 were found primarily in the mouldy or affected maize ears; therefore, the development of diseases caused by fumonisin B1 should be reckoned with primarily if such maize is fed. Besides fumonisin B1, mouldy or affected maize usually contains also other fusariotoxins, which raises the possibility of mycotoxin interactions. Because of the high prevalence of fumonisin B1 in maize grown in Hungary, the authors suggest that samples of maize used for feeding horses and pigs should be checked for fumonisin B1 content.

Food Contamination↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Surveillance of fumonisins in UK maize-based foods and other cereals.

A survey has been carried out to determine the levels of fumonisins in a variety of maize-based foods and cereals available in the UK. The fate of fumonisins during commercial processing of maize was also assessed at each stage of the process. Fumonisins were not detected in samples of barley, wheat, soya, oats, rice, corn syrup or oil, corn-on-the-cob, corn-fed chicken or wheat flour tortilla. Despite detectable fumonisin contamination in samples of the original maize, fumonisins were not detected in samples of the food products obtained from commercial maize processing. Low levels were detected in samples of tacos and in some foods containing corn-based thickeners, such as instant semolina pudding and instant custard powder. Approximately 78% of corn snack samples contained fumonisins (11-220 micrograms/kg), while 24% of breakfast cereals contained total fumonisins at between 11 and 194 micrograms/kg. Although none of the ready-made popcorn samples contained detectable levels of fumonisins, 46% of popping corn samples and microwaveable popcorn contained fumonisins at 14-784 micrograms/kg. The highest levels of fumonisins were detected in samples of polenta with concentrations ranging from 16 to 2124 micrograms/kg. Overall, fumonisins were detected in 26% (76) of the 291 retail samples analysed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1998

Determination of the mycotoxin fumonisins in gluten-free diet (corn-based commodities) in the Czech Republic.

The fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, are known to occur worldwide as natural contaminants of corn. They are associated with several animal diseases and are a potential threat to human health. A total of 127 samples of corn-based foods (gluten-free diet) in the Czech Republic were analysed by Ridascreen Fumonisin Fast ELISA methods in years 1995-1996. Eighty eight % of the corn-based foods were found to be positive for fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3) and 12% of the examined corn-based foods laid below of a determination limit which was about 9 ng fumonisins/g corn-based foods. The highest fumonisin contamination levels were recorded in extruded corn products containing up to 1,808 micrograms/kg of fumonisins. Levels ranging from < 9 to 1,243 ng/g fumonisins were detected in polenta. Lower levels of fumonisins were found in other commodities, such as corn flour (up to 487 ng/g), corn instant porridge (up to 788 ng/g), and corn pastes (511 ng/g). Intake of fumonisins from several corn-based foods (gluten-free diet) for the population with coeliac disease was estimated. The highest estimate of exposure dose of fumonisins was determined from corn-extruded bread: 3.2 micrograms/person/day (mean of measured values). Daily intake of fumonisins from polenta is expected 2.8 micrograms/person/day (mean). The lower exposure dose of fumonisins we can expect from corn instant porridge, corn postes and other corn products--corn and amaranth biscuit, corn beverage: 0.9, 1.1 and 0.3 micrograms/person/day (mean) respectively.

Celiac Disease↗

PubMed1995

Detection of fumonisins produced in Fusarium moniliforme cultures by HPLC with electrospray MS and evaporative light scattering detectors.

A variety of toxic secondary metabolites including fumonisins, can be produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme and closely related species in section Liseola in large amounts (g/kg in laboratory cultures). Underivatized fumonisins were detected by HPLC using either an evaporative light scattering detector or electrospray MS. Electrospray MS used together with NMR and GC/MS was used to identify a new fumonisin, fumonisin C4, which corresponds in structure to fumonisin B4 with the C-1 terminal methyl group missing. Several novel strains of F. moniliforme mating population A were identified that produced little or no fumonisin B1, but large amounts of either fumonisin B2, or B3 together with fumonisin B4 and C4. These strains which do not produce fumonisin B1 should prove useful in purification of fumonisin B2, B3, C4, and B4 for toxicology studies.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗