[On the calculation of regression in morphology: functional anatomy and mathematical function].
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Animals↗
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Results for “Functional anatomy”
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The temporomandibular joint in video motion--noninvasive image techniques to present the functional anatomy.
The presentation of the functional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is involved with difficulties if dynamic aspects are to be of prime interest, and it should be demonstrated with the highest resolution. Usually noninvasive techniques like MRI and sonography are available for presenting functionality of the temporomandibular joint in video motion. Such images reflect the functional anatomy much better than single pictures of figures could do. In combination with computer aided records of the condyle movements the video motion of MR and sonographical images represent tools for better understanding the relationships between functional or dysfunctional patterns and the morphological or dysmorphological shape and structure of the temporomandibular joint. The possibilities of such tools will be explained and discussed in detail relating, in addition, to loading effects caused by transmitted occlusal pressure onto the joint compartments. If pressure occurs the condyle slides mainly more or less retrocranially whereas the articular disc takes up a more displaced position and a deformed shape. In a few extreme cases the disc prolapses out of the joint space. These video pictures offer new aspects for the diagnosis of the disc-condyle stability and can also be used for explicit educational programs on the complex dysfunction-dysmorphology-relationship of temporomandibular diseases.
Humans↗
[Triangular fibrocartilage complex: functional anatomy and histology].
The functional anatomy and histology of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) were investigated using 20 wrists from fresh cadavers, and a functional model of TFCC was proposed. The dynamic changes in the TFCC during pronation and supination were examined from both the proximal and distal sides. The distal side of the TFCC consisted of the disc proper (DP), the meniscus homologue (MH), the ulnolunate ligament (UL), and the ulnotriquetral ligament (UT). The prestyloid recess was observed between the DP and MH. The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) existed at the ulnar side of the TFCC and consisted of the sheath floor of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) with relatively loose ligamentous tissue recognized as 6U-portal in arthroscopy. The fan-shaped triangular ligament spreading from the fovea of the ulna was observed on the proximal side of the TFCC. It was considered to be the real radioulnar ligament connecting the radius and ulna. During pronation and supination, little deformity in the DP was observed, while the ulnar insertion of the triangular ligament was twisted. The UCL was distorted dorsally in pronation and volary in supination. In the coronal section of the TFCC, the area surrounded by the DP, MH and UCL was relatively soft and loose, and was considered to have served as a cushion during pronation and supination. From these findings, the TFCC was separated into three components; the distal component which acted like a hammock to suspend the carpus, the triangular ligament as the proximal component which stabilized the radius to the ulna, and the UCL as the ulnar component which stabilized the carpus to the ulna. We have proposed a suspension theory to account for the stability and mobility of the TFCC during pronation and supination when these three components suspend each other. The function of the TFCC can be fully accounted for by our theory.
Adult↗
[Definition of surgical degree of freedom by functional anatomy in liver resection surgery].
Liver resections have developed to very complex and differentiated operations, clearly adapted to individual anatomical and physiological conditions. In parallel, perioperative morbidity has been dramatically reduced. Intraoperative strict consideration of various details of hepatic anatomy, particularly of functional liver anatomy, has proved to be of particular importance when liver surgery reaches indication and technical limits. The term "functional anatomy" stands for a form of hepatic substructurization, which is primarily based on the existence of hemodynamically independent regions of liver parenchyma. A selection of some of the most important details and facts of functional liver anatomy and secondary derived guidelines for surgical strategy and technique is presented in an overview, with special focus on liver resection.
Hepatectomy↗
[Functional anatomy of the mitral valve. Cineangiographic observations on the function and anatomy of the stenosed mitral valve].
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Angiocardiography↗
The functional anatomy, neurochemistry, and pharmacology of anxiety.
The functional anatomy of anxiety involves amygdala-based neurocircuits with critical reciprocal connections to the medial prefrontal cortex. Traumatic experiences leave emotional imprints involving the amygdala, with facilitated fear-conditioned associations involving declarative memory traces. Avoidance conditioning is an additional component. An understanding of the functional anatomy of anxiety allows for a new perspective on the various anxiety disorders. The neurotransmitters involved in these circuits are reviewed for their relevance to the pharmacologic choices in the treatment of anxiety. Potent serotonin reuptake inhibitors appear to have superior efficacy in many of the anxiety disorders, with indications that norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have an advantage in severe forms of major depression. Medications with dual effects--blocking reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine (e.g., clomipramine and venlafaxine XR)--have superior benefits in achieving remission in major depression and GAD. These medications may also offer a faster onset of action and theoretically superior benefits in patients with comorbid anxiety disorder and major depression.
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
[Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle joint].
Functional anatomy is fundamental for understanding motion in the ankle joint. Biomechanical studies try to evaluate the forces and torque affecting biological tissue under various conditions and therefore the cause and effects of disorders of joint structures. Conclusions based on this research permit preventive arrangements to reduce force and risk of injury to the joints. Biomechanical models describe the function of joint movements. A knowledge of biomechanical models may affect therapy management of patients with joint disorders. For the radiologist the results of this basic research are of major importance. Knowledge of pathological joint movements allows more accurate diagnosis of complex disorders or injuries of the ankle joint and structural alterations in bony or soft tissue structures, as demonstrated by MRI. In this article, we summarize the results of functional anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle joint reported in the literature.
Ankle Injuries↗
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem: normal structure and basic functional anatomy.
Normal structure and basic functional anatomy of the brainstem were studied using anatomic sections obtained with a cryomicrotome whole-organ sectioning technique. Major tracts and nuclei were identified and their function summarized. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem was performed on 10 normal volunteers. By comparing these images with the corresponding anatomic sections, normal structures, including major tracts and nuclei, were identified. Knowledge of location and function of clinically important brainstem nuclei and tracts is necessary for optimal magnetic resonance image interpretation.
Brain Stem↗
[Anterior cruciate ligament--anatomy, function, injuries and repair].
The anatomy, function and injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament were presented. The authors reviewed some technical problems concerning the intra-articular reconstruction of ACL using artificial prostheses, chemically treated allografts and xenografts or combinations of various materials. There was pointed out that none material was found to meet the criteria to be superior to autogenous graft of the middle one third of the patella tendon with its attached bony insertions.
Animals↗
[Functional anatomy of the central nervous system].
The central nervous system (CNS) has a particular regional functional anatomy. The morphological support of cognitive functions can now be depicted using functional imaging. Lesions of the central nervous system may be responsible of specific symptoms based on their location. Current neuroimaging techniques are able to show and locate precisely macroscopic lesions. Therefore, the knowledge of functional anatomy of the central nervous system is useful to link clinical disorders to symptomatic lesions. Using radio-clinical cases, we present the functional neuro-anatomy related to common cognitive impairments.
Afferent Pathways↗
Cryosectional observations of functional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint.
The anatomy and function of the temporomandibular joint are complex, and our understanding about how the retrocondylar tissues change when the condyle translates anteriorly has been incomplete. We therefore examined the sectional anatomy of 24 fresh human temporomandibular joints at different gradations of jaw opening, protrusion, and laterotrusion. We found that the tissues of the posterior disk attachment expanded in volume and occupied the space behind the condyle when the mouth was opened, protruded, or laterotruded to the contralateral side. Volumetric expansion of the tissue seemed to be due mainly to distension of the venous structures in the retrodiskal area. In the lateral region of the joint, tissue from the superior aspect of the parotid gland also seemed to contribute to the filling of the space posterior to the condyle. Thus, the retrodiskal tissue appears to have a substantial capacity to expand and fill the mandibular fossa when the condyle translates anteriorly. The possibility of a dynamic vascular physiology is suggested.
Aged↗
Experimental design of 31P MRS assessment of human forearm muscle function: restrictions imposed by functional anatomy.
The restrictions imposed by the functional anatomy of the finger flexor muscles on the experimental design of 31P MRS assessment of human forearm muscle function employing surface coil localization and voluntary exercise were investigated. It was found that 31P MRS metabolic data of finger flexor muscle should be correlated with mechanical data of combined flexion of only the ring and little fingers, rather than all four fingers as has been commonly the case in previously reported studies.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Development of multimedia learning modules for teaching human anatomy: application to osteology and functional anatomy.
Computer-assisted learning (CAL) is growing quickly within academic programs. Although the anatomical commercial packages that are available for this learning have attractive advantages, they also have drawbacks: they are frequently not in the local language of the students, they do not perfectly answer the needs of the local academic program, and their cost is frequently more than students can afford. This study describes a relatively inexpensive method to create CAL tutorials, whose content can be fully customized to local academic needs in terms of both program and language. The study describes its use in creating multimedia learning modules (MLMs) about Osteology and joint kinematics. The pedagogical content in these modules was collected from objective experiments to give students the opportunity to access new scientific knowledge during their education. It can be replaced, as desired, by almost any content due to the flexibility of the production method. Each MLM consists of two complementary subelements: a multimedia theoretical lecture and a three-dimensional interactive laboratory. Such MLMs are in use at both the University of Brussels (ULB) and the National University of Rwanda (NUR). The development of this work was part of the VAKHUM project, and the pedagogical validation is currently being performed as part of the MULTIMOD project.
Anatomy↗
[Functional anatomy and evaluation of hand function].
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Hand↗
Functional anatomy of the canine mediastinal cardiac nerves located at the base of the heart.
The major canine cardiopulmonary nerves which arise from the middle cervical and stellate ganglia and the vagi course toward the heart in the dorsal mediastinum where they form, at the base of the heart dorsal to the pulmonary artery and aorta, the dorsal mediastinal cardiac nerves. In addition, the left caudal pole and interganglionic nerves project onto the left lateral side of the heart as the left lateral cardiac nerve. These nerves contain afferent and (or) efferent axons which, upon stimulation, modify specific cardiac regions and (or) systemic pressure. In addition, with the exception of the left lateral cardiac nerve, stimulation of each of these nerves produces compound action potentials in the cranial ends of the majority of the major cardiopulmonary nerves demonstrating that axons in each dorsal mediastinal cardiac nerve interconnect with axons in the majority of the cardiopulmonary nerves. Axons in the left lateral cardiac nerve connect primarily with axons in the left caudal pole and left interganglionic nerves. The dorsal mediastinal nerves project distally onto the heart as coronary nerves accompanying the right or left coronary arteries. These innervated the ventricular myocardium which is supplied by their respective vessels. The left lateral cardiac nerve projects directly onto the lateral epicardium of the left ventricle. The dorsal mediastinal and left lateral cardiac nerves are the major sympathetic cardiac nerves. Thus, the cardiac nerves located in the mediastinum at the base of the heart are not simple extensions of cardiopulmonary nerves, but rather have a unique anatomy and function of their own.
Action Potentials↗
Functional anatomy of the hand.
The emphasis of this review is on anatomy as related to function of the hand. We have described all aspects of functional anatomy from the skin to the skeletal framework. This article provides a concise overview of the hand and intricacies.
Hand↗
Functional anatomy of the eyelids as related to reconstruction.
Current information of eyelid anatomy and function is reviewed. This is a basis for an approach to repair of wounds and defects of the lacrimal system, medial canthal region and eyelids.
Eyelid Diseases↗
Functional imaging: heterogeneity in task strategy and functional anatomy and the case for individual analysis.
To learn more about the functional anatomy of language, the authors used [99mTc]HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) functional imaging to study nonword rhyming, lexical-semantics and syntax. The authors did not find any task-related differences in cerebral blood flow using region-by-region analysis of variance. This led them to examine individual subject's task-related patterns of cerebral blood flow. This analysis revealed regions of interest with little or no change but also regions with changes as great as 30%. There was marked subject-to-subject variability in the pattern of blood flow, which precluded statistically significant results using analysis of variance. An alternative analytic strategy based on numbers of subjects exceeding a minimum threshold task-related change in cerebral blood flow was tested and shows promise in identifying commonalities and differences in individual task-related blood flow patterns. The authors conclude that the complex and difficult to interpret pattern of blood flow changes observed in this study reflect in considerable part the combined effects of variability in task strategy, owing in part to insufficiently constrained task performance, and variability in functional anatomy. The authors also tested the differences in results achieved with simple normalization and analysis of covariance approaches and found them to be insignificant.
Adult↗