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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

CMHC emergency services in the 1980's: effects of funding changes.

Community mental health centers have been faced with the challenge of survival in the wake of funding changes. The authors investigated the impact of these changes on the delivery of emergency services. The results indicated some notable trends including abolishing catchment areas and centralizing emergency services. Additionally, changes in staffing patterns were found, including both an overall decrease in staff providing crisis services and an increase in staff from disciplines eligible for third party reimbursement. Factors that may have influenced these trends are discussed.

Community Mental Health Centers↗

The effects of anticipated funding changes on maternal and child health projects: a case study of uncertainty.

A questionnaire survey of Title V special projects--Maternal and Infant Care (M&I), Comprehensive Care for Children and Youth (C&Y), Neonatal Intensive Care and Children's Dental Care--indicated that the anticipated change from federal project grants to state formula grants caused anxiety among project directors, low morale and high turnover in project staff, difficulty in filling staff positions, and anticipation of service reductions. These effects were much more prevalent and severe in projects which could realistically be expected to suffer budget cuts as a result of the shift in funding method. Despite the widespread anxiety, low morale and adverse effects reported by program directors, there was no reduction in the number of patients served, the scope of services offered, or the number of staff employed.

Adolescent↗

Transitional funding: changing Ontario's global budgeting system.

In 1988, Ontario introduced transitional funding, a collaborative process between the Ministry of Health and the hospitals to modify Ontario's global budgeting system. The goals are to achieve greater equity; encourage hospital efficiency, and promote a shift from inpatient to outpatient services. To implement these goals, inpatient care is being measured in terms of case-mix groups, i.e., a classification system comparable to the diagnosis-related groups. However, since there is no patient level cost data, cost weights are being derived from patient-level data from New York State. Transitional funding draws attention to both positive and negative aspects of global budgeting.

Budgets↗

Academic careers in general practice and primary care.

In the past 10 years, significant developments in general practice teaching and research have led to the considerable growth of academic general practice as a discipline. This paper reviews issues relating to these developments, particularly career pathways and training aspects. The need to extend these advances to the broadening arena of primary health care has given further impetus for the development of academic careers. General practice will need to work closely with secondary care, community health, and social services to develop primary health care in its broadest sense, and an evidence base, generated by relevant research and evaluation, must underpin all of this. Structural and funding changes to undergraduate education, postgraduate training and primary care research have created a range of opportunities for general practice clinicians to define career pathways, not formerly available, within multiprofessional and multidisciplinary departments and groups. Education for future general practice and primary care must underpin developments as much as a research base. Relevant masters' degrees and diplomas are now widely available, and extended vocational training and higher professional education will enable general practitioners in their formative years to consider academic opportunities.

Curriculum↗

Report from the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors subcommittee on graduate medical education funding: effects of decreased medicare support.

INTRODUCTION: Recent changes by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) have resulted in decreased Medicare support for emergency medicine (EM) residencies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of reduced graduate medical education (GME) funding support on residency size, resident rotations, and support for a fourth postgraduate year (PGY) of training and for residents with previous training. METHODS: A 36-question survey was developed by the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) committee on GME funding and sent to all 122 EM program directors (PDs). Responses were collected by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) office and blinded with respect to the institution. RESULTS: Of 122 programs, 109 (89%) responded, of which 78 were PGY 1-3 programs, 19 were PGY 2-4, and 12 were PGY 1-4. The PDs were asked specifically whether there were changes in program size due to changes in Medicare reimbursement. Although few programs (12%) decreased their size or planned to decrease their size, 39% had discussions regarding decreasing their size. Thirty percent of the PDs responded that other programs at their institution had already decreased their size; 26% of the PDs had problems with financing outside rotations; and 24% had a decrease in off-service residents in their emergency departments (EDs). Only seven (6%) of programs paid residents from practice plan dollars, while most (82%) were fully supported by federal GME funding. Nearly all four-year programs (97%) received full resident salary support from their institutions and 77% of programs accept residents with previous training. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all EM programs are fully supported by their institutions, including the fourth postgraduate year. Most programs take residents with previous training. Although few programs have reduced their size, many are discussing this. Many programs have had difficulty with funding off-service rotations and many have had decreased numbers of off-service residents in their EDs. Recent GME funding changes have had adverse effects on EM residency programs.

Data Collection↗

Adherence to postacute rehabilitation guidelines is associated with functional recovery in stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if compliance with poststroke rehabilitation guidelines was associated with better functional outcomes. METHODS: An inception cohort of 288 stroke patients in 11 Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Centers hospitalized between January 1998 and March 1999 were followed prospectively for 6 months. Data were abstracted from medical records and telephone interviews. The primary study outcome was the Functional Independence Motor Score (FIM). Secondary outcomes included Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), SF-36 physical functioning, and the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). Acute and postacute rehabilitation guideline compliance scores (range 0 to 100) were derived from an algorithm. All outcomes were adjusted for case-mix. RESULTS: Average compliance scores in acute and postacute care settings were 68.2% (SD 14) and 69.5% (SD 14.4), respectively. After case-mix adjustment, level of compliance with postacute rehabilitation guidelines was significantly associated with FIM motor, IADL, and the SIS physical domain scores. SF-36 physical function was not associated with guideline compliance. Level of compliance with rehabilitation guidelines in acute settings was unrelated to any of the outcome measures. CONCLUSION: Greater levels of adherence to postacute stroke rehabilitation guidelines were associated with improved patient outcomes. Compliance with guidelines may be viewed as a quality-of-care indicator with which to evaluate new organizational and funding changes involving postacute stroke rehabilitation.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Designing mental health facilities: an interactive process.

Program and funding changes in mental health service delivery in the past 15 years have resulted in ever-changing demands on the use of physical space in mental health facilities. An interactive planning process facilitated by a multidisciplinary design team can anticipate and address many difficulties with space utilization in construction or renovation. An architectural feasibility, study, including a careful definition of user requirements, is a useful document for facilitating intraagency communication, securing external funding, and moving capital projects to completion.

Adult↗

Federal funding formulas and the 1980 census.

Distribution of federal funds has achieved equal status with Congressional reapportionment as a motivation and justification for the Census of Population and Housing. This article describes the effects that U.S. population redistribution during the 1970s, as measured by the 1980 Census, will have on the spatial distribution of federal grants-in-aid provided to state and local governments through programs with formula-based funding systems. The conclusion is that funding changes will not match population changes. The overall redistribution of federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments occurring in response to incorporation of 1980 Census population counts into federal funding formulas will be far less than the level of population redistribution since 1970. Use of intercensal data, formula specifications, limited geographic specificity in many formula allocations, and nonformula determinants of formula-based grants all weaken the relationship between Census-measured population change and the receipt of federal funds at the local level. Despite all the intervening factors, it is probably that in many programs there will be some redistribution of funds when the 1980 Census counts are incorporated into the allocation formulas. But the importance of measurement errors and threshold and reclassification effects may equal that of true population change in determining the funds received by local communities.

Financing, Government↗

Physicians' perceptions of the effect on clinical services of an alternative funding plan at an academic health sciences centre.

BACKGROUND: In July 1994 an alternative funding plan for clinical services (global funding instead of fee-for-service payment) was established at the Southeastern Ontario Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont. This study describes the perceptions of the referring physicians and consultants of the effects of the alternative funding plan 2.5 years after it was initiated. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to all physicians in the Kingston area in November 1996. Information was collected on demographics, referring physicians' perceptions of the funding plan's impact on their practices, consultants' perceptions of its impact on their activities, perceptions of referring and consultant physicians of its impact on services provided by consultants, and attitudes toward alternative funding in the context of the Ontario health care system. RESULTS: Of the 772 physicians 531 (68.8%) returned a completed questionnaire (323 referring physicians and 208 consultants). A sizeable proportion of the referring physicians (126 [39.0%]) indicated that they were referring fewer patients to consultants at the study centre. They did not think that their practice volume had increased, but they did report spending more time on complex cases and on patient care after referral or hospital stay, and more time coordinating community care after hospital stay. Of the consultants 81 (38.9%) believed that their time spent on patient care had increased. No consistent impact on time spent on research or teaching activities was perceived. A total of 54 (26.0%) of the consultants were concerned about the impact of the alternative funding plan on quality of care. A significant proportion of the respondents (399 [75.1%]) believed that outpatient waiting times had increased, and 116 (35.9%) of the referring physicians believed that consultants were not as available by telephone. Most (220 [68.1%]) of the referring physicians believed that the funding change had had a negative effect on health care services in the region, and 87 (41.8%) of the consultants agreed. Nevertheless, the respondents believed that other factors such as funding cuts, hospital bed closures and staff layoffs were much more responsible than the alternative funding plan for their negative perceptions. INTERPRETATION: The alternative funding plan appears to have had an impact on the practices of individual physicians. However, it was not the focus for significant opposition or support from either consultants participating in the funding plan or referring physicians.

Academic Medical Centers↗

The comprehensive treatment team in rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation has prospered in the last several years, but that prosperity is threatened by competition, manpower shortages, continuing preoccupation with costs, and government deliberations about funding changes. The comprehensive treatment team has been the foundation of rehabilitation, but its appropriateness has to be looked at in light of current conditions in health care. Evidence of its effectiveness has been meager. This article is an examination of the origins of the team, its current functioning, and its research on effectiveness. Several alternatives to the current delivery system are suggested, although economic forces may overtake attempts to establish effectiveness by research.

Clinical Protocols↗

The impact of training in behavioral pediatrics: a study of 24 residency programs.

Three groups of residency programs were compared: 11 externally funded to provide mandatory behavioral training, seven not externally funded but providing mandatory training, and six controls not requiring training. At the beginning and end of 1980-1981, 569 residents (70%) completed questionnaires assessing attitudes regarding behavioral disorders, physical disorders, and "mixed" disorders (with physical and behavioral aspects). Behavioral knowledge was tested by 60 multiple-choice questions. Virtually all significant effects of program type occurred in the PL-2 year. For three attitudinal measures, "competence in management," "ability to advise parents," and "future relevance," only Funded residents demonstrated higher change scores for both behavioral and mixed disorders, relative to physical disorders; Funded and Not Funded residents were superior to Controls regarding behavioral disorders. For "knowledge of resources" and "facility interest," Not Funded change was superior to Control. Given higher Funded ratings initially, Not Funded ratings approximated Funded ratings by the end of the year. Regarding knowledge, Funded and Not Funded residents showed greater improvement than Controls. These data suggest that: changes in attitudes and knowledge are related to mandatory training; Funded programs generate the most consistent changes in both behavioral and "mixed" disorders; and the impact of training is most evident in the PL-2 year.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Teambuilding: a positive force in times of change.

The health care system continues to undergo revolutionary changes in the 90's. Never before in this area have we seen so many changes occur so quickly in such a short period of time. Funding changes and decreases to hospitals are only one of the critical factors ultimately effecting patient care and the direction of health in the future. Staffing changes because of bumping due to seniority and redesign efforts have had an even greater impact on the day to day operation of a hospital unit. This article attempts to address some of these concerns with one practical process that is universally accepted and can be readily implemented. This process which is springing up in the literature and is fast becoming the popular term of this decade is that of "TEAMBUILDING". In the next few pages an interdisciplinary team will describe their successful efforts at teambuilding in one clinical program.

Communication↗

Review of US medical school finances, 1995-1996.

For the 1995-1996 fiscal year, all 125 accredited US medical schools responded to the annual medical school questionnaire of the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, part I-A. Using data from the financial portion of the questionnaire, we identify patterns of financing medical education during the past 3 years and the practice plan arrangements adopted by medical schools, including their organizational and legal structures. This financial review details differences in how public and private medical schools are being funded and funding changes during the past 3 years. The reported data show that revenues supporting medical school programs and activities totaled more than $31 billion in 1995-1996, an increase of 5.4% in inflation-adjusted dollars during the previous year. Compared with the previous year, revenues, in current and constant dollars, increased in almost every category in 1995-1996.

Financial Management↗

Restructuring public mental health and substance abuse service systems.

The authors originally circulated the concepts in this proposal during May 1995. The purpose was to support an open, public dialogue regarding the restructuring of the mental health and substance abuse services in Illinois in anticipation of Medicaid funding changes. Restructuring mental health and substance abuse service systems should follow certain key principles. These principles are applicable to other states, particularly those large in territory and population. The authors propose the temporary use of multiple managed care companies serving as administrative services only (ASO) organizations, each of whom would have responsibility for a given geographic portion of a state. The role of the ASOs would be to organize providers into networks on a regional basis and transfer managed care expertise in financing and clinical management to the relevant state departments and provider groups. Changes in the service delivery system would be phased in over time with reorganization of key components of the system during each phase. Where the provision of mental health, substance abuse, and social services is split among multiple state agencies, these agencies would be merged to achieve unified funding and administrative efficiency. Patients and advocacy organizations would play a key role in overseeing and shaping system restructuring at all levels, including a governmental board reporting to the governor, overseeing ASO organizations' operations and assuring quality and access at the provider level. The authors propose funding of public behavioral health services through use of a tiered, integrated funding model.

Case Management↗