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Infection with Fusarium solani was established by injecting spores into the anterior chambers of outbred Wistar rats. The disease produced was remarkably similar to that reported in man and progressed to a fulminating endophthalmitis. Attenuation of the disease could be accomplished by repeated animal passage of the isolate.
1. A strain of the fungus Fusarium solani able to use benzonitrile as sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated by elective culture. 2. Respiration studies indicate that the nitrile, after degradation to benzoate, is catabolized via catechol or alternatively via p-hydroxybenzoate and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. 3. Cell-free extracts of benzonitrile-grown cells contain an enzyme mediating the conversion of benzonitrile into benzoate and ammonia. 4. The nitrilase enzyme was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The homogeneity of the purified enzyme preparation was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. 5. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum between pH7.8 and 9.1 and a K(m) with benzonitrile as substrate of 0.039mm. The activation energy of the reaction deduced from an Arrhenius plot was 48.4kJ/mol. 6. The enzyme was susceptible to inhibition by thiol-specific reagents and certain heavy metal ions. 7. Gel filtration gave a value of 620000 for the molecular weight of the intact enzyme. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the enzyme was composed of eight subunits of mol.wt. 76000. 8. Rates of enzymic attack on various substrates indicated that the nitrilase has a fairly broad specificity and that the fungus probably plays an important role in the biodegradation of certain nitrilic herbicides in the environment.
Three antibiotic pigments isolated from Fusarium solani and related to fusarubin (4) were shown to be O-ethylfusarubin (2), hydroxidihydrofusarubin (3) and O-ethylhydroxydihydrofusarubin (1).
Pydiflumetofen (Pyd), one of the new-generation SDHIs, has been applied to control various diseases in economic crops. Fusarium solani, a soil-borne pathogen with a broad host range, is the agent of quinoa basal-stem rot (QBSR). In this study, three PydLR (4.64 < RF < 9.31), six PydMR (51.24 < RF < 86.91), and seven PydHR mutants (RF > 6000) were generated by Pyd-taming. Most F. solani PydR mutants showed no fitness penalties. The sequence alignment of FsSdh genes revealed that substitutions S202F, L244P, and H248P/R/Y in FsSdhB, or A83 V in FsSdhC1, caused Pyd resistance. Notably, the mutation S202F causing HR was first reported. Molecular docking demonstrated that these aforementioned mutations significantly reduced affinity between Pyd and the Qp-binding pocket. These results provide pivotal data for the resistance management strategies of F. solani and advance our understanding of the resistance mechanisms of SDHIs.
The C1 component from Fusarium solani cellulase was purified extensively by molecular-sieve chromatography on Ultrogel AcA-54 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The purified component showed little capacity for hydrolysing highly ordered substrates (e.g., cotton fibre), but poorly ordered substrates (e.g., H3PO4-swollen cellulose), and the soluble cello-oligosaccharides cellotetraose and cellohexaose, were readily hydrolysed; cellobiose was the principal product in each case. Attack on O(-carboxymethyl)cellulose, a substrate widely used for measuring the activity of the randomly acting enzymes (Cx enzymes) of the cellulase complex, was minimal, and ceased after the removal of a few unsubstituted residues from the end of the chain. These observations, and the fact that the rate of change of degree of polymerisation of H3PO4-swollen cellulose was very slow compared with that effected by the randomly acting endoglucanases (Cx, CM-cellulases), indicate that C1 is a cellobiohydrolase. Fractionation by a variety of methods gave no evidence for the non-identity of the cellobiohydrolase and the component that acted in synergism with the randomly acting Cx enzyme when solubilizing cotton fibre.
A strain of Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. (IMI-216517), isolated from a patient of mycotic keratitis, produced experimental keratomycosis in albino rabbit cornea and survived in internal tissues of albino mice for varying periods. Alantolactone, isolated from the plant - Inula racemosa Hook. f. exhibited marked in vitro fungistatic activity against this strain of F. solani at 100-200 microgram/ml concentrations. The strain was less sensitive to amphotericin B and showed more acid than alkaline proteinase and phosphatase activities.
A cholesterol-decomposing fungus, Fusarium solani (Mart.) SACC. strain PP 96, was found to produce several different naphthaquinone pigments in a glycerol-mineral salts medium. Three novel compounds structurally related to fusarubin were isolated by chloroform extration followed by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The purified compounds were found to have relatively low activity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.
A 45-year-old woman developed a fungal endophthalmitis caused by Fusarium solani. No primary corneal lesion existed. Therefore, the focus of infection was considered endogenous. Although disseminated systemic infections with Fusarium species have been described in compromised hosts, including a patient with metastatic panophthalmitis, we believe this is the first report of an endogenous endophthalmitis caused by F. solani in a healthy individual.
Cutin hydrolysate induced the production of an extracellular cutinase by glucose-grown Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. The rate of production depended on the amount of cutin hydrolysate added up to 80 mug/ml, and saturation was attained at this level. Glucose was found to be a repressor of cutinase production. A radial immunodiffusion assay for cutinase was developed, and the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was confirmed by this direct assay. When cutinase was induced by cutin hydrolysate, exogenous labeled phenylalanine was incorporated into cutinase, which was shown to be the major (>70%) protein in the extracellular fluid. Induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was not inhibited by actinomycin D and was stimulated ( approximately 100%) by cordycepin. Addition of cycloheximide with the inducer, or up to 12 h after the addition of the inducer, resulted in a nearly immediate cessation of cutinase production. Deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of proten glycosylation, inhibited the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate. omega-Hydroxy fatty acids were more effective in inducing cutinase than any of the other more polar acids of cutin. Experiments with derivatives and analogues of omega-hydroxy C(16) acid indicated that a free hydroxyl group at the omega-position was the most important factor determining the cutinase-inducing activity. n-Aliphatic primary alcohols with 14 or more carbon atoms induced cutinase, and n-C(16) was the most effective inducer. These results strongly suggest that the monomers function as the chemical signal which induces the extracellular hydrolase.
Freeze-drying of highly purified dextranse from Penicillium funiculosum and Fusarium solani was accompanied by 90% losses of enzyme activity and solubility. Many carbohydrates were tested as stabilizers, e.g. glucose, maltose, lactose, polyglucine, dextranase hydrolyzate of polyglucine as well as mannitol and ammonium sulfate. Polyglucine, its hydrolyzate, and glucose proved most effective stabilizers. The stabilizing effect of polyglucine hydrolyzate of dextranase during its heating and freeze-drying was compared. The effective concentration of the stabilizer during freeze-drying was 10 times lower than during heating.
Citrate and malate were poorer sources of exogenous carbon than several hexose, pentose, or disaccharide sugars for supporting macroconidial germination by Fusarium solani at high conidial density (1 X 10(5) condia/ml). Only citrate, however, failed to block chlamydospore morphogenesis to a degree comparable to glucose or other readily used sugars. Mostly immature chlamydospores were formed in the presence of citrate. At low conidial density (5 X 10(3) conidia/ml), exogenous carbon-independent macroconidial germination and subsequent rapid chalmydospore formation on germ tubes was not inhibited by ammonium or nitrate nitrogen. The citrate-phosphate buffered, low pH (4.0) medium of Cochrane induced more immature chlamydospore formation by F. solani than a pH 6.0 medium, but few mature chlamydospores were formed in either medium. Condensation of hyphal cytoplasm into developing chlamydospores, a character typical of chlamydospore formation, did not occur extensively and macroconidia, hyphae, and immature chlamydospores stained deeply with Sudan III, suggesting lipid biosynthesis. This inhibition of chlamydospore maturation may be due partly to nitrogen deficiency imposed by the high C:N ratio of the medium and to the presence of citrate. Only vesiculate hyphal cells were formed by F. solani f. sp. phaseoli in both media. Field soils to which the clone of F. solani used is indigenous had mean pH values ranging from 5.2 to 6.0.
The properties of the homogeneous cutinase I, cutinase II, and the nonspecific esterase isolated from the extracellular fluid of cutin-grown Fusarium solani F. pisi (R.E. Purdy and P.E. Kolattukudy (1975), Biochemistry, preceding paper in this issue) were investigated. Using tritiated apple cutin as substrate, the two cutinases showed similar substrate concentration dependence, protein concentration dependence, time course profiles, and pH dependence profiles with optimum near 10.0. Using unlabeled cutin, the rate of dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid release from apple fruit cutin by cutinase I was determined to be 4.4 mumol per min per mg. The cutinases hydrolyzed methyl hexadecanoate, cyclohexyl hexadecanoate, and to a much lesser extent hexadecyl hexadecanoate but not 9-hexadecanoyloxyheptadecane, cholesteryl hexadecanoate, or hexadecyl cinnamate. The extent of hydrolysis of these model substrates by cutinase I was at least three times that by cutinase II. The nonspecific esterase hydrolyzed all of the above esters except hexadecyl cinnamate, and did so to a much greater extent than did the cutinases. None of the enzymes hydrolyzed alpha- or beta-glucosides of p-nitrophenol. p-Nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids from C2 through C18 were used as substrates and V's and Kms were determined...
Plastic degradation by microorganisms offers a natural mechanism for the breakdown of persistent pollutants. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Fusarium solani strain BAT10, isolated from a waste gas-treating biofilter and capable of degrading aliphatic polyurethane foams as the only source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy.
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Axenic, washed conidia of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, Aspergillus flavus, and Verticillium albo-atrum were placed on washed Difco purified agar discs along with an inorganic salt solution containing various levels of carbon and nitrogen substrates. These discs were exposed to volatiles from six soils (pH 5.1-8.6). Fusarium solani macroconidial germination was inhibited mostly by volatiles from soils of pH 5.1, 6.1, 7.0, and 7.5, but high levels of glucose and NH4Cl reversed this inhibition, raising germination to that of no-soil, no-carbon or nitrogen controls. Conidial germination of A. flavus was inhibited mainly by volatiles from high pH (7.0, 7.8, and 8.6) soils, and increased levels of glucose plus an amino acid mixture nullified this inhibition. Volatiles from soils of pH 5.1, 6.1, and 7.5 stimulated A. flavus conidial germination. Assays after the removal of CO2 from the air above soil of pH 5.1 demonstrated that volatiles inhibitory to A. flavus were produced by this soil. Assays indicated that a KOH-soluble compound was a fungistatic soil volatile to F. solani macroconidial germination. The nullification by carbon and nitrogen substrates of F. solani and A. flavus inhibition caused by soil volatiles parallels that for soil fungistasis. Conidial germination of V. albo-atrum was markedly stimulated by volatiles in all soils tested, and was not affected by removal of CO2. Inhibitory soil volatiles may increase the nutritional requirements for spore germination of certain fungi.
A microtiter method for the determination of fungal sensitivities was used to determine the minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of two antifungal agents, amphotericin B and natamycin, both alone and in combination with four different antibiotics: rifampin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Synergism was defined as a fourfold or greater reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both, of the antifungal agent in the presence of antibiotic; antagonism was defined as fourfold or greater increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both. Amphotericin B and rifampin were synergistic against the majority of organisms, but synergism between amphotericin B and other antibiotics was infrequent. Combinations of natamycin and rifampin or of natamycin and gentamicin were synergistic against the majority of Fusarium solani tested. Combinations of amphotericin B and tetracycline were antagonistic against 14% of the organisms.