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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Confirmation of communication between deep venous drainage and the vein of galen after treatment of a vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation in an infant presenting with severe pulmonary hypertension.

Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAM) are characterized by multiple arteriovenous connections draining into a markedly enlarged median draining vein. This ectatic vein is not the vein of Galen, but its embryonic precursor, the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski. During normal development, the posterior portion of the median prosencephalic vein persists as the vein of Galen, while its anterior portion regresses in parallel with the formation of the internal cerebral veins (ICV). It has been traditionally thought that, in children with a VGAM, the deep venous system does not connect to and, a fortiori, does not drain into the ectatic median prosencephalic vein/vein of Galen. This report describes a case of successfully treated VGAM in which the drainage of an ICV into the vein of Galen was only demonstrated by follow-up MR imaging and venography. The potential implications of this finding for the management of VGAMs are discussed.

Cerebral Angiography↗
PubMed2005

Hippocrates in the context of Galen: Galen's commentary on the classification of fevers in Epidemics VI.

This paper elucidates the relationship between Hippocrates and Galen concerning the classification of fever and illustrates Galen's use and abuse of Hippocrates. Galen used Epidemics VI in order to justify his own arguments on the classification of fever, based on the three forms of matter. A close examination of Galen's use of Epidemics VI does not support his justification. It turns out that it was Galen's theory-laden eyes that made Epidemics VI a founding ground for his fever theory.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2003

Normal galenic drainage of the deep cerebral venous system in two cases of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation.

INTRODUCTION: Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAM) are assumed to be related to the persistence of the embryonic median prosencephalic vein of Markowski, which does not involute in cases of VGAM and becomes the venous collector of the shunt, characteristic of the malformation. The arterial feeders of VGAMs are all primitive meningeal arteries present during the embryonic period of the constitution of the malformation. It has also been assumed that the internal cerebral veins were absent in patients presenting with VGAM. There is no clear evidence indicating, however, that the deep venous structures cannot develop normally. CASE REPORTS: We report on two cases of VGAM in which superselective retrograde transvenous catheterization and MRI demonstrated that normal internal cerebral veins were draining into the aneurysmal vein of Galen. CONCLUSIONS: It is conceivable that, as in our patients, this drainage pattern is only angiographically detectable via selective retrograde transvenous drainage. The possibility of such normal deep galenic venous drainage must be considered in VGAM management, as it may imply occurrence of adverse effects when the malformation is occluded on the venous side.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Galen and his anatomic eponym: vein of Galen.

Galen or Galenus was born at Pergamum (now Bergama in Turkey) in 129 A.D., and died in the year 200 A.D. He was a 2nd century Greek philosopher-physician who switched to the medical profession after his father dreamt of this calling for his son. Galen's training and experiences brought him to Alexandria and Rome and he rose quickly to fame with public demonstrations of anatomical and surgical skills. He became physician to emperor Marcus Aurelius and the emperor's ambitious son, Commodus. He wrote prodigiously and was able to preserve his medical research in 22 volumes of printed text, representing half of all Greek medical literature that is available to us today. The structures, the great cerebral vein and the communicating branch of the internal laryngeal nerve, bear his eponym.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1998

Practical development of re-usable terminologies: GALEN-IN-USE and the GALEN Organisation.

Medical terminology is now playing a key role in medical software. This requires new techniques with which many clinical users, classification experts and applications developers are unfamiliar. There is a conflict in that the more re-usable techniques for terminology needed to support sharing of information among many different applications are more difficult to use for any one application. A layered approach to re-use is described which combines techniques from first generation systems and relatively easily understood second generation systems with the formal rigour of third generation systems to resolve this conflict. The methodology also provides a potentially rigorous approach to defining the relationship between terminology and structure in the electronic healthcare record architecture. It provides a natural migration pathway from existing systems to powerful re-usable multilingual terminologies.

Expert Systems↗
PubMed1987

[Dilatation of the vein of Galen. Anatomoclinical forms and endovascular treatment apropos of 14 cases explored and/or treated between 1983 and 1986].

The authors report 14 cases of vein of Galen dilatation explored and/or treated between 1983 and 1986. Three anatomic types have been individualized: the vein of Galen arterio-venous malformation (AVM) (7 cases); the cerebral AVM with vein of Galen ectasia (6 cases); the varix of the vein of Galen without AV shunt (1 case). When an AVM is present the shunt is located either in the venous wall (vein of Galen AVM) or in the brain parenchyma; in the latter the AVM drains into a tributary of the vein of Galen (cerebral AVM with vein of Galen ectasia). However in all the 14 cases downstream to the draining vein, a venous (dural) anomaly could be demonstrated. This anomaly suggests the secondary nature of the dilatation proximal to a developmental obstacle. Clinically the vein of Galen AVM reveals early in neonates by cardiac complications; the other types are usually seen later following hydrocephalic or bleeding episodes. As far as therapeutic aspect, we can technically stabilize the hemodynamic problem, by occluding most if not all the shunts by endovascular approach, and make most of the neonates survive. However the quality of survivance and the future neurological development is impossible to predict yet. Nevertheless the short term follow-up is very encouraging. The combined per operative embolization through the vein must be exclusively reserved to vein of Galen AVM. The torcular approach is contraindicated in brain AVM with Vein of Galen ectasia. The vein of Galen varix do not require any type of morphological correction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The galenic venous system: surgical anatomy and its angiographic and magnetic resonance venographic correlations.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at evaluating the adequacy of digital subtraction angiography and magnetic resonance venography in imaging of the galenic venous system for surgical planning of approaches to the pineal region. Anatomical dissections were carried out in 10 cadavers of several age groups and these were compared to imaging findings in 10 living subjects. METHODS: The presence or absence of 10 predetermined veins or vein groupings belonging to the galenic venous system were prospectively analyzed in 10 cadaver dissections and imaging findings of 10 age matched human subjects. The studied vessels were the vein of galen, the internal cerebral veins, both basal vein of Rosenthals, internal occipital vein, occipitotemporal veins, precentral cerebellar veins, tectal veins, pineal veins, superior vermian veins (including superior cerebellar veins (SCVs)) and posterior pericallosal veins. Each of the subjects had both digital subtraction angiography and magnetic resonance venography studies performed. Diagnostic digital subtraction angiography was performed using the transfemoral route and the venous phase was used for the study. Magnetic resonance venography was performed in 1.5 T MRI equipment using the 2D-TOF sequence. All studies were reported to be normal. RESULTS: There was wide variation in the anatomy of the galenic venous system. There were interpersonal, intrapersonal and age related variations. Both the digital subtraction angiography and the magnetic resonance venography were efficient at demonstrating large veins. However, smaller veins were less readily demonstrated in either study. The general sensitivities of the digital subtraction angiography and the magnetic resonance venography for the galenic venous system were 45.5% and 32.5%, respectively. Surgically important veins were missed in most studies. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomically, the galenic venous system is highly variable. This variability is caused by interpersonal, intrapersonal and age related differences and causes each individual galenic venous system to be unique. Therefore, modern neurosurgical procedures require anatomical information on individual differences. Current radiological methods of digital subtraction angiography and magnetic resonance venography fail short of providing the necessary information. New and more sophisticated MRI technology may fulfill this need.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Galen's ideas on neurological function.

Galen was the leading physician of the Roman empire during the last half of the second century. Unlike some of his predecessors, Galen concluded that the brain controlled cognition and willed action. The initial evidence for this doctrine was that the brain was the site of termination of all of the five senses: touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. Galen presumed that the information from these five senses was organized by a part of the brain that generated a concept of an object common to all senses; this part of the brain he considered to be the area of common sense. Galen thought that he could differentiate sensory from motor nerves (not nerve fibers) by palpation. Sensory nerves were soft because they needed to be impressed with the essence of the object seen, heard, felt, smelled, or tasted. Motor nerve fibers were very hard because they needed to carry the force of the will from the brain to the muscles. Strong willed people had especially firm motor nerve fibers; hence, the modern term that a person with great bravery has 'nerves of steel'. Galen considered that common sense, cognition, and memory were functions of the brain. Personality and emotion were not generated by the brain, but rather by the body as a whole (or perhaps by the heart and liver). Galen's studies of respiration and of the recurrent laryngeal nerve solidified the knowledge that the brain, not the chest, was the site of the rational power that guides human behavior. This doctrine has continued from Galen's time to the present.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Stereotactic radiosurgery for tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae draining into the vein of Galen: report of two cases.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Treatment of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVFs) primarily draining into the vein of Galen remains a therapeutic challenge. We present two cases of ruptured galenic DAVFs that were successfully treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Patient 1, a 66-year-old woman, experienced a sudden onset of headache and loss of consciousness. Neuroimaging studies revealed intraventricular hemorrhage and a DAVF with aneurysmal dilation of the vein of Galen. The DAVF was supplied by tentorial branches of the right meningohypophyseal artery and bilateral supracerebellar arteries, which drained directly into the vein of Galen. Patient 2, a 64-year-old woman, experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography revealed a galenic DAVF at the falcotentorial junction, which was supplied by bilateral supracerebellar arteries. This patient had an aneurysm at the origin of the left supracerebellar artery. INTERVENTION: Both patients were treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. In each case, the fistula was exclusively targeted and a dose of more than 20 Gy was delivered. Complete obliteration of the fistula was confirmed 27 and 29 months after radiosurgery for Patients 1 and 2, respectively, whereas the normal venous structures of the galenic system were preserved. CONCLUSION: Gamma knife radiosurgery is an effective treatment modality for DAVFs primarily draining into the vein of Galen. Irradiation doses of more than 20 Gy, strictly limited to the fistulae, seem to be sufficient for successful obliteration of these high-risk vascular lesions, with minimal invasiveness.

Aged↗