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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Natural gas and indoor air pollution: a comparison with coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas.

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. METHODS: Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects. Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). RESULTS: Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas; furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and 1-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas. Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1% of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. CONCLUSION: Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2005

Stability of a flat gas-liquid interface containing nonidentical spheres to gas transport: toward an explanation of particle stabilization of gas bubbles.

It is shown that a flat interface between a soluble gas and a liquid that contains an arbitrary number of partially wetting nonidentical spheres is linearly stable to slight perturbations caused by fluctuations in the gas volume. Stability is proved by showing that the rate of change of the volume of the gas with curvature of the interface is positive in the neighborhood of the equilibrium state of zero interface curvature. Physically, the volume fluctuations induce fluctuations in the curvature of the interface that would naturally lead to dissolution of gas into the liquid in the case of positive curvature and entry of gas into the bubble in the case of negative curvature, either of which restores equilibrium. This result may possibly explain the unusual long-term stability of gas bubbles covered by colloidal particles in the recent experiments of Du et al. (Du, Z.; Bilbao-Montoya, M. P.; Binks, B. P.; Dickinson, E.; Ettelaie, R.; Murray, B. S. Langmuir 2003, 19, 3106).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

The clinical significance of gas-containing liver abscesses converting from total gas content to gas and fluid content: a case report.

The first case of gas-containing liver abscesses converting from total gas content to gas and fluid content is reported, and the clinical significance of such a conversion is emphasised. A 58-year-old diabetic woman suffered from fever and chill due to totally gas-containing liver abscesses shown by computerised tomography (CT). The patient did not recover despite ultrasound-guided aspiration of the abscess. CT carried out 2 weeks later revealed that the initial totally gas-containing liver abscesses converted to ones with gas and fluid content. The patient recovered after CT-guided drainage of the abscesses.

Drainage↗
PubMed1980

Plasma concentrations of alphaxalone by gas chromatography: comparison with other gas chromatographic methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Existing methods for the measurement of plasma or tissue alphaxalone concentrations by gas chromatography are not wholly satisfactory because of the problems of interfering peaks and detector contamination by the silylation reagent. This paper describes an alternative gas chromatographic method using the nitrogen selective alkali flame ionization detector. Plasma samples from patients given Althesin (alphaxalone-alphadolone acetate) were extracted with light petroleum. O-Methyl oximes were formed using methoxyamine hydrochloride, and the O-methyloxime-3-acetate prepared by heating the extract with acetic anhydride-pyridine. Gas liquid chromatography was carried out on a column of 3% OV 17 ON Celite 545 (mesh 80-100), initial temperature 235 degrees C and increasing by a degree C min-1. Comparison has been made of the O-methyl oxime acetates with trimethylsilyl ethers using both gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results of the two methods were not significantly different. The coefficient of variation for the O-methyloxime-3-acetates at a plasma concentration of 1.09 microliter-1 was 6.9%. This method has an improved sensitivity and selectivity over the existing method, and allows determination of the plasma alphaxalone concentrations found in patients receiving Althesin-supplemented anaesthesia.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1978

Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. V. Effect of changing breathing gas composition on pulmonary gas embolization.

It was found in previous investigations that during venous gas infusion at low rates (1--5 ml/min-1) circulatory and respiratory variables reached a constant level after about 10--15 min. The present study demonstrates that this steady state can be disturbed by changing the composition of the breathing gas mixture. Alteration from air to 21% O2 in helium rapidly increased the embolic effects up to a maximum within 1.5--2 min; in the next 5--8 min the circulatory and respiratory variables returned to their previous levels during air breathing. Reverse effects occurred when changing from 21% O2 in helium to air. Similar phenomena were seen after switching from air to pure oxygen and from 21% O2 helium to pure oxygen. However, the extent of the circulatory and respiratory changes differed depending on the composition of the respective alternating breathing gas mixtures and on the initial embolic level as determined by infusion rate and kind of infusion gas. Gas movements between intravascular bubbles and alveolar space might be responsible for these changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Application of gas chromatography-cryocondensation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the identification of gas phase reaction products from the alpha-pinene/ozone reaction.

The gas phase reaction of alpha-pinene with the atmospheric oxidant ozone was investigated by using the capabilities of both gas chromatography-cryocondensation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC-FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for the identification of the reaction products formed. The reaction was carried out in a flow reaction chamber from where the compounds were sampled on Tenax-containing adsorption cartridges. The reaction mixture was injected onto the column after thermodesorption and analyzed using both GC-IR and GC-MS. Twenty compounds could be detected, including the reactant alpha-pinene and it's impurities tricyclene and camphene. Eleven compounds were identified by spectra comparison with either reference data or spectra obtained from commercial standards. Four compounds were tentatively identified from their IR and MS spectra, while from the remaining two compounds the nature of basic functional groups could be established.

Bicyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed2000

Investigation of combwax of honeybees with high-temperature gas chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. II: High-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Crude combwax of six various honey bee species have been analyzed by high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC)-chemical ionization mass spectrometry after a two-step silylation procedure. An optimized chromatographic procedure, described previously, enables the separation of high-molecular mass lipid compounds resulting in a characteristic fingerprint of the combwaxes of different honeybee species. The coupling of HTGC to mass spectrometry requires appropriate instrumentation in order to achieve sufficient sensitivity at high elution temperatures and avoid loss of chromatographic resolution. Chemical ionization was carried out using methane as reagent gas in order to determine the molecular mass of the individual compounds by means of abundant quasi molecular ions. To confirm the presence of unsaturated wax esters, ammonia was used as reagent gas. More than 80 lipid constituents were separated and characterized by their mass spectra. Representative chemical ionization mass spectra of individual compounds are presented. Both, HTGC-flame ionization detection data and the results of the HTGC-mass spectrometric investigations enabled a rapid profiling of the individual classes of compounds in crude combwaxes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Studies of organic residues from ancient Egyptian mummies using high temperature-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and sequential thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The techniques of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sequential thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) have been utilised to characterise the constituents of tissue-derived or applied organic material from two Pharaonic Egyptian mummies with a view to identifying embalming practices/substances. The results obtained using TD-GC-MS revealed a series of monocarboxylic acids with the C16:0, C18:1 and C18:0 components dominating in both mummies. The thermal desorption products related to cholesterol, i.e., cholesta-3,5,7-triene and cholesta-3,5-diene (only in Khnum Nakht), were detected in both mummies. Khnum Nakht also contained a number of straight chain alkyl amides (C16-C18) and an alkyl nitrile (C18). Other products included the 2,5-diketopiperazine derivative (DKP) of proline-glycine (pro-gly) which was a major component (7.9%) in Khnum Nakht but only a very minor component in Horemkenesi. Py-GC-MS of samples of both specimens yielded a series of alkene/alkane doublets (Horemkenesi C6-C18, Khnum Nakht C6-C24) which dominated their chromatograms. Series of methyl ketones in the C9-C19 chain length range were also present, with C5-C7 cyclic ketones occurring in Horemkenesi only. These ketones are indicative of covalent bond cleavage, probably of polymerised acyl lipids. Nitrogenous products included nitriles (C9-C18) which were significant in both samples, and amides which were only detected in Khnum Nakht. Also present amongst the pyrolysis products were three steroidal hydrocarbons, cholest-(?)-ene, cholesta-3,5,7-triene and cholesta-3,5-diene. High temperature-GC-MS of trimethylsilylated lipid extracts yielded similar monocarboxylic acids to that obtained using TD-GC-MS, while a series of alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids and a number of mono- and di-hydroxy carboxylic acids not seen in the thermal desorption or pyrolysis GC-MS analyses were significant constituents in both mummy samples. Overall, the use of GC-MS and sequential TD-GC-MS and Py-GC-MS has demonstrated in both mummies the presence of a complex suite of lipids and proteinaceous components whose compositions indicates extensive alteration via oxidative and hydrolytic processes during long-term interment. None of the classical embalming resins was detected but an exogenous origin for at least a proportion of these components cannot be discounted since fats, oils and gelatin have been proposed as embalming agents in mummification. The combined approach of sequential TD- and Py-GC-MS has potential for application to the characterisation of embalming materials in mummies. Most importantly these techniques virtually eliminate any destruction of the mummified bodies thereby allowing the scope of investigations of ancient Egyptian funerary practices to be significantly extended.

Embalming↗
PubMed1997

Sulfur-Bridged Cubane-Type Molybdenum-Gallium Clusters with Mo(3)GaS(4)(n)(+) (n = 5, 6) Cores. X-ray Structures of [Mo(3)GaS(4)(H(2)O)(12)](CH(3)C(6)H(4)SO(3))(5).14H(2)O and [Mo(3)GaS(4)(H(2)O)(12)](CH(3)C(6)H(4)SO(3))(6).17H(2)O.

Sulfur-bridged cubane-type molybdenum-gallium clusters [Mo(3)GaS(4)(H(2)O)(12)](5+) (2) and [Mo(3)GaS(4)(H(2)O)(12)](6+) (3) have been synthesized from [Mo(3)S(4)(H(2)O)(9)](4+) (1) and gallium metal and have been isolated as 2(pts)(5).14H(2)O (2.pts) and 3(pts)(6).17H(2)O (3.pts) (Hpts = p-toluenesulfonic acid), whose structures have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data for 3.pts: orthorhombic, space group Pca2(1), a = 11.188(1) Å, b = 30.936(4) Å, c = 23.987(2) Å, V = 8301(2) Å(3), Z = 4, D(calcd) = 1.628 g cm(-3), D(obsd) = 1.63 g cm(-3), R (R(w)) = 5.8% (6.3%) for 6102 reflections (I > 3.0sigma(I)). Crystal data for 2.pts: triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, a = 16.406(4) Å, b = 16.743(3) Å, c = 13.173(4) Å, alpha = 90.64 degrees, beta = 98.40(2) degrees, gamma = 89.32(2) degrees, V = 3579.2(14) Å(3), Z = 2, D(calcd) = 1.681 g cm(-3), D(obsd) = 1.68 g cm(-3), R (R(w)) = 6.7% (10.1%) for 7612 reflections (I > 3.0sigma(I)). The Mo-Ga distances (3.pts, 3.60[2] Å; 2.pts, 3.52[2] Å) are much longer than the corresponding Mo-Mo (3.pts, 2.679[7] Å; 2.pts, 2.713[3] Å) distances. At low H(+) concentrations, such as 0.5 M HCl, 2 is stable, and at H(+) concentration higher than 2 M HCl, 2 is oxidized by H(+) to give 3 with evolution of hydrogen gas. Chloride ion plays an important role in the oxidation of 2. Electronic spectra of 3.pts and 2.pts are very similar. Peak positions and epsilon values (lambda(max), nm (epsilon, M(-1) cm(-1))): 3.pts, 762 (447), 550 (204); 2.pts, 760 (404), 548 (205). The cyclic voltammogram of 3 shows three reduction processes (the cathodic peak potentials, E(pc), are -0.83, -1.20, and -1.74 V, respectively), where the first and second processes are quasi-reversible (the anodic peak potentials, E(pa), are -0.55 and -1.00 V, respectively). The reduction current of each process is close to 1:1:3.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Fast gas chromatography: packed column solvating gas chromatography versus open tubular column gas chromatography.

Packed capillary column solvating gas chromatography (SGC) and open tubular column gas chromatography (GC) were compared with respect to their potentials for fast separations. A recently introduced "universal" peak capacity equation was used to compare the performance of these two methods. The effects of various factors on peak capacity were investigated. Results demonstrate that retention factor and column efficiency are the main factors affecting peak capacity for fast separations. Packed columns produce both high retention factors and high selectivities. While high efficiencies and high peak capacities can be demonstrated by both techniques, open tubular column GC can surpass packed capillary column SGC in both measurements, except for the case of the analysis of simple mixtures in short analysis times, where retention factor and selectivity become important. Practical aspects such as pressure drop and sample capacity are compared for SGC and open tubular column GC. It was found that packed column SGC demonstrates higher sample capacities, but requires much higher column inlet pressures than open tubular column GC. A variety of mobile phases can be used for packed column SGC, which can provide high solvating power for large and polar compounds.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1987

Capillary gas chromatography of amino acids, including asparagine and glutamine: sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric and selected ion monitoring gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection of the N,O(S)-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives.

Amino acids and the amino acid amides glutamine and asparagine can be simultaneously derivatized to the corresponding N,O(S)-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives in a one-step reaction with N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide in acetonitrile. The solution is used directly for gas chromatography (GC). Losses due to evaporation steps are avoided. Except for the more basic amino acids, derivatization occurs at room temperature. Lysine, arginine and histidine require additional heating at 150 degrees C for 2.5 h in order to complete derivatization. The derivatization has high reproducibility. The response factors relative to norvaline or cycloleucine lie between 0.40 and 1.30. Arginine is the most difficult amino acid to derivatize. The size of the tert.-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) group prevents multiple silylation of the nitrogen atoms. Only a single peak is observed for each compound. Twenty-seven amino acid (and glutamine and asparagine) derivatives were simultaneously chromatographed and well separated in a single run on a 25 m X 0.20 mm I.D. glass capillary column coated with OV-1. The TBDMS derivatives possess very characteristic EI mass spectra at 70 eV, with intense diagnostic ions. This makes them very appropriate for GC-mass spectrometric (MS) work and selected ion monitoring GC-MS at the picomole level. The detection limit for arginine as the TBDMS derivative is less than 0.3 ng. The usefulness of the method is illustrated by the detection of amino acids in a peptide hydrolysate obtained from 1 microgram of bovin insulin B-chain.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

Investigation of combwax of honeybees with high-temperature gas chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. I. High-temperature gas chromatography.

The combwaxes of the honeybee species Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Apis laboriosa, Apis florea and Apis andreniformis have been examined by high-temperature gas chromatography. Combwax consists of a complex mixture of homologous neutral lipids. These compounds containing up to 64 carbons were chromatographed intact on a 10 m x 0.2 mm high-temperature stable SOP-50-PFD (50%-diphenyl/50%-1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecylmethylpolysiloxane)-co ated Duran glass capillary column. The use of this stationary phase results in lower retention values and, at last, in lower thermal stress of the analytes. In order to minimize the discrimination effect due to adsorption and/or degradation, a two-step derivatization was performed resulting in the formation of tert.-butyldimethylsilyl esters of the long chain fatty acids and trimethylsilyl ethers of complex hydroxyesters, respectively. The derivatization procedure was optimized using a modification of the extended Donike test. In addition this test allows the quantification of the thermal stability of the derivatives performed. The derivatization procedure was applied for combwax analysis. More than 80 compounds were separated and their peak areas semiquantitatively exploited.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of gas composition on convective and diffusive intrapulmonary gas transport.

The influence of gas composition on convective and diffusive gas transport in the lungs was assessed by studying the dispersion of combined particle and argon (Ar) boluses induced by the passage through the lungs filled with three different gas mixtures. Particles, as a "nondiffusing gas," served as a tracer for convective gas transport, while the significance of diffusive gas transport was inferred from the difference in the behavior of Ar and particles. The lungs of six anesthetized and mechanically ventilated beagle dogs were equilibrated with air or either of the test atmospheres, He-O2 or SF6-O2, where nitrogen was replaced by helium (He) or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Due to differences in gas density and gas viscosity Reynolds numbers varied by a factor of twelve and Ar diffusivity by a factor of four between He-O2 and SF6-O2, suggesting that both kinds of intrapulmonary gas transport, convection and diffusion, should be affected. Combined particle and Ar boluses were inhaled into various lung depths and the extent of gas transport was inferred from changes in bolus shape induced by the passage through the lungs. In air, convective bulk gas transport generally followed the symmetric first-in, last-out principle and acted at all tested lung depths. Within the conducting airways, gas transport to the lung periphery was primarily due to convection but beyond these airways diffusion became rapidly significant. Breathing test atmospheres affects intrapulmonary gas transport only slightly. The extent of convective mixing was increased by 4% in SF6-O2 (p < .01) and reduced by 5% in He-O2 (p < .01) as compared to air. The symmetry of convective lung filling and emptying was slightly disturbed. In SF6-O2 the mean of the exhaled bolus was shifted by 8% toward the lung periphery. In He-O2 it was shifted by 4% toward the airway opening. In both test atmospheres exhaled Ar boluses were similar, suggesting that diffusive gas transport overwhelms the small changes in convective gas transport. Hence, factors other than gas composition-related flow characteristics, e.g., nonreversibility of in- and expiratory flow profiles or features of lung geometry, are the major determinants of gas transport in the lungs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intravascular gas transfer. Membrane surface area and sweeping gas flows are of prime importance.

Single and double hollow fiber intravascular gas exchangers were evaluated in an extracorporeal veno-venous bypass circuit (right atrium to pulmonary artery) including a tubular blood chamber (mimicking caval veins with an inner diameter of 26 mm) for evaluation of the membrane surface area/host vessel diameter gas transfer relationships. Six bovine experiments (body wt: 68 +/- 4 kg) with staged ex vivo blood flows of 1, 2, 3, and 4 L/min and a device oxygen inflow of 0, 3, and 6 L/min (0 or 3 L/min/device) were performed. Total oxygen transfer at a blood flow of 1 L/min was 33 +/- 4 ml/ min for a gas flow of 3 L/min (one device) vs 60 +/- 25 ml/ min for a gas flow of 6 L/min (two devices); at a blood flow of 2 L/min, the corresponding oxygen transfer was 46 +/- 16 ml/min for a gas flow of 3 L/min vs 95 +/- 44 ml/min for a gas flow of 6 L/min; at a blood flow of 3 L/min, the corresponding oxygen transfer was 48 +/- 24 ml/min for a gas flow of 3 L/ min vs 92 +/- 37 ml/min for a gas flow of 6 L/min (p < 0.01 for comparison of areas under the curves). Total carbon dioxide transfer at a blood flow of 1 L/min was 47 +/- 18 ml/min for a gas flow of 3 L/min vs 104 +/- 26 ml/min for a gas flow of 6 L/min; at a blood flow of 2 L/min, the corresponding carbon dioxide transfer was 59 +/- 19 ml/min for a gas flow of 3 L/ min vs 129 +/- 39 ml/min for a gas flow of 6 L/min; at a blood flow of 3 L/min, the corresponding carbon dioxide transfer was 60 +/- 22 ml/min for a gas flow of 3 L/min vs 116 +/- 49 ml/min for a gas flow of 6 L/min (p < 0.01). For the given setup, the blood flow/gas transfer relationship is non linear, and a plateau is achieved at a blood flow of 2.5 L/min for O2 and CO2. Doubling membrane surface area and consecutively sweeping gas flows result in doubling of gas transfers at all tested blood flows. However, increased membrane surface area and blood flow produce a higher pressure drop that in turn limits the fiber density that can be used clinically.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Gas chromatographic and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses of aromatic hydrocarbons in oils and rock extracts simultaneously by using bench-top gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer].

This article reports a successful example that an injected sample is simultaneously introduced into two fused silica capillary columns and detected separately by a flame ionization detector (FID) and an HP 5973 mass selective detector (MSD) both installed on an HP 6890 Gas Chromatograph. This GC and GC/MS analyses of aromatic hydrocarbons in oils and rock extracts were carried out by using this method and good results were achieved. This method is of great value in organic geochemistry research because it is efficient and economical.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2001

A novel sediment gas sampler and a subsurface gas collector used for measurement of the ebullition of methane and carbon dioxide from a eutrophied lake.

A novel sediment bubble gas sampler and a subsurface bubble gas collector were designed to measure the ebullition of gases from profundal sediments of aquatic ecosystems. The sediment gas sampler was constructed to collect bubble gas samples directly from the uppermost sediment layers for gas composition analysis. The floating subsurface gas collector, designed to trap the bubbles released naturally from sediments, permitted the measurement of both the volume and the composition of the bubble gas. Due to its low cost, light weight and rapid sampling capability, the gas collector is ideal for studies requiring many replicate collectors. These devices were used for measurement of the ebullition of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) during an open water period from hypereutrophic Lake Postilampi, situated within the midboreal zone in Finland. The bubble gas obtained from the sediment with the sediment gas sampler had higher concentrations of CH4 and CO2 than the bubbles trapped in the gas collectors. This indicated that the bubble gas composition changed, either naturally during the migration of the bubbles from the sediment through the water column to the gas collectors, and/or during their storage in the collectors prior to sampling. The mean CH4 ebullition from Lake Postilampi was estimated to be in the range from 36 to 46 mg m(-2 d(-1), based on the bubble gas CH4 concentrations measured from the gas collectors and sediment, respectively. The bubbles contained only 0.02-0.57% of CO2 and thus, the ebullition had no significance in the release of CO2 from the lake.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2001

Determination of anabolic steroids with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry using hydrogen as carrier gas.

Helium is considered to be the ideal carrier gas for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in general, and for use with an ion trap in particular. Helium is an inert gas, can be used without special precautions for security and, moreover, it is needed as a damping gas in the trap. A disadvantage of helium is the high viscosity resulting in long GC run times. In this work hydrogen was tested as an alternative carrier gas for GC in performing GC/MS analyses. A hydrogen generator was used as a safe source of hydrogen gas. It is demonstrated that hydrogen can be used as a carrier gas for the gas chromatograph in combination with helium as make-up gas for the trap. The analysis time was thus shortened and the chromatographic performance was optimized. Although hydrogen has proven useful as a carrier gas in gas chromatography coupled to standard detectors such as ECD or FID, its use is not mentioned extensively in the literature concerning gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. However, it is worth considering as a possibility because of its chromatographic advantages and its advantageous price when using a hydrogen generator.

Anabolic Agents↗