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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1995

Organisation of the mitochondrial genome of Trichophyton rubrum. DNA sequence analysis of the ND4 gene, the ATPase subunit-6 gene, the ribosomal RNA small-subunit gene, the ND6 gene, the COXIII gene, the ATPase subunit-8 gene and six tRNA genes that correspond respectively to the tyrosine, lysine, glutamine, asparagine, isoleucine and tryptophan isoacceptors.

We present the nucleotide sequence of a 5207-bp-long region of the mitochondrial genome of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. This represents about 1/5th of the total genome and extends a previous study. From the 5' end of the present sequence, the order of genes is as follows: the end of the ND4 gene, the gene coding for subunit 6 of ATPase, the gene coding for the small ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), the tyrosyl tRNA gene, the ND6 gene, the COXIII gene, the ATPase 8 subunit gene and a cluster of tRNAs genes corresponding respectively to the lysine, glutamine, asparagine, isoleucine and tryptophan isoacceptors. The interesting features of this region are its compact organisation, the presence of subunit 8 of the ATPase gene and the secondary structure of SSU rRNA which is close to that of Aspergillus nidulans. On the basis of the order of the genes, which is essentially similar to that of A. nidulans, we can also assume that the LSU rRNA subunit gene should be just upstream of this sequenced region.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed2002

Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.

The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1983

Genes for tRNAIle and tRNAAla in the spacer between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes of a blue-green alga: strong homology to chloroplast tRNA genes and tRNA genes of the E. coli rrnD gene cluster.

A 6.3 kbp Eco RI-Bam HI fragment which carries most of one of the two rRNA gene clusters of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was cloned into plasmid pBR322. Sequence analysis of the spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes reveals the presence of genes for tRNAIle and tRNAAla. The 16S rRNA gene is separated from the tRNAIle gene by a 162 bp spacer which shows significant homology to the comparable region in Zea mays plastids. The spacer between the two tRNA genes is 33 bp long and can be folded into a 9 bp stem and loop structure. The 5' portion of the tRNAIle gene is 60% homologous to a "pseudogene"-like sequence which maps beyond the 5S rRNA gene.

Cyanobacteria↗

PubMed1985

Analysis of mouse major urinary protein genes: variation between the exonic sequences of group 1 genes and a comparison with an active gene out with group 1 both suggest that gene conversion has occurred between MUP genes.

Here we compare the exonic sequences of four Group 1 mouse major urinary protein (MUP) genes and four Group 1 cDNA sequences. These define seven different nucleotide sequences which differ from each other by 0.35% of bases on average, and which would code for seven different MUP proteins that could probably be resolved physically into at least five classes. The sequences differ at 13 nucleotide positions and at six codons, and although they are closely related their descent cannot be described by a simple series of duplications. We also describe the sequence of another liver cDNA (pMUP15) which has diverged from the Group 1 consensus sequence in 14.6% of bases. The divergence is much greater over exons 1-3 than over exons 4-6, suggesting that an ancestral gene conversion event has occurred. pMUP15 also differs from the Group 1 genes in having a longer signal peptide sequence and a different splice configuration between exons 6 and 7. Unlike the Group 1 sequences, pMUP15 contains a potential N-linked glycosylation site. Other published work has shown that a shorter cDNA clone which is identical over their common sequence to pMUP15 codes for MUP proteins that are unusually large in size and acidic in pI. We show here that mouse urine does indeed contain a glycosylated MUP protein with those properties, presumably the product of the gene that corresponds to pMUP15.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gene-for-genes interactions between cotton R genes and Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum avr genes.

Six plasmid-borne avirulence (avr) genes were previously cloned from strain XcmH of the cotton pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. We have now localized all six avr genes on the cloned fragments by subcloning and Tn5-gusA insertional mutagenesis. None of these avr genes appeared to exhibit exclusively gene-for-gene patterns of interactions with cotton R genes, and avrB4 was demonstrated to confer avr gene-for-R genes (plural) avirulence to X. c. pv. malvacearum on congenic cotton lines carrying either of two different resistance loci, B1 or B4. Furthermore, the B1 locus appeared to confer R gene-for-avr genes resistance to cotton against isogenic X. c. pv. malvacearum strains carrying any one of three avr genes: avrB4, avrb6, or avrB102. Restriction enzyme, Southern blot hybridization, and DNA sequence analyses showed that the XcmH avr genes are all highly similar to each other, to avrBs3 and avrBsP from the pepper pathogen X. c. pv. vesicatoria, and to the host-specific virulence gene pthA from the citrus pathogen X. citri. The XcmH avr genes differed primarily in the multiplicity of a tandemly repeated 102-base pair motif within the central portions of the genes, repeated from 14 to 23 times in members of this gene family. The complete nucleotide sequence of avrb6 revealed that it is 97% identical in DNA sequence to avrB4, avrBs3, avrBsP, and pthA and that 62-bp inverted terminal repeats mark the boundaries of homology between avrb6 and all members of this Xanthomonas virulence/avirulence gene family sequenced to date. The terminal 38 bp of both inverted repeats are highly similar to the 38-bp consensus terminal sequence of the Tn3 family of transposons. Up to 11 members of the avr gene family appear to be present in North American strains of X. c. pv. malvacearum, including XcmH. The high level of homology observed among these avr genes and their presence in multiple copies may explain the gene-for-genes interactions and also the observed high frequencies (10(-3) to 10(-4) per locus) of X. c. pv. malvacearum race change mutations. Five spontaneous race change mutants of XcmH suffered avr locus deletions, strongly indicating intergenic recombination as the primary mechanism for generating new races in X. c. pv. malvacearum.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Liposomal gene transfer of multiple genes is more effective than gene transfer of a single gene.

Liposomal gene transfer is an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of several pathophysiologic states. The purpose of the present study was to define whether gene transfer of multiple genes is a feasible approach and whether this approach would be more effective than the single transfer of cDNA. Rats were inflicted an acute wound and divided into four groups to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of liposomes plus the Lac-Z gene (0.22 microg, vehicle), or liposomes plus the insulin like-growth factor-I (IGF-I)cDNA (2.2 microg) and Lac Z gene (0.22 microg), or liposomes plus the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) cDNA (2.2 microg) and Lac Z gene (0.22 microg), or liposomes plus the IGF-I/KGF cDNA (2.2 microg) and Lac Z gene (0.22 microg). Planimetry, immunological assays, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine molecular mechanisms after gene transfer, protein expression, dermal and epidermal regeneration. IGF-I/KGF cDNA transfer increased IGF-I and KGF protein concentration and caused concomitant cellular responses, for example,by increasing IGFBP-3, P<0.05. IGF-I/KGF cDNA gene transfer improved epidermal regeneration by exhibiting the most rapid area and linear wound re-epithelization by almost 250% compared to control and each growth factor given individually, P<0.001, which was probably due to promitogenic and antiapoptotic effects on basal keratinocytes when compared to controls, P<0.001. Dermal regeneration was improved in IGF-I/KGF cDNA-treated animals by an increased collagen deposition and morphology when compared with vehicle, IGF-I and KGF, P<0.001. IGF-I/KGF cDNA increased VEGF concentrations and thus neovascularization when compared with vehicle, IGF-I and KGF, P<0.001. In the present study, we showed that exogenous gene transfer of multiple cDNA sequences have an additive effect on intracellular and biological responses when compared to the same gene administered as a single cDNA sequence. Our findings demonstrate that gene therapy with multiple genes is feasible, and that the gene transfer of multiple genes can enhance and accelerate physiologic and biological effects.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Gene ecology: a cis-acting gene-to-gene interaction due to the spatial arrangement of genes in chromosomes affects neighbouring transfected c-H-ras expression.

A cis-acting interference between gene activities, which occurs when two genes lie on the same DNA strand and have an intergenic distance less than a defined length, was previously deduced when chromosomal organizations of various higher eukaryote nuclear genes in clusters were compared. In order to investigate such an interference due to arrangement of genes along chromosomes, we have isolated a few cell lines which possessed (i) human mutated c-H-ras fused with the mouse mammary tumour virus long terminal repeat and (ii) the E. coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt) gene with the SV40 promoter, on the same or on different DNA strands, separated by a short intergenic distance or unlinked. Since the cancerous phenotype of a cell can be readily identified due to c-H-ras expression, we examined in these cell lines whether continuous c-H-ras expression, induced by dexamethasone, is disturbed through a cis-acting gene-to-gene interaction when the expression of the neighbouring gpt gene is enforced and as a result, the cancerous state of a cell is converted to the 'normal' state. The enforced expression of the neighbouring gpt gene was shown to alter c-H-ras expression, and thus reversible conversion of a cell between cancerous and normal states occurred only when the cell possessed an optimum number of the gene pair, in which both c-H-ras and the gpt gene were on the same DNA strand. This implies that the spatial arrangement of genes in chromosomes plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in a cluster.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Mouse histone H2A and H2B genes: four functional genes and a pseudogene undergoing gene conversion with a closely linked functional gene.

The sequence of five mouse histone genes, two H2a and three H2b genes on chromosome 13 has been determined. The three H2b genes all code for different proteins, each differing in two amino acids from the others. The H2b specific elements present 5' to H2b genes from other species are present in all three mouse H2b genes. All three H2b genes are expressed in the same relative amounts in three different mouse cell lines and fetal mice. The H2b gene with the H2b specific sequence closest to the TATAA sequence is expressed in the highest amount. One of the H2a genes lacks the first 9 amino acids, the promoter region, the last 3 amino acids and contains an altered 3' end sequence. Despite these multiple defects, there is only one nucleotide change between the two H2a genes from codon 9 to 126. This indicates that a recent gene conversion has occurred between these two genes. The similarity of the nucleotide sequences in the coding regions of mouse histone genes is probably due to gene conversion events targeted precisely at the coding region.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Determination of the relative contribution of three genes-the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, the cationic trypsinogen gene, and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene-to the etiology of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis.

In the last 5 years, mutations in three genes, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, the cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) gene, and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) gene, have been found to be associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP). In this study, using established mutation screening methods, we systematically analysed the entire coding sequences and all exon/intron junctions of the three genes in 39 patients with idiopathic CP (ICP), with a view to evaluating the relative contribution of each gene to the aetiology of the disease. Our results demonstrate that, firstly, 'gain-of-function' mutations in the PRSS1 gene may occasionally be found in an obvious ICP subject. Secondly, presumably 'loss-of-function' mutations in the PSTI gene appear to be frequent, with a detection rate of at least 10% in ICP and, finally, abnormal CFTR alleles are common: at least 20% of patients carried one of the most common CFTR mutations, and about 10% of patients were compound heterozygotes, having at least one 'mild' allele. Thus, in total, about 30% of ICP patients carried at least one abnormal allele in one of the three genes, and this is the most conservative estimate. Moreover, a trans-heterozygous state with sequence variations in the PSTI/CFTR genes was found in three patients. However, an association between the 5T allele in intron 8 of the CFTR gene and ICP remains unproven.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1992

Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I and II genes, the ATPase9 gene, the NADH dehydrogenase ND4L and ND5 gene complex, and the glutaminyl, methionyl and arginyl tRNA genes from Trichophyton rubrum.

In this paper, we present the nucleotide sequence of a 5248 bp-long region of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. This region which represents about 1/4 of the total mt genome of this species reveals a compact organization of genes including: the glutaminyl tRNA, the methionyl tRNA, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, the arginyl tRNA, the mitochondrial version of the ATPase subunit 9 gene, the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene and a part of the NADH dehydrogenase ND4L and ND5 gene "complex". The main features of the part of mt DNA sequenced is the non-interrupted COXI gene and the presence in the mitochondrial version of the ATPase 9 gene of a small group IA intron. The extensive amino-acid sequence similarity with the equivalent gene in Aspergillus nidulans and Neuropora crassa indicates that this gene codes for a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binding protein. The conserved arrangement of this portion of the mt genome and the presence of tRNAs between the protein-coding genes are compatible with a large polycistronic transcript processed by the excision of tRNAs, or similar secondary structures, as proposed for other fungal or mammalian mt DNAS.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed2001

Evolution of transglutaminase genes: identification of a transglutaminase gene cluster on human chromosome 15q15. Structure of the gene encoding transglutaminase X and a novel gene family member, transglutaminase Z.

We isolated and characterized the gene encoding human transglutaminase (TG)(X) (TGM5) and mapped it to the 15q15.2 region of chromosome 15 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The gene consists of 13 exons separated by 12 introns and spans about 35 kilobases. Further sequence analysis and mapping showed that this locus contained three transglutaminase genes arranged in tandem: EPB42 (band 4.2 protein), TGM5, and a novel gene (TGM7). A full-length cDNA for the novel transglutaminase (TG(Z)) was obtained by anchored polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded a protein with 710 amino acids and a molecular mass of 80 kDa. Northern blotting showed that the three genes are differentially expressed in human tissues. Band 4.2 protein expression was associated with hematopoiesis, whereas TG(X) and TG(Z) showed widespread expression in different tissues. Interestingly, the chromosomal segment containing the human TGM5, TGM7, and EPB42 genes and the segment containing the genes encoding TG(C),TG(E), and another novel gene (TGM6) on chromosome 20q11 are in mouse all found on distal chromosome 2 as determined by radiation hybrid mapping. This finding suggests that in evolution these six genes arose from local duplication of a single gene and subsequent redistribution to two distinct chromosomes in the human genome.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2004

Gonadotrophin-induced gene regulation in human granulosa cells obtained from IVF patients. Modulation of steroidogenic genes, cytoskeletal genes and genes coding for apoptotic signalling and protein kinases.

Gonadotrophins exert a major effect on ovarian development and on the control of fertilization. By stimulating cells with forskolin (FK), it is possible to study which genes are activated by gonadotrophins via the cAMP cascade, and which by alternative pathways. Using RNA isolated from stimulated cells, we found that 59% of the total genes modulated by LH were also modulated by FK, while 69% of the genes modulated exclusively by FSH were also modulated by FK. Gene transcripts involved in steroidogenesis/progesterone production were highly elevated, while 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was down-regulated. This suggests that a decrease in the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone and estrone to estradiol occurs during luteinization. Down-regulation of genes coding for actin cytoskeleton proteins and cytokeratin 18 was observed in response to gonadotrophin and cAMP stimulation. Several of the genes coding for the microtubule network were also modulated, implying that rearrangement of the cytoskeletal proteins permits better coupling between organelles involved in steroidogenesis. A dramatic change in gene transcripts coding for signalling enzymes was observed following LH stimulation. This includes the down-regulation of adenylyl cyclase 7 and 9, elevation of cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase, and the up-regulation of a negative regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS16) that may negate gonadotrophin signalling via guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Thus luteinized cells, despite increased gene transcripts to LH/chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) receptors, respond inefficiently to gonadotrophin stimulation, due to attenuation of signal transduction in the cAMP cascade at multiple steps. Novel genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis were found for the first time to be up-regulated by gonadotrophin stimulation, including: BAX inhibitor-1, granulysin and apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC). These proteins may be involved in a unique alternative pathway of ovarian cell death. Such a pathway could temporarily preserve the mitochondria and progesterone production during the initial stages of granulosa cell apoptosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Three forms of rat CYP11B genes: 11 beta-hydroxylase gene, aldosterone synthase gene, and a novel gene.

We isolated three genomic clones of rat P-450(11 beta) genes (CYP11B). Two of them corresponded to 11 beta-hydroxylase gene (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2), respectively. The third one was a novel gene resembling both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, and was named CYP11B3 gene (CYP11B3). CYP11B2 and CYP11B3 are located tandemly in the genome in the same direction approximately 24 kb apart. These three genes were highly homologous in their amino acid coding regions, with 88% (CYP11B1 to CYP11B2), 89% (CYP11B2 to CYP11B3), 96% (CYP11B1 to CYP11B3) nucleotide identity. The numbers and the locations of the exons of these three genes also exactly corresponded to each other. However, the nucleotide sequences of the 5' upstream regions of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 were significantly different, suggesting different transcriptional regulations. CYP11B3 had almost the same sequence as CYP11B1 gene in the 5' upstream region. A putative Ad4 site, a cis-acting element present in the promoter regions of all the steroidogenic P-450s so far reported [Morohashi, K., Honda, S., Inomata, Y., Handa, H., Omura, T. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17913-17919], was found in the promoter regions of both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Gel retardation analysis showed the binding of Ad4BP purified from bovine adrenal cortex to these two Ad4 sites. We analyzed the relative abundance of the mRNAs corresponding to these three genes by the generation of RT-PCR libraries from rat adrenal total RNAs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1979

The alpha-globin gene adjacent to the gene for HbQ-alpha 74 Asp replaced by His is deleted, but not that adjacent to the gene for HbG-alpha 30 Glu replaced by Gln; three-fourths of the alpha-globin genes are deleted in HbQ-alpha-thalassemia.

Two Chinese patients with HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia, one HbQ-alpha 2 74 or 75 Asp replaced by His beta 2 carrier, and one HbG-alpha 2 30 Glu replaced by Gln beta 2 carrier were studied to determine the number of alpha-globin genes in their chromosomes. DNA was isolated from white blood cells and bone marrow cells and studied by liquid hybridization and by hybridization of DNA fragments obtained by restriction enzyme endonuclease digestion (Ecr to nitrocellulose filters. The liquid hybridization analysis showed that in HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia, as in HbH disease, only one-fourth of the usual number of alpha-globin genes is present. Hybridization patterns of DNA restriction enzyme fragments showed that in HbQ-alpha 2 74 Asp replaced by His beta 2-alpha-thalassemia one chromosome has both alpha-globin genes deleted and the other chromosome, which carries the alpha-mutant gene, has one alpha-globin gene deleted. Our results show that the HbQ-alpha 74 Asp replaced by His structural gene is located adjacent to a deleted alpha-globin gene, whereas the alpha-globin gene adjacent to HbG-alpha 30 Glu replaced by Gln gene is not deleted.

Aspartic Acid↗

PubMed2001

Assignment of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha-chain gene (A), beta-chain gene (B), gamma-chain gene (G), and delta-chain gene (D) loci on swine chromosomes by in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping.

Using the cDNA sequence of porcine T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-chain genes, we screened a porcine BAC library to isolate clones containing these genes. The isolated BAC clones were confirmed to carry these TCR genes by partial nucleotide sequencing. Among the clones obtained in the present screening, two clones carried both the TCR alpha-chain gene (TRA) and the TCR delta-chain gene (TRD) while one clone each carried only the sequence of either TRA or TRD. This observation demonstrated that TRA and TRD are localized in close proximity on a swine chromosome. Also two clones contained the sequence of the TCR beta-chain gene (TRB), and two clones contained the sequence of TCR gamma-chain gene (TRG). Fluorescence in situ hybridization using the above BAC clones as probes revealed that TRA and TRD, TRB, and TRG loci reside on swine chromosomes 7q15.3-->q21, 18q11.3-->q12, and 9q21-->q22, respectively. The chromosome positions of TRA and TRB are consistent with those determined by somatic cell hybrid analysis (Rettenberger et al., 1996). In addition, RH mapping of these genes was performed using the INRA-University of Minnesota RH panel DNA. The result confirmed the position of TRA and TRB reported earlier (http://imprh.toulouse.inra.fr/), and further demonstrated that TRG was located 11 cR away from genetic marker SW989 toward the marker S0019.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Independent gene evolution in the potato actin gene family demonstrated by phylogenetic procedures for resolving gene conversions and the phylogeny of angiosperm actin genes.

Nine different actin DNA sequences were isolated from the common potato, Solanum tuberosum, and the nucleotide sequence of five actin loci and of two allelic variants are presented. Unlike the wide variation in intron position among animal actin genes, the potato actin genes have three introns situated in the same positions as reported for all other angiosperm actin genes. Using a novel combination of analytical procedures (G-test and compatibility analysis), we could not find evidence of frequent large or small nonreciprocal exchanges of genetic material between the sequenced loci, although there were a few candidates. Resolution of such gene conversion events and the quantification of independence of gene evolution in multigene families is critical to the inference of phylogenetic relationships. Comparison with actin genes in other angiosperm species suggests that the actin multigene family can be divided into a number of subfamilies, evolved by descent rather than gene conversion, which are of possible functional origin, with one major subfamily diversification occurring before the divergence of monocots and dicots. The silent rate of nucleotide substitution was estimated to be similar to that suggested for a number of other plant nuclear genes, whereas the replacement rate was extremely slow, suggestive of selective constraints.

Actins↗

PubMed1991

The human T cell receptor beta-chain gene complex contains at least 57 variable gene segments. Identification of six V beta genes in four new gene families.

The human TCR beta-chain gene complex includes at least 57 variable (V) gene segments, a number estimated using a combination of Southern blots of conventional and pulsed field gels, sequence analysis of cDNA clones, and from the analysis of genomic cosmid and phage clones. This number includes six TCR beta-chain V genes in four new families identified here by sequence analysis of clones derived from a human TCR beta-chain specific cDNA library. Comparison of the sequences of the new V beta genes with previously reported V beta sequences reveals predicted similarities but less than 75% nucleic acid identity that establishes them as new V beta families. One of the new V beta gene families includes three genes and the other three are single member families. Identification of these six new V beta genes falling into four V beta families brings the total number of transcribed human V beta families to 24 and makes it possible to refine the estimate of the total number of human TCR V beta genes to 57.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Chromosomal assignment of five cancer-associated rat genes: two thyroid hormone receptor (ERBA) genes, two ERBB genes and the retinoblastoma gene.

Using a panel of somatic cell hybrids that segregate rat chromosomes, the localization of five cancer-related rat genes was determined: (i) two thyroid receptor genes, THRA1/ERBA1 and THRB/ERBA2 on chromosomes 10 and 15 respectively, (ii) two ERBB genes, namely the epidermal growth factor gene (EGFR, also called ERBB1) and the ERBB2 gene (also designated neu) on chromosomes 14 and 10 respectively, and (iii) the retinoblastoma gene, RB1, on chromosome 15. The THRA1/ERBA1 and ERBB2/neu genes are thus included in a synteny group, conserved on rat chromosomes 10 and human chromosome arm 17q.

Alleles↗