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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of glanders and melioidosis and bioterrorism-related glanders and melioidosis.

Glanders and melioidosis are two infectious diseases that are caused by Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei respectively. Infection may be acquired through direct skin contact with contaminated soil or water. Ingestion of such contaminated water or dust is another way of contamination. Glanders and melioidosis have both been studied for weaponisation in several countries in the past. They produce similar clinical syndromes. The symptoms depend upon the route of infection but one form of the disease may progress to another, or the disease might run a chronic relapsing course. Four clinical forms are generally described: localised infection, pulmonary infection, septicaemia and chronic suppurative infections of the skin. All treatment recommendations should be adapted according to the susceptibility reports from any isolates obtained. Post-exposure prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is recommended in case of a biological attack. There is no vaccine available for humans.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed2002

[Glanders--a potential disease for biological warfare in humans and animals].

Infection with Burkholderia mallei (formerly Pseudomonas mallei) can cause a subcutaneous infection known as "farcy" or can disseminate to condition known as Glanders. It is primarily a disease affecting horses, donkeys and mules. In humans, Glanders can produce four types of disease: localized form, pulmonary form, septicemia, and chronic form. Necrosis of the tracheobronchial tree and pustular skin lesions characterize acute infection with B. mallei. Other symptoms include febrile pneumonia, if the organism was inhaled, or signs of sepsis and multiple abscesses, if the skin was the port of entry. Glanders is endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. Glanders has low contiguous potential, but because of the efficacy of aerosolized dissemination and the lethal nature of the disease, B. mallei was considered a candidate for biological warfare. During World War I, Glanders was believed to have been spread to infect large numbers of Russian horses and mules on the Eastern front. The Japanese infected horses, civilians and prisoners of war during World War II. The USA and the Soviet Union have shown interest in B. mallei in their biological warfare program. The treatment is empiric and includes mono or poly-therapy with Ceftazidime, Sulfadiazine, Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamicin, Imipenem etc. Aggressive control measures essentially eliminated Glanders from the west. However, with the resurgent concern about biological warfare, B. mallei is now being studied in a few laboratories worldwide. This review provides an overview of the disease and presents the only case reported in the western world since 1949.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Characteristics of the infectious process in animals susceptible and resistant to glanders].

Combined bacteriological, pathomorphological, luminescent-serological, and electron microscopic studies were used to elucidate some aspects of pathogenesis of glanders in animals with different susceptibility to this infection. The animals highly susceptible to glanders (golden hamsters) were shown to develop the infection of the sepsis type with granulomas of the exudative nature. In the animals highly susceptible to glanders the bacteria were proved experimentally to parasitize in a rod-shaped form within macrophages of the spleen, liver, and lungs as well as extracellularly. In white mice resistant to glanders the infection developed as chronic septicemia with granulomas of the exudative-proliferative nature. Glanders bacteria in this animal species undergo L-transformation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of experimental equine glanders.

Considerable advances in understanding of the disease caused by Burkholderia mallei have been made employing a combination of tools including genetic techniques and animal infection models. The development of small animal models has allowed us to assess the role of a number of putative virulence determinants in the pathogenesis of disease due to B. mallei. Due to the difficulties in performing active immunization studies in small animals, and due to the fact that the horse is the target mammalian species for glanders, we have initiated experimental studies on glanders in horses. Intratracheal deposition of B. mallei produced clinical glanders with organisms being recovered from tissues of infected horses. The model should prove to be of considerable value in our ongoing studies on the pathogenesis and vaccine development for glanders.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Glanders--an eradicable disease--or a threat?].

Glanders (malleus), attacking equids and transmissible to humans, does not occur in our geographical area any more, but world-wide eradication has not yet been achieved. Cases of glanders have been reported from India, Iraq, Mongolia and China and in 2001 also from South America. The disease is caused by Burkholderia mallei (earlied known as Bacillus, Pfeiferella, Loefflerella, Malleomyces, Actinobacillus, or Pseudomonas mallei). The continual interest of microbiologists in the causative agents indicates that glanders cannot be regarded as a closed historic episode. Occupational infections of laboratory personnel occurred during World War II and the years thereafter and the last accident was reported in May 2000. Topical problems of glanders include the development of a vaccine and antibiotic therapy tested in experimentally infected subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Obtaining spheroplasts from the agents of glanders and melioidosis and separation of membrane structures from them].

Spheroplasts were obtained from the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis under the effect of lysozyme and antibiotics. In the capacity of an inducing agent lysozyme was effective in high concentration only (0.4%); preliminary washing and incubation in sucrose were necessary to obtain glanders spheroplasts. Of the antibiotics studied penicillin was more useful for obtaining melioidosis spheroplasts and ampicillin--for glanders spheroplasts. Membrane preparations were derived from the spheroplasts of glanders and melioidosis causative agents.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental melioidosis and glanders.

Melioidosis and glanders are caused by the closely related species Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, respectively. Whereas melioidosis is a significant cause of morbidity in south-east Asia, glanders is extremely rare. The efficacies of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline were assessed against a strain of B. pseudomallei and a strain of B. mallei which were susceptible to both antimicrobials in vitro. Porton outbred mice and Syrian hamsters were given 40 mg/kg of either doxycycline or ciprofloxacin twice daily by sc injection according to one of three regimens: dosing starting 48 h before challenge and continuing for 5 days postchallenge; 5 days' therapy starting immediately after challenge; 5 days' therapy starting 24 h after challenge. Mice were challenged ip with B. pseudomallei 4845 and hamsters were challenged ip with B. mallei 23344. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined by the shift in the median lethal dose (MLD). Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis and immediate therapy both raised the MLD of B. pseudomallei to 4 x 10(6) cfu from 19 cfu in untreated animals, but therapeutic ciprofloxacin only raised the MLD to 180 cfu. The results for doxycycline were similar. Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis raised the MLD of B. mallei 23344 to 4.6 x 10(5) cfu compared with 4 cfu in untreated controls. Immediate therapy raised the MLD to 7.0 x 10(4) cfu and therapy raised the MLD to 1.6 x 10(3) cfu. All regimens of doxycycline protected hamsters against challenges of up to 2 x 10(7) cfu. Despite using a susceptible strain of B. pseudomallei, neither antimicrobial was effective when used therapeutically. The timely administration of either antimicrobial, however, was effective in preventing symptomatic infection. Doxycycline was the superior of the two antimicrobials against experimental glanders although relapse did occur in treated animals approximately 4-5 weeks after challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Equine glanders in Turkey.

In the course of an epidemiological study of glanders on a number of Turkish islands in the Sea of Marmara, 1128 horses were examined by using the intracutaneous mallein test. Thirty-five (3-1 per cent) developed an increase in rectal temperature and a swelling at the point of injection. Ten of these horses were killed and glanders was confirmed in five cases by the presence of lesions and by the immunohistological demonstration of the causative agent, Burkholderia mallei. Clinical and pathological findings indicated that in all cases the infection was restricted to the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity with its parasinus, the nostrils and the upper lips. It was confirmed that equine glanders is endemic in Turkey.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Laboratory-acquired human glanders--Maryland, May 2000.

On May 5, 2000, the Baltimore City Health Department was notified by hospital infection-control staff of a serious systemic febrile illness in a microbiologist whose research at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) involved several pathogenic bacteria, including Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders. This report summarizes the first human case of glanders in the United States since 1945, and emphasizes the importance of considering occupational exposures among laboratory workers with a febrile illness, the difficulty of characterizing unusual agents, including potential agents of biological terrorism such as glanders using routine laboratory techniques, the appropriate isolation practices for patients who may be infected by these agents, and laboratory safety.

Burkholderia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rayer's studies on the contagion of glanders (1837-1843)].

P. Rayer (1795-1867) had never thoroughly published his experimental studies on the contagion of glanders. His recently un-earthed hand written papers allow us to depict his experimental approach and its results. He was not the first who transmitted glanders from a patient to horses or donkeys. But he did it systematically with glander secretions from acute and chronic cases. Whatever was the disease of the donors the transmitted forms were unpredictably either chronic or acute. His conclusion was that the two forms were two symptomatic aspects of a unique disease. Clinically dormant states were shown to be also contagious. He demonstrated it through deliberately altering healthy and sick horses inside the stable and by using saddles, bridles and brushes of sick horses on healthy ones. Moreover he excluded other causative factors tentatively proposed, peculiarly food products. The systematically logical and rigorous experimental approach used by Rayer for this research is a mile stone, 30 years before Pasteur. This methodology is still nowadays used to study the epidemiology of diseases such as Prion Diseases, Mad Cow for instance.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Aerogenic vaccination with a Burkholderia mallei auxotroph protects against aerosol-initiated glanders in mice.

Burkholderia mallei is an obligate mammalian pathogen that causes the zoonotic disease glanders. Two live attenuated B. mallei strains, a capsule mutant and a branched-chain amino acid auxotroph, were evaluated for use as vaccines against aerosol-initiated glanders in mice. Animals were aerogenically vaccinated and serum samples were obtained before aerosol challenge with a high-dose (>300 times the LD50) of B. mallei ATCC 23344. Mice vaccinated with the capsule mutant developed a Th2-like Ig subclass antibody response and none survived beyond 5 days. In comparison, the auxotrophic mutant elicited a Th1-like Ig subclass antibody response and 25% of the animals survived for 1 month postchallenge. After a low-dose (5 times the LD50) aerosol challenge, the survival rates of auxotroph-vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were 50 and 0%, respectively. Thus, live attenuated strains that promote a Th1-like Ig response may serve as promising vaccine candidates against aerosol infection with B. mallei.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1975

[Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agent of glanders].

Sensitivity of the glanders causative agent to 20 antibiotics representing different groups is described. The results of the in vitro studies showed that most of the antibiotics were not active against the glanders causative agent, except for polymyxin M, levomycetin and their combination. Some relative activity was observed with neomycin. The "indicators" method used by the authors for determination of the M. mallei sensitivity to the antibiotics allowed the shortening of the time of the test by 8 to 10 hours.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed2003

[Identification of the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis by polymerase chain reaction].

Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei are causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, i.e. severe and fatal infection diseases of man and animal. The computer-based analysis of the 23S rRNA gene sites was used for selecting the primers. Two pairs of primers were chosen for the identification of B. mallei and Bpseudomallei. DNAs from 48 B. pseudomallei and 15 strains of B. mallei, unlike from other geterological bacteria, were positively amplified. Therefore, the method of polymerase chain reaction can be used in laboratory diagnosis of glanders and melioidosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Membrane antigens of the agents of glanders and melioidosis].

Double immunodiffusion in gel test was used to determine the antigenic composition of the preparations of membranes isolated from the lysozyme spheroplasts of glanders (strain No. 10230) and melioidosis (strain No. C-141) causative agents. The membranes of these microbes proved to contain antigens of cell walls, lipopolysaccharides and the thermolabile membrane antigen proper. A study of antimembrane sera in the agglutination and immunofluorescence tests demonstrated a heterogeneity of the glanders and melioidosis strains under study by the membrane thermolabile antigen.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The early laboratory diagnosis of the pulmonary form of glanders and melioidosis by using rapid methods of immunochemical analysis].

The problems of the sanitary guarding of frontiers comprise such aspects as the early recognition of infectious diseases, even those which are considered exotic in the Russian Federation. These diseases include glanders and melioidosis, infections which are endemic for some frontier regions. The study performed on experimental models of the pulmonary form of glanders and melioidosis with the acute course of the diseases demonstrates that the use of such laboratory diagnostic methods as immunosorbent variants of the enzyme-linked, chemiluminescent and immunofluorescent immunoassays permits making reliable diagnosis as early as 3-12 hours after aspiration infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The principles of the therapy of glanders in monkeys].

The effect of pathogenetic therapy in the normalization of homeostasis disturbances in monkeys has been shown under experimental conditions. Data on the possibility of using hemosorption in the treatment of severe forms of glanders are presented. The conclusion on the necessity of using complex treatment for the effective therapy of glanders in humans has been made.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Development of an avidin-biotin dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its comparison with other serological tests for diagnosis of glanders in equines.

A dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot ELISA) was developed for diagnosis of glanders in equines. The test was based on the detection of IgG antibodies to Pseudomonas mallei antigens bound to nitrocellulose coated on plastic strips (dipsticks), the reaction being amplified by an avidin-biotin system with biotinylated anti-horse IgG and horseradish peroxidase-avidin D. Sera from 810 normal, six naturally infected and 48 sensitized equines were tested by this assay, and results were compared with complement fixation, indirect haemagglutination and counter-immunoelectrophoresis tests. Dot ELISA had the highest sensitivity, and was superior to other tests in that it was rapid and easy to perform, the results were easy to interpret, the assay was not influenced by anti-complement activity, and it was able to detect antibodies at an early stage. Testing of serum at 1:200 dilution is proposed for epidemiological screening.

Animals↗