PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Gallbladder Diseases”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Pregnancy and gallbladder disease.

Gallbladder disease is a highly prevalent disease in western countries as a consequence of several genetic, biochemical, and environmental factors. Females are a high risk group, and pregnancy increases this risk considerably. In fact, gallbladder diseases are the second most common indication for nonobstetric surgical intervention in pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the most important aspects of gallbladder disease and pregnancy as part of the Symposium on Liver and Pregnancy, co-sponsored by the Mexican Association of Hepatology and the Mexican Association of Gynecologists and Obstetrics.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Adolescent Gallbladder Disease.

Gallbladder disease in adolescents, although not uncommon, has been neglected in the literature, which is unfortunate because adolescents possess a unique set of characteristics. Drawing on the relevant available literature, the author outlines our current knowledge about gallbladder disease in adolescents. Particular attention is devoted to gallstone formation, associated medical conditions, and predisposing risk factors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Gallbladder disease and gallbladder cancer among American Indians in tricultural New Mexico.

Previous studies have reported high rates of gallbladder disease and gallbladder cancer among all American Indians. Data from the New Mexico Tumor Registry confirm these findings, specifically showing high rates for New Mexico's American Indians, as well as for the state's Spanish population. This review explores several risk factors, including parity, obesity, age, cholesterol level, and genetic factors. From the available evidence, genetic factors appear to be the most important, with parity a contributing factor.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1989

Pathophysiology of tumor progression in human gallbladder: flow cytometry, CEA, and CA 19-9 levels in bile and serum in different stages of gallbladder disease.

Gallbladder epithelium is unique among the gastrointestinal cell types because proteins and protein levels in the fluid bathing the luminal side of the cells (bile) are different from and can be compared with those in the fluid bathing the basal side (serum). To help identify cellular changes that occur during the development of gallbladder cancer, we obtained gallbladder tissue, serum, and bile specimens from 20 patients with invasive adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder, three with high-grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ), six with low-grade dysplasia, 12 with hyperplasia, and 10 with acute or chronic cholecystitis. We obtained serum samples from 40 patients with invasive adenocarcinoma and bile samples from 29 of these patients; serum samples from three with high-grade dysplasia and bile specimens from two of these; serum and bile samples from five with low-grade dysplasia; serum or bile samples from 126 with metaplasia, hyperplasia, or cholecystitis, including serum samples from 121 and bile samples from 110; and serum and bile samples from eight with normal biliary tracts. The study was conducted in Mexico City, Mexico, and La Paz, Bolivia. We performed flow cytometric DNA analysis on gallbladder tissue specimens and measured levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19-9 antigen in the serum and bile specimens. Analysis of the cell cycle compartments by flow cytometry revealed marked variations of the proliferation index for the different disease states (P less than .0001). The proliferation index increased with progression from cholecystitis to invasive adenocarcinoma. Of the bile and serum measurements, only serum CA 19-9 values were correlated with flow cytometry measurements (r = -.49, P = .005). Overall, the serum and bile measurements were in agreement (P less than .01). However, with the exception of the correlations among serum measurements for the patients with invasive adenocarcinoma, most of the correlations could be explained by differences in the disease state. In particular, the progression from normal tissue to invasive adenocarcinoma involved no change in bile CA 19-9 level and only a slight change in bile CEA level but much larger changes in serum CEA and CA 19-9 levels. It appears that the progression from normal tissue to invasive adenocarcinoma results in increased production of these antigens and often in loss of cell polarity as well, i.e., inability to prevent leakage of the antigens into the serum.

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate↗
PubMed2003

Correlated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and P53, Bax in benign and malignant diseased gallbladder.

Our goal has been to investigate the expression and correlated significance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and P53, Bax in benign and malignant gallbladder diseases. We detected the expression of iNOS, P53 and Bax in the gallbladder wall by SP immunohistochemistry in 16 cases of chronic cholecystitis, 11 cases of chronic cholecystitis with adenomyoma and 24 cases of gallbladder adenocarcinoma. The percentage of positively marked tumor cells was counted under microscope and the intensity of immunoreactivity was graded. SPSS10.0 statistical software was applied for statistical analysis. In this study, we found that: (1) Both benign and malignant diseased gallbladder wall expressed iNOS and Bax. Compared to benign diseased gallbladders, their expression in adenocarcinoma was decreased (p < 0.05), P53 was expressed strongly only in nuclei of adenocarcinoma cells of some cases. (2) In benign and malignant diseased gallbladders, iNOS expression was related positively to Bax (p < 0.01), the expression of P53 and Bax had a negative relationship (p < 0.01). The results suggested that both chronic cholecystitis and chronic cholecystitis with adenomyoma carry the risk of becoming malignant, especially the latter. NO is an important mediated molecule in cancer, there are intimate relationships between gallbladder cancer and apoptosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fatty meal provocation monitored by ultrasonography. A method to diagnose ambiguous gallbladder disease.

Impaired gallbladder emptying is a recognized sign of acalculous gallbladder disease (AGBD). The emptying function was studied by ultrasonographic monitoring before and after ingestion of fat-containing food in a prospective study comprising 124 patients (136 examinations). In 17 patients the antero-posterior diameter of the gallbladder was unchanged or increased postprandially in addition to the onset of abdominal pain and nausea, signs interpreted as consistent with AGBD. Cholecystectomy, performed in 12 of these individuals, revealed histopathologic changes of different degree in 11 and adhesions of the gallbladder to adjacent organs in 8. The method is simple to perform, cheap, has no side effects and gives a low rate of false positive diagnoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Genetic admixture and gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans.

Gallbladder disease is a common source of morbidity in the Mexican American population. Genetic heritage has been proposed as a possible contributor, but evidence for this is limited. Because gallbladder disease has been associated with Native American heritage, genetic admixture may serve as a useful proxy for genetic susceptibility to the disease in epidemiologic studies. The objective of our study was to examine the possibility that gallbladder disease is associated with greater Native American admixture in Mexican Americans. This study used data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and was based on 1,145 Mexican Americans who underwent gallbladder ultrasonography and provided usable phenotypic information. We used the GM and KM immunoglobulin antigen system to generate estimates of admixture proportions and compared these for individuals with and without gallbladder disease. Overall, the proportionate genetic contributions from European, Native American, and African ancestries in our sample were 0.575, 0.390, and 0.035, respectively. Admixture proportions did not differ between cases and noncases: Estimates of Native American admixture for the two groups were 0.359 and 0.396, respectively, but confidence intervals for estimates overlapped. This study found no evidence for the hypothesis that greater Native American admixture proportion is associated with higher prevalence of gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans. Reasons for the finding that Native American admixture proportions did not differ between cases and noncases are discussed. Improving our understanding of the measurement, use, and limitations of genetic admixture may increase its usefulness as an epidemiologic tool as well as its potential for contributing to our understanding of disease distributions across populations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gallbladder disease and obesity].

Gallbladder disease is a very common diagnosis and implies great economic cost. Gallbladder disease is a multifactorial process involved with host and environmental factors. Obesity is considered one of the most important risk factor associated with gallstone disease and is very important mainly due its increased prevalence worldwide. Several changes in cholesterol metabolism tend to increase gallbladder cholesterol secretion in conjunction with motility disturbances, which aids in gallstone growth. In this work, epidemiologic and pathophysiologic factors related with obesity and gallstone disease are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Computed tomographic evaluation of gallbladder disease.

Evaluation of gallbladder diseases by computed tomography (CT) is limited compared with ultrasonographic evaluation. However, CT can bring about excellent information in advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder, severe and complicated cholecystitis, porcelain gallbladder, and indication for dissolution of gallbladder stones. Unique findings are also available in emphysematous cholecystitis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, stones with gas (Mercedez-Benz sign), limy bile, and enhancement in acute cholecystitis. Combined use of CT and ultrasound apparently increase the accuracy of diagnosis in carcinoma and cholecystitis. This article is composed of sections on carcinoma, cholecystitis, stone, bile in the gallbladder, calcification, gas and fat, and miscellaneous topics including polypoid lesions, adenomyomatosis, hydrops, and wall thickening.

Cholecystitis↗
PubMed2004

Smooth muscle function and dysfunction in gallbladder disease.

The gallbladder epithelium and smooth muscle layer are exposed to concentrated biliary solutes, including cholesterol and potentially toxic hydrophobic bile salts, which are able to influence muscle contraction. Physiologically, gallbladder tone is regulated by spontaneous muscle activity, hormones, and neurotransmitters released into the muscle from intrinsic neurons and extrinsic sympathetic nerves. Methods to explore gallbladder smooth muscle function in vitro include cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor-binding studies and contractility studies. In human and animal models, studies have focused on cellular and molecular events in health and disease, and in vitro findings mirror in vivo events. The interplay between contraction and relaxation of the gallbladder muscularis leads in vivo to appropriate gallbladder emptying and refilling during fasting and postprandially. Defective smooth muscle contractility and/or relaxation are found in cholesterol stone-containing gallbladders, featuring a type of gallbladder leiomyopathy; defects of CCKA receptors and signal transduction may coexist with abnormal responses to oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Abnormal smooth musculature contractility, impaired gallbladder motility, and increased stasis are key factors in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Plasma lipids and gallbladder disease.

The relation between plasma lipids and gallbladder disease was examined by using data collected between 1984 and 1987 from 1,303 Rancho Bernardo, California, women aged 50 years and older. In univariate analyses and after adjustment for age and body mass index, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) were inversely related and triglyceride level was positively related to gallbladder disease. However, using multiple logistic regression, only LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, age, and body mass index were significantly related to a history of gallbladder disease, whereas HDL cholesterol was no longer associated with gallbladder disease. The risk of gallbladder disease increased with greater age, body mass index, and triglyceride level, but decreased with increasing LDL cholesterol level. Total amount of alcohol consumed per week, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and current estrogen use were not significantly associated with gallbladder disease. The relation of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to the risk of gallbladder disease requires further investigation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gallbladder disease is one of the most common conditions in the United States, but its true prevalence is unknown. A national population-based survey was performed to determine the age, sex, and ethnic distribution of gallbladder disease in the United States. METHODS: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) conducted gallbladder ultrasonography among a representative U.S. sample of more than 14, 000 persons. The diagnosis of gallbladder disease by detection of gallstones or cholecystectomy was made with excellent reproducibility. RESULTS: An estimated 6.3 million men and 14.2 million women aged 20-74 years had gallbladder disease. Age-standardized prevalence was similar for non-Hispanic white (8. 6%) and Mexican American (8.9%) men, and both were higher than non-Hispanic black men (5.3%). These relationships persisted with multivariate adjustment. Among women, age-adjusted prevalence was highest for Mexican Americans (26.7%) followed by non-Hispanic whites (16.6%) and non-Hispanic blacks (13.9%). Among women, multivariate adjustment reduced the risk of gallbladder disease for both Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites. CONCLUSIONS: More than 20 million persons have gallbladder disease in the United States. Ethnic differences in gallbladder disease prevalence differed according to sex and were only partly explained by known risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Gallstones in gallbladder diseases.

The correlation between gallbladder stones (gallstones) and various gallbladder diseases was examined. The incidence of gallstones was 47.1% in cases of non-neoplastic epithelial polyp, 48.0% in adenoma, and 59.1% in adenocarcinoma. There was no relation between the incidence of gallstones and sex. The incidence of gallstones in cancer cases showed no difference among histological gradings. Non-neoplastic epithelial polyps, adenomas and carcinomas were divided into metaplastic type and non-metaplastic type based on the presence or absence of metaplastic changes. Comparison of the incidence of gallstones showed that cases of metaplastic-type polyp and adenoma had a higher incidence of gallstones than non-metaplastic-type polyp and adenoma. In the cases of cancer, no differences were observed in the incidence of gallstones between metaplastic-type and non-metaplastic-type carcinomas. However, comparison among early carcinomas showed that metaplastic-type carcinoma had a significantly higher incidence of gallstones than the non-metaplastic-type. These results suggest that gallstones may play an important role in the histogenesis of gallbladder diseases of the metaplastic type.

Cholelithiasis↗