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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Antifungal garcinia acid esters from the fruits of Garcinia atroviridis.

Two new garcinia acid derivatives, 2-(butoxycarbonylmethyl)-3-butoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxy-3-propanolide and 1',1"-dibutyl methyl hydroxycitrate, were isolated from the fruits of Garcinia atroviridis guided by TLC bioautography against the fungus Cladosporium herbarum. The structures of these compounds were established by spectral analysis. The former compound represents a unique beta-lactone structure and the latter compound is most likely an artefact of garcinia acid (= hydroxycitric acid). Both compounds showed selective antifungal activity comparable to that of cycloheximide (MID: 0.5 microg/spot) only against C herbarum at the MIDs of 0.4 and 0.8 microg/spot but were inactive against bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), other fungi (Alternaria sp., Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus ochraceous) including the yeast Candida albicans.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2005

Xanthones and benzophenones from Garcinia griffithii and Garcinia mangostana.

A new polyisoprenylated benzophenone, guttiferone I, together with the known compounds cambogin, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia griffithii. The acetone extract of the heartwood of Garcinia mangostana contained one new diprenylated xanthone (mangoxanthone) and a new benzophenone (3',6-dihydroxy-2,4,4'-trimethoxybenzophenone) as well as the known xanthones dulxanthone D, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-13,13-dimethyl-2H-pyran[7,6-b]xanthen-9-one. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic studies and chemical correlation.

Benzophenones↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of low nocturnal temperature stress on fluorescence characteristics and active oxygen metabolism in leaves of Garcinia hanburyi seedlings grown under two levels of irradiance].

The fluorescence characteristics and active oxygen metabolism in leaves in Garcinia hanburyi seedlings grown under two irradiance levels (50% and 8% of full natural sunlight) and nocturnal low temperature (4 degrees C) were studied in Xishuangbanna. The results showed that the photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), the quantum yield of PS II linear electron transport (phi PS II) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were decreased, but the initial fluorescence yield (F0) were increased with prolonged stress time of low temperature in leaves of Garcinia hanburyi grown under the two different irradiance levels. After three days of recovery treatment, the Fv/Fm and F0 of Garcinia hanburyi grown under 50% natural irradiance were not recovered completely, while those of the seedlings grown in 8% natural irradiance were recovered almost completely, which indicated that the photosynthetic apparatus of Garcinia hanburyi grown under 50% irradiance was injured by photooxidation, but that of seedlings grown in 8% irradiance was only reversibly inactivated by the nocturnal low temperature stress. In the mean time, although the activities of protective enzymes (SOD, CAT, and APX) increased, the O2-. production rate and H2O2 content also increased with the duration of the stress. The MDA also accumulated in leaves of Garcinia hanburyi grown under two different irradiance levels. After three day's recovery, much less active oxygen was produced in leaves of Garcinia hanburyi grown under 8% than that under 50% irradiance. The implication of the results for practice were also discussed.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2001

Garcinia extract inhibits lipid droplet accumulation without affecting adipose conversion in 3T3-L1 cells.

Garcinia extract was isolated from the fruit of the Garcinia cambogia and was used as a potential antiobesity agent. In week 3 of culture with insulin, the fat cells exhibited more numerous and larger intracytoplasmic lipid droplets (i.e. 30-40 microm(2)). When Garcinia extract and insulin were added simultaneously, the accumulation of lipid droplets was inhibited and the peak droplet area shifted to become smaller (10-20 microm(2)). The activities of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, a marker of adipose differentiation, were not significantly inhibited by the Garcinia extract. These findings suggest that the Garcinia extract inhibits lipid droplet accumulation in fat cells without affecting adipose conversion.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2004

Anti-adipogenic effects of Garcinia extract on the lipid droplet accumulation and the expression of transcription factor.

Garcinia extract was used as a potential anti-obesity agent. In this study, we found that Garcinia extract inhibits the cytoplasmic lipid accumulation as well as adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes. The mechanisms that regulate the inhibition of insulin-induced differentiation by Garcinia extracts include the inhibition of expression of the early adipogenic transcription factor, CCAAT element binding protein (C/EBP)alpha that regulate adipogenesis. These results suggest that the specific targets of Garcinia extract on differentiation process of 3T3-L1 cells could be, at least, early adipogenic differentiation factor.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2005

Dietary Garcinia cambogia does not modify skin properties of mice with or without excessive sucrose intake.

The influence of 3.3% Garcinia cambogia extract on the properties of mouse skin with or without 10% sucrose water loading was investigated. Mice (7-week-old) were given free access to a control diet or a diet containing Garcinia cambogia extract. They were also given water alone or both water and sucrose water. Their skin was compared by both biochemical and histological methods. The collagen and triacylglycerol contents were not significantly different among the four groups. Similarly, electron microscopy revealed no differences in the thickness of the dermis layer or the subcutaneous tissue layer. Mice given the diet containing Garcinia cambogia tended to have a reduced total number of adipocytes, but not significantly. These results suggest that Garcinia cambogia supplementation for at least 4 weeks does not induce a negative effect on skin properties in mice irrespective of excessive sucrose intake.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

The antiulcer activity of Garcinia cambogia extract against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats.

Garcinia cambogia extract is a herbal preparation that has been suggested as useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. In the present study this drug was tested for its antiulcerogenic effect. Oral pretreatment with Garcinia cambogia fruit extract (1 g/kg body wt/day) for 5, 10 or 15 days protected the gastric mucosa against the damage induced by indomethacin (20 mg/kg body wt). The volume and acidity of the gastric juice decreased in the pretreated rats. The glycoprotein levels of the gastric contents which were decreased in the untreated rats, maintained near normal levels in the pretreated rats. Protein which was elevated in the gastric juice of untreated rats, showed near normal levels in the pretreated rats. Garcinia cambogia was able to decrease the acidity and to increase the mucosal defence in the gastric areas, thereby justifying its use as an antiulcerogenic agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Identification and quantification of two biologically active polyisoprenylated benzophenones xanthochymol and isoxanthochymol in Garcinia species using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometrical (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the identification and quantification of two polyisoprenylated benzophenones xanthochymol and isoxanthochymol in the extracts of the fruit rinds, stem bark, seed pericarps and leaves of Garcinia indica and in the fruit rinds of Garcinia cambogia. The separation of xanthochymol and isoxanthochymol was achieved on a RP-18 column using the solvent system consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile-water (9:1) and methanol-acetic acid (99.5:0.5) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4ml/min. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was developed for quantification of xanthochymol and isoxanthochymol in the above extracts of Garcinia species. On the basis of signal to noise ratio of 3, the limits of detection in MRM mode for xanthochymol and isoxanthochymol were 1.0ng/ml and 0.5ng/ml, respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision for 6 days. The method developed was found to be useful for identification and quantification of xanthochymol and isoxanthochymol in the extracts of the fruit rinds, stem bark, seed pericarps and leaves of G. indica and in the fruit rinds of G. cambogia.

Benzophenones↗
PubMed2006

Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia Kola in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats.

In the search for natural hypoglycaemic agents as alternatives to synthetic ones that are expensive and not easily accessible, and to justify the use of Garcinia kola seeds in traditional African medicine to treat diabetes, the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron (KV) (a Garcinia kola seed extract) were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. KV, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seed, was separated by thin-layer chromatography into three fractions; Fraction I (FI), Fraction II (FII) and Fraction III (FIII) with RF values of 0.48, 0.71 and 0.76, respectively. In normoglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII administered at a dose of 100 mg kg(-1) body weight elicited significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycaemic activity within 4 h of oral administration. Precisely, KV, FI and FII decreased blood glucose levels of normoglycaemic rats by 66%, 50% and 61%, respectively, when compared with controls 30 min after oral administration of the extracts. In hyperglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blood sugar levels in STZ-diabetic rats within 4 h of oral administration. Furthermore, KV alone produced a significant (P < 0.05) anti-diabetic effect from day 3 to day 7 of oral intubation of STZ-diabetic rats. In addition, the extracts showed favourable effect on the plasma lipid profile of STZ-diabetic rats, and also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) the STZ-induced increase in the activity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products. This study confirms the anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of KV in STZ-diabetic rats. These observed effects of KV are attributed to two of its fractions, FI and FII, with RF values of 0.48 and 0.71, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on lipids and lipoprotein composition in dexamethasone administered rats.

Dexamethasone (10 mg/kg body weight/day, s.c.) administered rats were treated with or without Garcinia cambogia fruit extract (1 g/kg body weight/day, orally) for 8 days. The administration of dexamethasone resulted in marked increase in the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol and free acids in both plasma and liver. The level of phospholipids increased in the plasma but decreased significantly in liver tissue after dexamethasone administration as compared to those in normal rats. The activities of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase and hepatic lipoprotein lipase were lowered significantly after dexamethasone per se administration. The levels of HDL-triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol remained unchanged, while the LDL and VLDL increased significantly in dexamethasone administered rats. The lipid levels were maintained at near normalcy when co-treated with Garcinia cambogia extract in dexamethasone administered rats. This study reveals the undesirable changes in lipid profile on dexamethasone administration and the hypolipidemic property of Garcinia cambogia extract.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of organic acids in leaves, pulp, fruits, and rinds of Garcinia.

An improved liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for determination of organic acids in leaves, pulp, fruits, and rinds of Garcinia. At present, the commonly used LC method for analysis of organic acids in Garcinia extracts uses direct application of the extracts on the column. This practice gradually reduces efficiency of the column and shortens its life. In the improved method, the interfering substances such as pigments and xanthones were effectively removed by passing the aqueous extract through an ODS cartridge. With subsequent injection on a C18 reversed-phase column, using 6.0 mM phosphoric acid as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 210 nm, the organic acids were determined in the extracts. The major organic acid was (-)-hydroxycitric acid at the level of 2.5, 0.8, 3.0, and 20.1% in leaf, pulp, fresh fruit, and dried rinds, respectively. Minor quantities of hydroxycitric acid lactone, oxalic acid, and citric acid were also identified. Limits of detection and recoveries were 0.9-1.5 microg and 93.9-99.8%, respectively. This is the first report on the composition of organic acids from Garcinia pedunculata.

Calibration↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of the antihepatotoxic activity of the biflavonoids of Garcinia kola seed.

Seeds of Garcinia kola enjoy a folk reputation in Africa as a poison antidote. Their antihepatotoxic properties have been evaluated using four experimental toxins, namely carbon tetrachloride, galactosamine, alpha-amanitin and phalloidin. Kolaviron, a fraction of the defatted ethanol extract, and two biflavones of Garcinia kola seeds (GB1 and GB2) significantly modified the action of all these hepatotoxins. At 100 mg/kg orally, the test substances reduced thiopental-induced sleep in CCl4-poisoned rats. The microsomal enzyme levels in the serum of mice poisoned with phalloidin were significantly protected by treatment with Garcinia extractives. The probable mechanism of the antihepatotoxic action is briefly discussed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Chemistry and biochemistry of (-)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia.

(-)-Hydroxycitric acid [(-)-HCA] is the principal acid of fruit rinds of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, and Garcinia atroviridis. (-)-HCA was shown to be a potent inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), which catalyzes the extramitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA: citrate + ATP + CoA --> acetyl-CoA + ADP + P(i) + oxaloacetate. The inhibition of this reaction limits the availability of acetyl-CoA units required for fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis during a lipogenic diet, that is, a diet high in carbohydrates. Extensive animal studies indicated that (-)-HCA suppresses the fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis, food intake, and induced weight loss. In vitro studies revealed the inhibitions of fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis from various precursors. However, a few clinical studies have shown controversial findings. This review explores the literature on a number of topics: the source of (-)-HCA; the discovery of (-)-HCA; the isolation, stereochemistry, properties, methods of estimation, and derivatives of (-)-HCA; and its biochemistry, which includes inhibition of the citrate cleavage enzyme, effects on fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis, effects on ketogenesis, other biological effects, possible modes of action on the reduction of food intake, promotion of glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid oxidation, (-)-HCA as weight-controlling agent, and some possible concerns about (-)-HCA, which provides a coherent presentation of scattered literature on (-)-HCA and its plausible mechanism of action and is provocative of further research.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cancer chemopreventive agents. New depsidones from Garcinia plants.

In a search for cancer chemopreventive agents from natural sources, chemical constituents of two kinds of Garcinia plants, Garcinia neglecta and Garcinia puat, collected in New Caledonia, were examined. Five new depsidones, garcinisidone-B (2), -C (3), -D (4), -E (5), and -F (6), were isolated, and their structures were determined by spectrometric analyses. Inhibitory effects of these depsidones on EBV-EA activation induced by TPA in Raji cells were also demonstrated.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed2006

[In vitro chromosome aberration test and in vivo micronucleus test of Ca-type Garcinia extract].

The induction of chromosome aberration of Ca-type Garcinia cambogia extract containing about 65% (-)-hydroxycitric acid was investigated by use of the chromosome aberration test in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU) and the micronucleus test in mice. In the chromosome aberration test, Ca-type Garcinia cambogia extract did not increase the number of cells with structural aberration and/or numerical aberrations. The micronucleus test was carried out with bone marrow cells of Slc : ddY male mice after single oral administration of up to 2,000 microg/kg. There was no significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. These results indicate that Ca-type Garcinia cambogia extract does not induce chromosome aberration.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of Ingestion of Ethanol Extract of Garcinia Kola Seed on Erythrocytes in Wistar rats.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ingestion of crude ethanol extract of Garcinia kola seed on erythrocytes. Fifty male Wistar rats with average weight of 200g were divided into 5 treatment groups of 10 rats per group. Group A, served as the control and was fed with standard animal feed only while groups B, C, D and E which were the treatment groups, in addition were force-fed 2 g/kg/rat/day of the Ethanol extract of Garcinia kola seed for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks respectively by means of an endogastric tube and syringe. At the end of the experimental period for each group the animals were sacrificed and the erythrocyte number, packed cell volume (PCV), and heamogloin concentration values were determined. The result on analysis showed that erythrocyte-count, PCV and haemoglobin concentration values showed significantly decreased values [P < 0.05] between group B (week 1) and Group A, but groups C, D and E values showed a steady rise which were not significant [P < 0.05] when compared with Group A. None of the values fell below the normal physiological range of the experimental animals. This shows that Garcinia kola seed which has flavonoids as its active constituent has no long term significant toxicological implication with respect to the concentration given on the erythrocytes of mammals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2007

A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of a biologically active molecule camboginol in the extract of Garcinia cambogia.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of camboginol in the extract of fruit rinds of Garcinia cambogia has been developed. Separation was achieved isocratically on an RP C(18) column using a solvent system consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile-water (9:1) and methanol-acetic acid (99.5:0.5) in the ratio of 30:70 as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was developed for quantification of camboginol in the fruit rinds extract of G. cambogia using MRM transitions of m/z 601.4 --> m/z 176.7 and m/z 601.4 --> m/z 448.9, respectively. The calibration curve based on peak area against concentration was linear up to 50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL. The method showed satisfactory reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of less than 6%. The method was successfully applied for quantification of camboginol in different Garcinia extracts.

Calibration↗