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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

The notion of gift-giving and organ donation.

The analogy between gift-giving and organ donation was first suggested at the beginning of the transplantation era, when policy makers and legislators were promoting voluntary organ donation as the preferred procurement procedure. It was believed that the practice of gift-giving had some features which were also thought to be necessary to ensure that an organ procurement procedure would be morally acceptable, namely voluntarism and altruism. Twenty-five years later, the analogy between gift-giving and organ donation is still being made in the literature and used in organ donation awareness campaigns. In this paper I want to challenge this analogy. By examining a range of circumstances in which gift-giving occurs, I argue that the significant differences between the various types of gift-giving and organ donation makes any analogy between the two very general and superficial, and I suggest that a more appropriate analogy can be found elsewhere.

Altruism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive gifts and gift giving: the altruistic woman.

Reproductive gift relationships must be seen in their totality, not just as helping someone have a child. Noncommercial surrogacy cannot be treated as a mere act of altruism--any valorizing of altruistic surrogacy and reproductive gift-giving must be assessed within the wider context of women's political inequality.

Altruism↗
PubMed1999

"You don't give me flowers anymore": an analysis of gift-giving to medical and psychiatric inpatients.

BACKGROUND: If someone is admitted to hospital, it is customary for them to receive gifts from their friends and relatives. To assess the degree to which the mentally ill receive this type of support, this study set out to assess the level of gift-giving to the mentally ill compared with the physically ill during hospital admissions. METHOD: Subjects were 33 psychiatric and 23 medical female inpatients. Assessment was with a short interview on the subject of gifts received. Confounders were controlled for, in particular the number of family members who knew of the admission. RESULTS: Medical patients received significantly more flowers: odds ratio 8.8 (95% confidence interval 1.6-64.2, P = 0.004); get-well-soon cards: OR 5.7 (95% CI 1.4-25.3, P = 0.006) and other gifts: OR 5.7 (95% CI 1.4-23.6, P = 0.004). Adjustment for the potential confounders did not significantly affect the associations. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that during hospital admissions, the behaviour of relatives and friends of mentally ill patients is rejecting. The authors suggest that more education for relatives may help to improve this picture.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Gift-giving among gay men: the reification of social relations.

Previous work on gift-giving has shown the economic and social importance of this activity, ways in which it may reflect social relations, and characteristics of good and bad gift exchanges. This study examined gay gift-giving experiences to determine whether some of the propositions based almost exclusively on heterosexual data needed reinterpretation to be relevant to the homosexual community. It was found that, compared to previous research on gift-giving between heterosexual partners, gay males devoted more attention to selection or creation of gifts and they were also more concerned about the recipient's appreciation and utilization of the gift. On the other hand, they were less concerned with economic equity in the exchange process. These findings have implications for products offered as gifts as well as gift promotions that would be most suitable for this market.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Bug chasing and gift giving: the potential for HIV transmission among barebackers on the internet.

"Bug chasing" and "gift giving" are colloquial terms used by some men who have sex with men (MSM) to describe intentional unprotected anal sex ("barebacking") with the goal of spreading HIV. There is little large-scale descriptive research that has investigated the prevalence of this phenomenon. This study analyzed the Internet profiles of MSM who self-identified as bug chasers or gift givers (n = 1,228) on a single U.S.-based barebacking-centered Web site in the fall of 2004. Most men (79%) were White, and most (70%) lived in the U.S. Six categories of bug chasing and gift giving were identified based on the HIV serostatus of men and the desired serostatus of partners they wanted to meet. Only a small portion of men were genuinely seeking partners of discordant serostatus: 1.1% of HIV-positive men and 21.3% of HIV-negative men. A larger portion were ambivalent about their partners HIV serostatus: 72% of HIV-positive men and 35% of HIV-negative men. Having identified online as a bug chaser or gift giver did not consistently correspond to behavioral intentions, as 24% of HIV-positive men and 36% of HIV-negative men were specifically seeking partners of the same serostatus. These data suggest bug chasing and gift giving do exist; however a sizable portion of both bug chasers and gift givers were not intent on spreading HIV.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Tips, status and sacrifice: gift giving in the doctor-patient relationship.

This study examines the gifts physicians receive from their patients. Internists in a hospital-based group practice kept diaries of gifts received and were interviewed about their responses and the reasons which they ascribed to the patient's gift-giving. It describes how physicians avoid reciprocating, categorizes the nature of gifts and, for the special instance of manipulative gifts, how these may be defused. Patient gifts are found to be reciprocations for some action on the part of the physician, which the patient, in turn, perceives as a gift. Three categories of gifts, according to their nature and timing, are: (1) gifts as 'tips', given to promote personalized service, to assure the continued interest and the tolerance of the physician; (2) gifts to address the status imbalance in the doctor-patient relationship, either by imposing a non-professional identity on the physician or by redeeming status lost in the sick role; (3) gifts as a sacrifice to the physician who exercises his power on the patient's behalf.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

All gifts large and small: toward an understanding of the ethics of pharmaceutical industry gift-giving.

Much attention has been focused in recent years on the ethical acceptability of physicians receiving gifts from drug companies. Professional guidelines recognize industry gifts as a conflict of interest and establish thresholds prohibiting the exchange of large gifts while expressly allowing for the exchange of small gifts such as pens, note pads, and coffee. Considerable evidence from the social sciences suggests that gifts of negligible value can influence the behavior of the recipient in ways the recipient does not always realize. Policies and guidelines that rely on arbitrary value limits for gift-giving or receipt should be reevaluated.

American Medical Association↗
PubMed2003

Pharmaceutical gift giving: analysis of an ethical dilemma.

When pharmaceutical companies market their products to, and through, healthcare professionals in hospitals and private practice, healthcare professionals face ethical dilemmas in their practice and their organizations. Pharmaceutical companies target nurse practitioners with prescribing privileges. The author describes the ethical dilemma faced by healthcare professionals when friendly salespeople offer tempting gifts. The article outlines cultural responses to gift giving and ethical issues surrounding healthcare professionals' responses to pharmaceutical marketing strategies. Nurse administrators need to acknowledge a growing threat to nursing integrity. Nurse administrators have the power to make and enforce ethical policies that prevent proprietary influences from clouding nursing judgment and contributing to the escalating costs of prescription medications.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Cryptic sexual conflict in gift-giving insects: chasing the chase-away.

The chase-away model of sexual selection posits that elaborate male sexual displays arise because they exploit preexisting biases in females' sensory systems and induce females to mate in a suboptimal manner. An essential element of this hypothesis is that such manipulation should quickly lead to female resistance to male displays. Nuptial food gifts may be a frequent conduit by which males attempt to influence the mating behavior of females against females' own reproductive interests. In decorated crickets Gryllodes sigillatus, such inducements come in the form of a spermatophylax, a gelatinous mass forming part of the male's spermatophore and consumed by the female after mating. We conducted experiments in which spermatophylaxes obtained from male G. sigillatus were offered as novel food gifts to females of a non-gift-giving species (Acheta domesticus) having no evolutionary history of spermatophylax consumption. Female A. domesticus that were allowed to consume the spermatophylax took significantly longer to remate than when given no such opportunity. In contrast, when female G. sigillatus were prevented from consuming their partners' nuptial gifts, there was no difference in their propensity to remate relative to females permitted to consume a food gift after mating. These results suggest that the spermatophylax synthesized by male G. sigillatus contains substances designed to inhibit the sexual receptivity of their mates but that female G. sigillatus have evolved reduced responsiveness to these substances.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Some gift-giving guidance.

Do Medicare beneficiaries need protection from providers bearing gifts? Yes, say Congress and the OIG through guidance on inducements to beneficiaries.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Mainstream legitimization of homosexual men through Valentine's Day gift-giving and consumption rituals.

Recently, the gay community has received increased attention from marketers through specially-made television commercials, direct mail pieces, and other media messages. However, little research in consumer behavior has examined the potential attitudinal and behavioral differences and similarities between heterosexuals and homosexuals. Specifically, this paper provides an exploratory look at the meaning and practices surrounding the consumer ritual of Valentine's Day from the perspective of homosexual men. Using depth interviews within an interpretative framework, our research suggests similarities exist for the celebration of Valentine's Day between homosexual and heterosexual singles, while differences may exist for the functions of Valentine's Day gift-giving between these groups. Some homosexual couples feel they cannot "legitimately participate" in the dominant rituals associated with the holiday due to oppression by a "heterosexual society". Marketing implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sexual selection in the gift-giving dance fly, Rhamphomyia sulcata, favors small males carrying small gifts.

In some species of insects males transfer a gift to females during courtship or copulation. In the dance flies these nuptial gifts vary from nutritious prey items to inedible tokens such as a leaf, stone, or silk balloon. Nuptial gifts in dance flies are presumed to increase male mating success. We examined the strength and form of sexual selection on male Rhamphomyia sulcata, an empidid in which males provide females with a nutritious prey item as a nuptial gift. We found that whereas large males carried large gifts, neither large males nor gifts were targets of sexual selection. Indeed, correlational selection analysis and nonparametric examination of the fitness surfaces revealed that small males carrying small gifts were the most successful. Males may be more maneuverable or flight efficient with small gifts, or small males with large gifts may be unable to carry both a large gift and a female in the paired descent flight. These results suggest carrying constraints may be an important factor in determining selection on nuptial gift size. The largest target of sexual selection was old males. Old males were also paired with the largest and most fecund females, highlighting the role mate quality can further contribute to selection on males. Correlational selection analysis also revealed selection for an increase in covariance between male wing length and body size, and for an increase in slope between these traits. Males who deviate away from the optimal phenotypic relationship for two tightly related morphological traits, such as tibia and wing length, may have overall reduced performance. These findings highlight the role correlational sexual selection can play in optimizing nonsexual male morphology and scaling relationships. This study questions the role of the nuptial gift in dance flies as a resource for females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Gift-giving or influence peddling: can you tell the difference?

Physical therapists are faced with an ever-increasing array of advertising ventures, "free" gifts, and enticing offers from equipment and supply companies and various health care agencies. Concerns are raised about the ethical implications of gift exchange in professional activities. Basic motives governing gift exchange are examined from a sociological standpoint. The obligation of the professional to act in the best interest of the patient and to guard against the impression of impropriety to the public is paramount in decisions concerning gifts. Opinions from the medical and pharmaceutical professions are explored to glean criteria that have applicability to physical therapy. These criteria are presented in the form of questions that may be helpful for physical therapists.

Advertising↗