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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Effect of ginseng polysaccharide on the stability of lactic acid bacteria during freeze-drying process and storage.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) quickly attenuate or are killed during the freeze-drying process and storage. The effect of some natural polysaccharides, which are known as potent antitumor and immunomodulating substances, on the viability of the LAB, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium breve, on freeze-drying and storage were investigated. Among the polysaccharides tested, red ginseng polysaccharide (RGP) and chitosan significantly inhibited the cell death of the LAB during freeze-drying, and fucoidan and RGP most potently protected the cell death of the LAB during storage. The stabilities of the LAB on the addition of RGP and fucoidan were comparable to that of skimmed milk. However, white ginseng polysaccharide (WGP) did not promote storage stability. When 5% skimmed milk/5% RGP treated LAB were freeze-dried and stored, their viabilities were found to be significantly higher those treated with 5% or 10% RGP. The stabilizing effect of 5% RGP/5% skimmed milk during LAB freeze-drying and storage stability was comparable to that of treatment with 10% skimmed milk. Based on these findings, we believe that RGP beneficially improves the stability of LAB during the freeze-dry process and storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of the ginseng polysaccharides on reducing liver glycogen].

The ginseng polysaccharides GH1 (100, 200 mg.kg-1) iv reduced liver glycogen and increased adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) level and adenyl cyclase (AC) activity in mice. The action of GH1 was completely antagonized by propranolol, inhibitor of adrenergic beta receptor. The stimulating effect of GH1 on AC activity was significant 2 and 4 h after iv GH1. However, GH1 at concentration of 20-120 mumol.L-1 in vitro showed no manifest effect on AC activity. GH1 stimulated the activities of 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterases (PDE) and calmodulin (CaM) in a dose-dependent manner. It is suggested that the reduction of liver glycogen induced by GH1 resulted from its obvious increase of cAMP which promoted glycogenolysis and decreased glycogenesis.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of ginseng polysaccharides on reducing blood glucose and liver glycogen].

Ginseng polysaccharides (GH1) 50-200 mg/kg ip or sc reduced blood glucose and liver glycogen of mice. Adrenalectomy did not affect this action. GH1 increased the content of pyruvic acid, but decreased the content of lactic acid by weakening the activity of lactate dehydrogenase. GH1 accelerated oxidative-phosphorylation of carbohydrate since the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome oxidase (CCO) were obviously stimulated. Besides the promotion of the activity of SDH in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF), GH1 decreased the content of polysaccharides in HELF of the 24th age generation, but increased that of the 40th age generation. On the other hand, GH1 stimulated the release of insulin. It is suggested that the reduction of blood glucose and liver glycogen induced by GH1 be primarily due to the increase of carbohydrate utilization and the decrease of glycogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2024

Dissecting the anti-obesity components of ginseng: How ginseng polysaccharides and ginsenosides target gut microbiota to suppress high-fat diet-induced obesity.

INTRODUCTION: Ginseng demonstrates therapeutic potential in treating obesity, with both experimental and clinical studies suggesting its anti-obesity effects are mediated by gut microbiota. Nonetheless, the specific chemical components responsible for this effect remain largely unidentified. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the anti-obesity effects and mechanisms of ginseng polysaccharides (GP) and ginsenosides (GS), the primary chemical components of ginseng, with a focus on their impact on gut microbiota. METHODS: The impact of GP and GS on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity was assessed using a mouse model. Molecular mechanisms were explored through a combination of chemical analysis, metagenomics, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and biochemical assays. RESULTS: GP or GS administration effectively prevented adiposity in HFD-fed mice, and both effects were mediated by gut microbiota. Chemical analysis revealed diverse glycosyl groups in GP and GS. Metagenomics data suggested that GP-enriched species, e.g., Bacteroides stercorirosoris and Clostridiales bacterium encoded carbohydrate-active enzymes GH35, GH43 and PL9_1, while GS-enriched Sulfurospirillum halorespirans encoded GH16_5. These enzymes facilitated the utilization of glycosyl groups in GP and GS, selectively stimulating bacterial growth and reshaping the gut microbiota. Furthermore, bacterial species enriched by GP or GS encoded specific functional genes involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis (K00625 and K00925 for GP; K18118, K00100, and K18122 for GS) and intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) (K01678, K00024, and K01596 for GP; K18118 and K00278 for GS). Consequently, the SCFA-GLP-1/PYY signaling and IGN were activated by both GP and GS to ameliorate obesity phenotypes. CONCLUSION: GP and GS, containing diverse glycosyl groups, selectively stimulate specific gut bacteria, triggering mechanisms involved in SCFA-GLP-1/PYY signaling and IGN activation to reduce adiposity in HFD-fed mice. The study enhances understanding of the chemical components crucial for the gut microbiota-mediated anti-obesity effect of ginseng. The mechanistic understanding provides valuable insights for developing ginseng-based drugs or health products to combat obesity.

Gastrointestinal Microbiome↗
PubMed2001

[Clinical observation on nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with combined therapy of radiotherapy and ginseng polysaccharide injection].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of radiotherapy (RT) combined with Ginseng polysaccharide (GSP) injection in treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its influence on immune function. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-one NPC patients were randomly divided into two groups, 64 cases in the RT-GSP group treated with RT-GSP and 67 in the control group treated with conventional therapy, to observe the local cancer remission rate, 1-year total survival rate, no tumor survival rate and no remote metastasis survival rate. Moreover, the changes of T-lymphocyte subsets, natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte activated killer (LAK) cell activity before and after treatment were observed. RESULTS: Clinical examination conducted 3 months after treatment showed that the complete remission rete in the RT-GSP group was 96.6%, and in the control group 93.3%, the complete remission rate of cervical node metastatic tumor in the two groups was 85.7% and 78.0% respectively, and the NPC CT remission rate 60.3% and 51.7% respectively. Re-examination carried out 1 year after RT treatment showed that the total survival rate in the two groups was 100% and 96.5%, no tumor survival rate 84.4% and 74.6%, and no remote metastasis survival rate was 93.8% and 88.1% respectively. The activity of NK cell and LAK cell as well as T3, T4 value in peripheral blood increased significantly in the RT-GSP group (all P < 0.05) after treatment, while in the control group, activity of NK cell and LAK cell changed insignificantly after treatment, and T3, T4 value lowered significantly (P < 0.05). No toxic-adverse reaction of GSP was found. CONCLUSION: GSP has certain improving immune function effect in NPC patients during RT, it could also eliminate the occurred adverse reaction to RT and the general condition of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori hemagglutination by polysaccharide fractions from roots of Panax ginseng.

Polysaccharides from the roots of Panax ginseng were extracted by hot water and fractionated by using ethanol precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. Fractions FC (crude extract), F1 (fraction precipitated by ethanol), F1N (fraction unbound to DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B), and F1A (bound fraction) were obtained. Their carbohydrate analyses showed that acidic fraction F1A contains higher amounts of galactose, arabinose and uronic acids, in comparison to FC and F1. Fraction F1N mainly consists of glucose. The inhibition of Helicobacter pylori-induced hemagglutination revealed different inhibitory activities of these fractions. In particular, acidic fraction F1A showed a remarkable inhibitory activity (minimum inhibition concentration was 0.25 mg/ml) among the polysacharide fractions. However, digestion of the fraction F1A with pectinase resulted in a lower molecular weight oligosaccharide fraction F1AP which was non-inhibitory at the concentration of 4 mg/ml. Comparison of inhibitory activities and carbohydrate compositions of isolated fractions indicates that the activity correlated with the contents of galactose, arabinose, and uronic acids. These data suggest that acidic polysaccharides may be responsible for the inhibitory activity.

Helicobacter pylori↗
PubMed2004

Enhancement of antitumor effects of paclitaxel (taxol) in combination with red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP).

We have recently reported that red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), shows immunomodulatory and antitumor activities, mainly mediated by the nitric oxide (NO) production of macrophages. This compound may be used in cancer therapy alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. The synergistic effect of RGAP and paclitaxel (taxol) was evaluated to develop new biological response modifiers in cancer therapy. The present study demonstrates a synergistic antitumor effect of RGAP and paclitaxel in mice transplanted with sarcoma 180 and B16 melanoma. Combined treatment with paclitaxel (5 or 15 mg/kg) and RGAP (25 mg/kg) resulted in a 28.6 or 42.8 % increase in the life span of ICR mice bearing sarcoma 180 tumor cells, while no obvious effect was seen on sole paclitaxel treatment. When a combination of paclitaxel (10 mg/kg) and RGAP (100 mg/kg) was administered to C57BL/6 mice implanted with B16 melanoma, the tumor weight per mouse also decreased by 76.3 %, suggesting that RGAP may be used as an adjuvant in medicinal applications of paclitaxel. The augmented antitumor effect of paclitaxel is supposed to be the result of the immunomodulating antitumor effect of RGAP. RGAP, having B cell specific mitogenic activity, induced the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in spleen cells in a concentration-dependent manner (5 to 500 microg/microL). RGAP also restored the proliferation of splenocytes and NK cell activity suppressed by paclitaxel. Flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes in mice treated with paclitaxel showed a significant increase of CD11b+ cells. Additionally, a synergistic effect of RGAP and paclitaxel was found to effect an increased tumoricidal activity of macrophages. The above results suggest that clinical trials of RGAP as an adjuvant in cancer chemotherapy of paclitaxel are highly feasible.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1995

[Study on effect of polysaccharides of ginseng on peripheral blood mononuclear cell induced interleukin-2 production and activity of its receptors in vitro].

To study the effect of polysaccharides of Ginseng (PSG) on cellular-immunity from healthy subjects and patients of kidney disease, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) were assayed in vitro. It was found that the PSG could prommote the PBMC induced IL-2 in the healthy subjects and patients with kidney diseases and was dose-dependent. This study revealed that PSG was worthwhile to be further studied as an approach of biological responsive modifier therepy in treating human immunodeficiency diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Nitric oxide is involved in the immunomodulating activities of acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng.

The effects of an acidic polysaccharide isolated from the ethanol-insoluble and water-soluble fraction of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on immunomodulating activities were investigated. A high output nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was shown in female BALB/c mice administered intraperitoneally with the acidic polysaccharide from ginseng. Newly synthesized iNOS protein was also observed in peritoneal macrophages cultured with interferon-gamma and the acidic polysaccharide. Spleen cells from acidic polysaccharide-treated mice did not proliferate in response to concanavalin A, but restored the responsiveness by the cotreatment of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA) with concanavalin A. The treatment of mice with aminoguanidine, a specific iNOS inhibitor, alleviated the acidic polysaccharide-induced suppression of antibody response to sheep red blood cells. Present results suggest that the immunomodulating activities of the acidic polysaccharide were mediated by the production of nitric oxide.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng.

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been traditionally used for the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases and infections. Ginseng marc is a fibrous and insoluble by-product remaining after the extraction process of ginseng. In this research an extrusion process was employed to disintegrate the insoluble ginseng marc structure, and water-soluble ginseng marc polysaccharide (GMP) was isolated. GMP was examined for immunomodulatory effects in murine peritoneal macrophages. GMP significantly increased the lysosomal phosphatase activity and the phagocytic index of peritoneal macrophages (P<.05). The peritoneal macrophages treated with GMP also produced significantly more H(2)O(2) and nitrite than the control without GMP treatment (P<.05). In addition, GMP (100 microg/mL) significantly increased the cell viability of peritoneal macrophages (P<.05). These results suggest that GMP is an effective nonspecific immunomodulatory agent, and its immunostimulating effects may be due to its ability to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen intermediates.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

In vitro anti-adhesive activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng on Porphyromonas gingivalis binding to erythrocytes.

A polysaccharide with high uronic acid content from the roots of Panax ginseng was found to inhibit the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis to agglutinate erythrocytes. This polysaccharide showed a strong inhibitory activity (minimum inhibitory concentration 0.25 mg/mL), but treatment with pectinase resulted in non-inhibitory hydrolyzed products. In contrast, the inhibition by the acidic polysaccharide from the leaves of Artemisia capillaris was negligible. The carbohydrate composition of the two polysaccharides indicated that the anti-adhesive activity may be correlated with glucuronic acid content, one of the components of glycosaminoglycans. Low molecular weight heparin and sucrose octasulfate revealed stronger inhibitory effects on bacterial binding, than the acidic polysaccharide from P. ginseng.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scale-up of centrifugal impeller bioreactor for hyperproduction of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high-density cultivation of panax notoginseng cells.

Scale-up of a novel centrifugal impeller bioreactor (CIB) was demonstrated for production of valuable plant-specific secondary metabolites by high-density cell cultures. Initial kLa was identified to be a key factor affecting cell growth and production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high-density cultivation of Panax notoginseng cells in a 3-L CIB. A high level of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide production was obtained at an initial kLa value of 30.2 h(-1). A maximum dry cell weight (DW) and production titer of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide reached 22.0 +/- 0.3, 1.5 +/- 0.1, and 2.7 +/- 0.2 g/L on day 15 with their corresponding productivity of 1140 +/- 42, 81 +/- 8, and 150 +/- 17 mg/(L.d), respectively. Based on initial kLa level, the CIB high-cell-density cultivation process was successfully scaled up from 3 L to 30 L. A maximum DW and production titer of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide in a 30-L CIB reached 25.5 +/- 0.5, 1.7 +/- 0.1, and 2.9 +/- 0.1 g/L (on day 15) at an initial kLa value of 28.7 h(-1), respectively, and their corresponding productivity was 1340 +/- 56, 91 +/- 9, and 164 +/- 15 mg/(L.d). Furthermore, by adopting a fed-batch cultivation strategy, a maximum DW and concentrations of total saponin and polysaccharide in the 30-L CIB were enhanced to 30.3 +/- 1.0, 2.1 +/- 0.1, and 3.5 +/- 0.2 g/L with their corresponding productivity of 1467 +/- 87, 102 +/- 13, and 179 +/- 18 mg/(L.d), respectively. The work suggests that the CIB may have great potential in large-scale high-density plant cell cultures for efficient production of useful secondary metabolites.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2006

Pectin-like acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng with selective antiadhesive activity against pathogenic bacteria.

Previous studies have revealed the inhibitory effects of an acidic polysaccharide purified from the root of Panax ginseng against the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelial cells and the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis to agglutinate erythrocytes. In this study, this acidic polysaccharide from P. ginseng, PG-F2, was investigated further, in order to characterize its antiadhesive effects against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were found to be in a range of 0.25-0.5mg/mL. However, results showed no inhibitory effects of PG-F2 against Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus epidermidis. PG-F2 is a pectin-type polysaccharide with a mean MW of 1.2 x 10(4) Da, and consists primarily of galacturonic and glucuronic acids along with rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose as minor components. The complete hydrolysis of PG-F2 via chemical or carbohydrolase enzyme treatment resulted in the abrogation of its antiadhesive activity, but limited hydrolysis via treatment with pectinase (EC. 3.2.1.15) yielded an oligosaccharide fraction, with activity comparable to the precursor PG-F2 (the MIC of ca. 0.01 mg/mL against H. pylori and P. gingivalis). Our results suggest that PG-F2 may exert a selective antiadhesive effect against pathogenic bacteria, while having no effects on beneficial and commensal bacteria.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1998

Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2.

We previously reported that an acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng named ginsan inhibits the incidence of benzo[a]pyrene-induced autochthonous lung tumors in mice. To elucidate the mechanism of antineoplastic activity, ginsan was tested for its ability to generate LAK cells and to produce cytokines. Spleen cells became cytotoxic to a wide range of tumor cells after 5 days of culture with ginsan in a non-major histocompatibility restricted manner and the activity of ginsan was 12 times higher than that of lentinan. The generation of killer cells by rIL-2 was neutralized only in the presence of anti-IL-2, whereas by ginsan it was neutralized in the presence of anti-IL-2 as well as anti-IFN gamma, or anti-IL-1 alpha. It was confirmed that ginsan induces the expression of mRNA for IL-2, IFN gamma, IL-1 alpha, and GM-CSF. Depletion of AsGM1+ cells from spleen cells reduced the generation of LAK by rIL-2. In contrast, depletion of AsGM1+ as well as Thy1+ cells, CD4+ cells, or DC8+ cells reduced the generation of LAK cells by ginsan. The serologic phenotype of rIL-2 induced LAK cells was CD8- cells, whereas the ginsan induced LAK cells, were CD8+ cells. Ginsan synergized with rIL-2 to generate LAK cells (2.0-15 fold) and the most dramatic synergy was seen at rIL-2 concentrations below 3 U/ml. Ginsan alone inhibited pulmonary metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma cells and enhanced the inhibition of lung colonies by rIL-2. These findings demonstrate that ginsan generates LAK cells from both NK and T cells through endogeneously produced multiple cytokines. This property may contribute to its effectiveness in the immunoprevention and immunotherapy of cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation.

The aim of the present research was conducted to elucidate anti-septicaemic effect of a polysaccharide (PS) isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) by nitric oxide production from stimulated macrophage. In vitro assays for the activity measurement of PS, NO production test with Greiss reagent, phagocytic activity test using zymosan and cytokines production test using ELISA kit were also conducted. In vivo anti-septicaemic activity was assessed by using C57BL/6J mice. This was done with Staphylococcus aureus infection test. PS used at 0.025 mg/kg concentration showed a potent anti-septicaemic activity (80%, survival). However, it did not directly inhibit S. aureus in a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, conducted in vitro (data not shown). Nitric oxide production via macrophage activation showed the highest value of 5.5 nmol/ml at 1 microg/ml PS. In in vitro phagocytic activity test, PS at 10 microg/ml concentration showed a potent phagocytic activity for zymosan with 167% of the control. Production of TNF-alpha by macrophage activation at 10 microg/ml of PS was 96% lysis of L929. Also production of IL-1 and IL-6 by stimulation of macrophage with 100 microg/ml PS dose increased to 235 pg/ml and 0.47 ng/ml, respectively. The low mortality of PS treated (0.025 mg/kg) infected mice was concurrent with decreased bacterial content in the blood. Nitric oxide production in S. aureus infected mice whose macrophage was stimulated by PS (0.025 mg/kg) increased approximately 4 times than the untreated S. aureus infected group at 24 and 48 h incubation. In the PS treated (0.025 mg/kg) group, the intracellular concentration of S. aureus in macrophages decreased approximately by 50%, compared with the untreated group. Combine treatment with PS (0.025 mg/kg body weight) and vancomycin (10 mg/kg B.W.) resulted in 100% survival of the animals, whereas only 67% or 50% of the animals survived, respectively, when treated with PS or vancomycin alone. These results suggest that PS from Panax ginseng possess a potent anti-septicaemic activity by stimulating macrophage and a potentiality as an immunomodulator against sepsis occurred by Staphylococcus aureus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improvement of Panax notoginseng cell culture for production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high density cultivation in pneumatically agitated bioreactors.

A Panax notoginseng cell culture was successfully scaled up from shake flask to 1.0-L bubble column reactor and concentric-tube airlift reactor. High-density bioreactor batch cultivation was carried out using a modified MS medium. The maximum cell density in batch cultures reached 20.1, 21.0 and 24.1 g/L in the shake flask, bubble column and airlift reactors, respectively, and their corresponding biomass productivity was 950, 1140 and 1350 mg/(L x d) for each. The productivity of ginseng saponin was 70, 96 and 99 mg/(L x d) in the flask, bubble column and airlift reactors, respectively; and the polysaccharide productivity reached 104, 119 and 151 mg/(L x d) for each. Furthermore, a fed-batch cultivation strategy was developed on the basis of specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), i.e., sucrose feeding before a sharp decrease of SOUR, and the highest cell density of 29.7 g/L was successfully achieved in the airlift bioreactor on day 17 with a very high biomass productivity of 1520 mg/(L x d). The concentrations of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide reached about 2.1 and 3.0 g/L, respectively, and their productivity was 106 (saponin) and 158 mg/(L x d) (polysaccharide). This work successfully demonstrated the high-density bioreactor cultivation of P. notoginseng cells in pneumatically agitated bioreactors and the reproduction of the shake flask culture results in bioreactors. The cell density, biomass productivity, production titer and productivity of both ginseng saponin and polysaccharide obtained here were the highest that have been reported on a reactor scale for all the ginseng species.

Biomass↗