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PubMedDate not supplied

Rules and regulations governing nursing education.

The purpose of this article is to report on a national survey of the 51 state boards of examiners in the United States that govern and regulate nursing education. Data were gathered from the written rules and regulations of each of the state agencies, and content analysis was performed focusing on the following categories: qualifications (State board members, program directors, faculty, and preceptors); roles and responsibilities (state board members, faculty, preceptors, and clinical agencies); and process and content of the nursing education curriculum and program. Findings of the study indicate specific problem areas in the regulating of basic nursing education programs. The following were among the major issues identified: (1) educational qualifications for board membership are virtually nonexistent, (2) in many situations different requirements exist for various types of programs, and (3) there is great disparity from state to state regarding both the content deemed as necessary in nursing education and in the mandated process of that education. The investigators noted that several patterns lend credence to a need for a national plan regarding the state regulation of basic nursing education.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

[Radiation protection. Implications for clinical practice on the new regulations governing roentgen ray irradiation and radioprotection].

In 2001 or 2002, the legislator made substantial alterations to the "Röntgenverordnung" [regulations governing use of roentgen ray radiation] and "Strahlenschutzverordnung" [regulations governing radiation protection]. This was done to bring German law in line with EU Directives 96/29/Euratom (basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation) and 97/43/Euratom (health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure). Proper use of radiation in medicine requires that those involved in its application are aware of the biological effect of radiation. When staff and others are protected good organization and appropriate technology at the workplace can achieve a great deal. In the new directives, the radiation protection for the patient is quantified and the responsibility of the physician is clearly pointed out. The most important aim is uniform quality throughout Europe in radiological diagnosis and radiation protection.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed2006

[Radiation protection in orthopaedics: implications for clinical practice of the new regulations governing roentgen ray irradiation and radioprotection].

In 2001 or 2002, the legislator made substantial alterations to the "Röntgenverordnung" [regulations governing use of roentgen ray radiation] and "Strahlenschutzverordnung" [regulations governing radiation protection]. This was done to bring German law in line with EU Directives 96/29/Euratom (basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation) and 97/43/Euratom (health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure). Proper use of radiation in medicine requires that those involved in its application are aware of the biological effects of radiation. When staff and others are protected good organization and appropriate technology at the workplace can achieve a great deal. In the new directives, the radiation protection for the patient is quantified and the responsibility of the physician is clearly pointed out. The most important aim is uniform quality throughout Europe in radiological diagnosis and radiation protection.

Germany↗
PubMed2006

School regulations governing bicycle helmet use and head injuries among Japanese junior high school students.

We examined the effectiveness of school regulations concerning bicycle helmet use in reducing head injuries among student bicycle commuters to junior high schools in the Japanese prefecture of Saitama. This was done by comparing the rates of head injuries and the ratios of head injuries to non-head injuries between junior high schools with and without school regulations concerning helmet use. Bicycle injury data were derived from school insurance records. Information relating to numbers of bicycle commuters and demographics was collected for each school. We identified that the head injury rate was significantly higher in schools that had no regulations governing the use of bicycle helmets (rate ratio 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-8.56; odds ratio 2.46, 95% CI 0.80-7.60). The observed trend was more prominent in male students than in female students. The actual rate of bicycle injuries did not significantly differ between the schools with and without regulations concerning helmet use. This suggests that students at schools with regulations were no more cautious in riding their bicycles than their counterparts in schools with no regulations, and that there was no significant difference in the traffic environments surrounding each school. Thus implicating that the observed difference in the head injury rate was most accounted for by the presence of school regulations governing helmet use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Unmatured science and government regulation.

A common feature of much scientific information reflected in government regulation is its passage directly from the laboratory into government decision without benefit of review and interpretation. This pattern can be attributed to a variety of factors. One is the incentives that lead government agencies to act quickly and conservatively in the name of protection of human health. Another is the relatively lengthy process of traditional review and interpretation via professional meetings and scientific publication. Yet, the case appears very strong for preserving, if foreshortening, the stages of peer review of otherwise unmatured data used in regulation. Several schemes of this sort have been tried in the past few years-some with apparent success. These are discussed alongside the proposal for a science court-a quasi-judicial vehicle for rendering judgements about scientific findings.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1999

Privatized biomedical research, public fears, and the hazards of government regulation: lessons from stem cell research.

This paper discusses the hazards of regulating controversial biomedical research in light of the emergence of powerful, multi-national biotechnology corporations. Prohibitions on the use of government funds can simply force controversial research into the private sphere, and unilateral or multilateral research bans can simply encourage multi-national companies to conduct research in countries that lack restrictive laws. Thus, a net effect of government regulation is that research migrates from the public to the private sphere. Because private research receives less oversight and external scrutiny than public research, it can threaten the welfare and rights of human subjects, scientific progress and openness, and the quality of the approval process for new biomedical technologies. In order to avoid the harmful effects of government regulation of biotechnology, society should promote meaningful discussion and dialogue among scientists, industry leaders, and the public before resorting to regulatory solutions. Legislative or executive initiatives should be applied with great discretion and care, and should be crafted in such a way that they protect public health and safety, promote scientific progress, and avoid the hazards of privatized research and polarized debates.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2002

When self-regulation, market forces, and private legal actions fail: appropriate government regulation and oversight is necessary to ensure minimum standards of quality in long-term health care.

Mr. Eremia's paper discusses market forces, professional self-regulation, and private litigation individually and collectively as methods of maintaining and improving quality of care. He determines that whether separately or in conjunction, these three paradigms have not been successful agents in this regard. By analyzing the regulatory framework and oversight provided by the federal government in the long-term care industry, Mr. Eremia argues persuasively that despite its occasional inadequacies, regular and consistent oversight and regulation by the government is imperative in order to effect meaningful and systemic improvements in the provision of quality care.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1992

State regulations governing infection control issues in long-term care.

OBJECTIVE: To examine states' regulations governing infections and infection control in long-term-care institutions. DESIGN: Collection and examination of relevant documents from all of the states, the District of Columbia, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, and Medicare/Medicaid. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rules governing (1) admissions of patients with infections, (2) tuberculin testing of residents, (3) employee health, (4) use of immunizations, (5) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, and (6) infection control were compared. RESULTS: There were wide variations in states' policies in each of these areas and many were inconsistent with current scientific knowledge. CONCLUSION: Uniform federal standards for long-term care would probably provide a better and more economical way to ensure quality of care in these institutions.

Facility Regulation and Control↗
PubMed2005

Understanding Philip Morris's pursuit of US government regulation of tobacco.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate Philip Morris's support of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of tobacco products and analyse its relationship to the company's image enhancement strategies. DATA SOURCES: Internal Philip Morris documents released as part of the Master Settlement Agreement. METHODS: Searches of the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) beginning with such terms as "FDA" and "regulatory strategy" and expanding to include relevant new terms. RESULTS: Philip Morris's support for government regulation of tobacco is part of a broader effort to address its negative public image, which has a damaging impact on the company's stock price, political influence, and employee morale. Through regulation, the company seeks to enhance its legitimacy, redefine itself as socially responsible, and alter the litigation environment. Whereas health advocates frame tobacco use as a public health policy issue, Philip Morris's regulatory efforts focus on framing tobacco use as an individual choice by informed adults to use a risky product. This framing allows Philip Morris to portray itself as a reasonable and responsible manufacturer and marketer of risky products. CONCLUSIONS: Philip Morris's ability to improve its image through support of FDA regulation may undermine tobacco control efforts aimed at delegitimising the tobacco industry. It may also create the impression that Philip Morris's products are being made safer and ultimately protect the company from litigation. While strong regulation of tobacco products and promotion remain critical public health goals, previous experiences with tobacco regulation show that caution may be warranted.

Government Regulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Declining sex ratio: role of society, technology and government regulation in Faridabad district, Haryana.

BACKGROUND: A declining sex ratio at birth has been documented during censuses in India. The decline is especially more in the northern states of Haryana and Punjab. We attempted to assess the role of society (preference for a male child, awareness and acceptability of the practice of sex determination), technology (availability and affordability) and government regulation in the adverse ratio for girls in the Ballabgarh block of Haryana in northern India. METHODS: The population (about 80 000) in the Ballabgarh block has been under constant demographic surveillance for the past 30 years and the data are stored electronically. This was used to determine the sex ratio at birth in the area since 1990. The data on availability of ultrasound machines was collected from the district authorities, as registration of these machines was made mandatory under the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994. We interviewed 160 mothers and grandmothers to determine the awareness and acceptability of sex determination methods and practices. RESULTS: The demographic data for the past 10 years showed a declining sex ratio-from 881 in 1990-91 to 833 in 2000-01. The data support the view that in the initial part of this period, ultrasound was used for sex determination of all-order births but subsequently was used more in higher-order births. Our interviews with the mothers and grandmothers of the area showed that the practice of sex determination is prevalent and the attitude of the society is ambivalent. The increased availability of ultrasound machines in the area in the past 10 years corresponded to the decline in sex ratio. When the government made the practice illegal, the sex ratio improved only to fall again as the law was not implemented. Later years saw a more stringent implementation of the law and the sex ratio improved again. CONCLUSION: There is a 'demand' for sex determination technology and, therefore, this would continue to be 'supplied'. At most the 'supply' can be regulated. Social engineering efforts need to be targeted at reducing the demand if the sex ratio is to be improved.

Abortion, Eugenic↗