SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Granulocytes”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1976

Granulocyte function in chronic granulocytic leukemia. II. Bactericidal capacity, phagocytic rate, oxygen consumption, and granule protein composition in isolated granulocytes.

The initial rate of phagocytosis, oxygen consumption rate during phagocytosis, bactericidal capacity against Escherichia coli, and the granule protein composition of isolated mature-appearing granulocytes were studied in 23 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) with the simultaneous use of normal controls. The initial rate of phagocytosis was decreased (p less than 0.05) in the CGL patient group, as were oxygen consumption rate (p less than 0.001) and bactericidal capacity (p less than 0.001). Kinetic analysis of the ingestion rate showed CGL granulocytes to have the same capacity to bind the particles as normal granulocytes. Both specific and primary granule protein deficiencies were shown for CGL granulocytes, and these deficiencies were more pronounced at or near blast cell transformation. Analysis of all different granulocyte function parameters showed an inverse correlation to white blood cell counts (p less than 0.01) and to the percentage of immature granulocytes in peripheral blood (p less than 0.001). The leukocytosis doubling time was progressively shortened during the chronic course of the disease. A correlation was found between granulocyte function parameters and leukocytosis doubling time (p less than 0.001), indicating that granulocyte function was progressively deteriorating during chronic phase CGL, and may be an expression of increasing disturbance of the differentiation process.

Blood Bactericidal Activity↗

PubMed1975

Granulocyte function in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. I. Bactericidal and metabolic capabilities during phagocytosis in isolated granulocytes.

The ingestion, bactericidal activity and metabolism of isolated mature neutrophil leucocytes during phagocytosis was studied in 17 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) with the simultaneous use of normal controls. Seven patients had received no treatment and the others had been treated previously with Busulphan. The phagocytic indices for killed yeast cells did not differ from those of the controls. A diminished bactericidal activity against E. coli was found in nine CGL cases. The bactericidal capacity closely correlated with the degree of leucocytosis since patients with a WBC count of 90 000/mul or higher with one exception showed decreased bactericidal activities while patients with WBC counts below 90 000/mul with two exceptions showed normal bactericidal activities. The [I-14C]-glucose oxidation during phagocytosis was increased in four patients and decreased in three patients. Some correlation was found between abnormally high or low [I-14C]glucose oxidation and diminished bactericidal activity. The intracellular iodination reaction during phagocytosis was decreased in 10 cases while the extracellular iodination was increased in six cases and decreased in one case. The data for granulocyte iodination did not correlate with WBC count, bactericidal capacity or [I-14C]glucose oxidation. The time course for the bactericidal activity and granulocyte iodination seemed to deviate from the controls indicating a slow initial ingestion and/or degranulation phase. The CGL granulocyte content of myeloperoxidase was normal or increased, the lysozyme content was decreased in half of the cases while the amount of antibacterial cationic proteins was increased, normal or low. The present findings indicate a variety of abnormalities in the mature CGL granulocyte, which are not closely interrelated.

Blood Bactericidal Activity↗

PubMed1992

Detection of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor using biotinylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: presence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor on CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was linked to NHS-biotin to yield biotinylated G-CSF (b-G-CSF), which retained the ability to stimulate colony formation by normal bone marrow (BM) cells in methylcellulose. The use of streptavidin-phycoerythrin conjugate in conjunction with flow cytometry demonstrated that the binding of biotinylated G-CSF to its receptor is saturable, competitive, and specific. A 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled G-CSF almost completely inhibited the binding of the biotinylated G-CSF to the human leukemia cell line U937, which is known to possess the G-CSF receptor. G-CSF receptors were clearly detected by flow cytometry on adult human peripheral granulocytes and monocytes, but not on lymphocytes. Using this method, the expression of G-CSF receptors on hematopoietic progenitor cells in bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, detected as CD34-positive (CD34+) cells, were examined. A small but significant number of CD34+ cells were detected among the bone marrow mononuclear cells and umbilical-cord-blood mononuclear cells (4.28% +/- 0.31%, 1.09% +/- 0.20%, respectively). The percentage of CD34+ BM mononuclear cells was significantly higher than for cord blood mononuclear cells (P less than 0.01). These CD34+ cells were then analyzed by biotinylated G-CSF binding. CD34+ cells from bone marrow contained 25.8% +/- 7.9% G-CSF receptor positive cells and those from cord blood possessed 29.2% +/- 7.0% of G-CSF receptor-positive cells. The difference was not statistically significant.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed1977

Metabolic activity of phagocytosing granulocytes in chronic granulocytic leukemia: ultrastructural observation of a degranulation defect.

The functional capacities of granulocytes in patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia are still a subject of controversy, probably due to the heterogeneity of the abnormalities observed from patient to patient. For a better definition of these abnormalities, 14 patients with untreated chronic granulocytic leukemia were studied. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the functional activities of their phagocytosing granulocytes. In four patients (group I), the granulocytes were normal in respect to particle ingestion, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-stimulated reduction, cyanide-insensitive oxygen (O2) consumption, superoxide anion (O2-)-stimulated production, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and iodination. They also had a normal myeloperoxidase (MPO) content. In four patients (group III), the granulocytes were significantly defective in all of these activities. In the six remaining patients (group II), all the initial metabolic steps of the phagocytosing granulocytes (ingestion, NBT reduction, O2 consumption, O2-production, H2O2 production) were normal, as were the MPO content of the granulocytes, while iodination was strikingly decreased. These metabolic features suggested a degranulation defect which was observed ultrastructurally in the only patient studied among these six. The phagocytosing granulocytes of this patient did not degranulate and no deposits of MPO activity were seen in the phagosomes.

Cytoplasmic Granules↗

PubMed1976

[Harvesting of granulocytes for granulocyte transfusion by means of continuous flow centrifugation or filtration leukapheresis].

More than 10(10) viable granulocytes are necessary for a therapeutical effective granulocyte transfusion. This number of cells can be harvested from normal donors by two techniques basing on different principles: continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) and filtration leucapheresis (FL). Our studies demonstrated that, under certain special conditions, the separation potentials of both methods are comparable yielding 2.5 to 3.0 X 10(10) granulocytes within 4 hrs. Granulocyte collection rate was optimal if donors were treated with dexamethasone during 16 hrs prior to the state of the procedure. However, the costs of CFC exceed those of FL by a factor of about two. The increased occurrence of side effects attributed to the transfusion of FL-granulocytes can be reduced to the level of CFC-granulocytes by repetitive filtration-elution leucapheresis minimizing cell damage. The studies define the efficiency spectrum of CFC which in addition to granulocyte separation includes collection of thrombocytes, cells for immunotherapy, and plasmapheresis.

Blood Transfusion↗

PubMed1992

Substance P-induced granulocyte infiltration in mouse skin: the mast cell-dependent granulocyte infiltration by the N-terminal peptide is enhanced by the activation of vascular endothelial cells by the C-terminal peptide.

Previous studies have shown that substance P induces granulocyte infiltration in mouse skin, which is mediated through mast cell degranulation. However, it is not yet known whether the direct effect of substance P on vascular endothelial cells is involved in the granulocyte infiltration in the skin. To solve this issue, we used the N-terminal peptide substance P1-9 (SP1-9), which is active for mast cells but inactive for vascular endothelial cells, and the C-terminal peptide SP6-11, which is active for vascular endothelial cells but inactive for mast cells, since substance P activates both mast cells and vascular endothelial cells. The subcutaneous administration of substance P (10(-7)-10(-5)M) caused granulocyte (neutrophil and eosinophil) infiltration in the skin of BALB/c mice 6 h after the injection. SP1-9 (10(-5)-10(-4) M) also caused granulocyte infiltration of mouse skin which was associated with mast cell degranulation. In contrast, SP6-11 (10(-7)-10(-4) M), which was found to increase the vascular permeability of endothelial cells in mouse skin, induced no significant granulocyte infiltration nor mast cell degranulation. However, SP6-11 (10(-5)-10(-4) M) enhanced SP1-9-induced granulocyte infiltration in the skin without any significant increase in mast cell degranulation. We conclude that substance P causes granulocyte infiltration in mouse skin through both mast cell degranulation induced by the N-terminal peptide of substance P and the activation of vascular endothelial cells induced by the C-terminal peptide of substance P.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Functional characterization of mouse granulocytes and macrophages produced in vitro from bone marrow progenitors stimulated with interleukin 3 (IL-3) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

Bone marrow from C3H/ouj mice was depleted to < 1% of CD11b+ granulocytes and macrophages using paramagnetic beads coated with sheep anti-rat antibodies. CD11b- cells, enriched three- to fourfold in colony-forming cells, were stimulated in liquid culture with interleukin 3 (IL-3) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Cultures stimulated with IL-3 or GM-CSF increased cell numbers fourfold at 7 days, with the CD11b+ population increasing to 63% +/- 9% (n = 5) with IL-3 or 96% +/- 1% (n = 4) cells with GM-CSF. Functional responsiveness of the granulocytes and macrophages was assessed by flow cytometry in an oxidative burst assay using dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and a quantitative phagocytosis assay using opsonized fluorescent beads. Granulocytes and macrophages, identified by light scatter characteristics and allophycocyanine staining of CD11b, were assayed simultaneously with granulocytes from fresh mouse bone marrow and peripheral blood. GM-CSF-generated CD11b+ cells had higher oxidative responses than similar populations produced in response to IL-3. The oxidative burst of these in vitro generated CD11b+ populations was similar to the equivalent fresh bone marrow population. Oxidative burst responses of peripheral blood phagocytic cells could not be adequately measured in this system. Peripheral blood CD11b+ cells were the most phagocytic, followed by GM-CSF-stimulated CD11b+ cells; IL-3-stimulated and bone marrow CD11b+ cells were the least phagocytic. These data demonstrate that functional granulocytes can be produced in vitro using growth factors and that GM-CSF produces a more responsive cell than IL-3.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

A rapid method for purification of human granulocyte cationic neutral proteases: purification and characterization of human granulocyte chymotrypsin-like enzyme.

A chymotrypsin-like enzyme (EC 3.4.21.-) was purified from granules of human neutrophiles (polymorphonuclear leucocytes). The isolation procedure included differential salt extractions of the granules followed by affinity chromatography on 4-phenylbutylamine-Affi-Gel. This rapid purification method resulted in obtaining pure enzyme in relatively high yield in short time. The purified granulocyte chymotrypsin-like enzyme has a minimum Mr of 22 378, calculated from its amino acid composition. The Mr value obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis was 20 000-23 000. The enzyme did not react with antibodies which are monospecific to granulocyte elastase. The granulocyte chymotrypsin-like enzyme was inactivated by Dip-F and by the chloromethyl ketone derivatives Z-PheCH2Cl and Z-(Gly)2-PheCH2Cl but not by Tos-PheCH2Cl. It therefore appears that the enzyme has serine and histidine side chains in its active site, like pancreatic chymotrypsin. The granulocyte enzyme substrate specificity is similar to that of pac-Tyr-Nan and Ac-Phe-1-ONap. It also has an intrinsic weak hydrolytic activity towards some classical elastase substrates such as Boc-Ala-ONp and Ac-DL-Ala-1-ONap. The granulocyte enzyme is inhibited by human serum and by human alpha1-antitrypsin. Its affinity for alpha1-antitrypsin is weaker than that of granulocyte elastase for the same inhibitor. The enzyme is stable at neutral pH at 37 degrees C, but unstable at pH 3.5 and at elevated temperature.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1979

Beneficial effect of granulocyte transfusions in patients with defects in granulocyte function and severe infections.

A 3-year-old boy (patient A) with a congenital and a 24-year-old man (patient B) with an acquired granulocyte function defect received supportive granulocyte transfusions for the management of severe infections. The boy had suffered from recurrent infections since bith. His granulocytes showed in vitro almost no chemotactic responsiveness, an impaired phagocytosis and reduced intracellular killing of Candida albicans. Family studies suggested that it was an inherited autosomal recessive defect. The child developed a Pseudomonas pneumonia at the age of 3 years, which did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Granulocyte transfusions were then started and soon after the fever and pneumonia disappeared. Patient B showed the haematological signs of a preleukaemic state. He had 3 recurrent episodes of furunculosis which led each time to cellulitis and septic temperatures accompanied by symptoms of an enterocolitis. Tests of granulocyte function in vitro showed reduced intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Granulocyte transfusions were started, since no clinical improvement could be attained by antibiotics. With transfusion therapy, fever, cellulitis and enterocolitis disappeared each time.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis--an electron microscopic study including freeze-fracture. II. Granulocytes, erythrocytes, plasma cells and myeloid stroma.

In 5 patients with chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) bone marrow specimens were studied by electron microscopy to investigate possible abnormalities of the granulocytic cell lineage. Thin sections were compared with freeze-fracture replicas to elucidate further aspects of leucocyte cytology. The atypia exhibited in these cells (eosinophils, basophils and neutrophil granulocytes) consisted mostly of a disorganization of granulopoiesis with hyper- and hypogranulation, a pathological increase in the number of nuclear blebs and a maturation asynchrony sometimes leading to Pelger-like cell forms. Moreover, a presumptive stem cell was demonstrated in the erythopoietic and granulocytic cell lines resembling CFU cells. In conclusion, granulopoiesis in CMGM exhibited abnormalities as generally observed in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. When considered with our previous finding of malignancy in megakaryopoiesis, CMGM has to be classified as a myelosis of mixed cellularity.

Bone Marrow↗

PubMed1992

Levels of human serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor under pathological conditions.

Levels of serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with various leukocyte disorders were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Some cases of acute myelogenous leukemia and aplastic anemia showed elevated serum levels of G-CSF and/or GM-CSF, whereas almost all of 23 healthy controls showed G-CSF and GM-CSF levels lower than 100 pg/ml. High levels of both types of CSF were noted in patients with granulocytosis due to infection. These levels became lower after resolution of the infection. Daily changes in serum CSF levels were also examined in a patient with autoimmune neutropenia, and it was found that the peripheral neutrophilic granulocyte count changed almost in parallel with the serum G-CSF level but not with GM-CSF, following the pattern with a delay of about 4-5 h, suggesting the possibility that G-CSF mainly regulates peripheral neutrophil circulation.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor infusion makes high-dose etoposide a safe outpatient regimen that is effective in lymphoma and myeloma patients.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the efficacy of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) or recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) in ameliorating the extent and duration of hematologic toxicity after high-dose etoposide cancer therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloma patients were treated with 2 to 2.4 g/m2 etoposide infused intravenously (IV) during a 10- to 12-hour period, followed 72 hours later by subcutaneous administration of rhGM-CSF or rhG-CSF. Hematologic toxicity was compared with that observed in 29 patients who were treated with high-dose etoposide without growth factors. RESULTS: The median duration of grade 4 neutropenia in growth factor-treated patients was 3 days, and granulocyte counts never decreased to less than 100/microL in approximately half of the patients. The corresponding figures in the control patients were 8 and 3 days, respectively (P < .0001). No effect was observed in platelet and RBC recovery. Growth factor-treated patients became eligible to receive additional myelotoxic chemotherapy a median of 5 days earlier than controls. Nonhematologic toxicity was minimal. Grade 1 mucositis was observed in two of 61 patients (3%). Antitumor activity assessed within 1 month after etoposide administration was documented in 58% of 38 assessable patients. Finally, high-dose etoposide expanded and mobilized the pool of peripheral-blood hematopoietic progenitors. CONCLUSION: The use of rhGM-CSF or rhG-CSF makes high-dose etoposide a safe outpatient regimen and should encourage the inclusion of this highly effective and well-tolerated drug in novel treatment strategies that use high-dose therapy early in the clinical course of chemosensitive tumors.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Retinoic acid acts to neutralize the inhibitory effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on alkaline phosphatase activity of neutrophils that is induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF).

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known to act on the neutrophilic granulocytes from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients to induce neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) activity. Gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have been reported to suppress NAP induction with G-CSF. We confirmed that this inhibitory effect of GM-CSF is accompanied by the decrease of the NAP mRNA level. Moreover, we found that the simultaneous addition of retinoic acid completely neutralized this inhibitory effect of GM-CSF. Recovery of the NAP activity brought about by the retinoic acid was also accompanied by the increase of NAP mRNA level. These results indicate that retinoic acid neutralizes the inhibitory effect of GM-CSF on the induction of NAP activity through the change of the NAP mRNA level.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1992

Polycythemia vera. II. Hypersensitivity of bone marrow erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage, and megakaryocyte progenitor cells to interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a clonal disease of the hematopoietic stem cell characterized by a hyperplasia of marrow erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, and megakaryocytopoiesis. We previously reported that highly purified PV blood burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) are hypersensitive to recombinant human interleukin-3 (rIL-3). Because these cells may be only a subset, and not representative of marrow progenitors, we have now studied partially purified marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. Dose-response experiments with PV marrow BFU-E showed a 38-fold increase in sensitivity to rIL-3 and a 4.3-fold increase in sensitivity to recombinant human erythropoietin (rEpo) compared with normal marrow BFU-E. In addition, PV marrow colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and CFU-megakaryocyte (CFU-MK) also showed a marked hypersensitivity to rIL-3 and to human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF). Dose-response curves with rGM-CSF and blood BFU-E showed a 48-fold increase in sensitivity. No effect of rIL-4, rIL-6, human recombinant granulocyte-CSF (rG-CSF), or macrophage-CSF (rM-CSF) was evident, nor was there any effect of PV cell-conditioned medium on normal BFU-E, when compared with normal cell-conditioned medium. Autoradiography with 125I-rEpo showed an increase in Epo receptors after maturation of PV BFU-E to CFU-E similar to that shown with normal BFU-E, but no increase of specific binding of 125I-rIL-3 by PV CD34+ cells was seen compared with normal CD34+ cells. These studies show that PV marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells are hypersensitive to rIL-3 and rGM-CSF, similar to PV blood BFU-E. While the mechanism does not appear to be due to enhanced binding of rIL-3, the hypersensitivity of PV progenitor cells to IL-3 and GM-CSF may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of PV.

Bone Marrow↗

PubMed1977

The use of a phospholipase A-less Escherichia coli mutant to establish the action of granulocyte phospholipase A on bacterial phospholipids during killing by a highly purified granulocyte fraction.

Phospholipase A2 present in a highly purified, potently bactericidal, fraction from rabbit graulocytes produces net bacterial phospholipid degradation during killing of a phospholipase A-less strain of Escherichia coli. In the wild-type parent strain phospholipid breakdown is caused not only by the action of phospholipase A2 but also by phospholipase A1, indicating activation of the most prominent phospholipase of E. coli. This activation occurs as soon as the bacteria are exposed to the granulocyte fraction. Phospholipid breakdown by both phospholipases A is dose dependent but reaches a plateau after 30-60 min and at higher concentrations of the fraction. Phospholipid degradation is accompanied in both strains by an increase in permeability to actinomycin D that is also dose dependent. Even though net hydrolysis of phospholipids is greater in the parent strain than in the mutant, the increase in permeability is the same in the two strains. The addition of 0.04 M Mg2+, after the effects on phospholipids and permeability have become manifest, initiates in both strains the restoration of insensitivity to actinomycin D, the net resynthesis of phospholipids, and the disappearance of monoacylphosphatides and the partial disappearance of free fatty acids that had accumulated. Loss of ability to multiply is not reversed by Mg2+ in either strain. Less than 5 micrograms of granulocyte fraction causes loss of viability of from 90 to 99% of 1 X 10(8) microorganisms of both strains. However, at lower concentrations the parent strain is considerably more sensitive to the bactericidal effect of the granulocyte fraction than the mutant strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

A rapid method of purification of human granulocyte cationic neutral proteases: purification and further characterization of human granulocyte elastase.

Human granulocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.-) was isolated and purified (yield = 62%, purity = 91-100%) by a new short procedure using affinity chromatography using phenylbutylamine covalently linked to Affi-Gel. The granulocyte elastase was found to have a molecular weight of 34 400 by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight obtained from the amino acid composition was 34 970. The composition of elastase purified from normal leucocytes showed some significant differences from that of enzyme purified by others from leukemic leucocytes. The granulocyte elastase hydrolysed typical pancreatic elastase substrates like Boc-Ala-ONp and Ac-(Ala)3-Nan. The enzyme was also found to have a weak enzymatic activity in hydrolysing acetyl-L-phenylalanine-alpha-naphthyl ester, a typical chymotrypsin substrate. A monospecific antiserum raised against the purified enzyme gave a single precipitin line with the pure enzyme and also with crude granular extract, both lines being identical.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1979

Granulocyte-specific alloantigen loss in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.

The granulocytes of 23 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia were examined in the indirect immunofluorescence test and some also in the microleucoagglutination test, with specific alloantisera against the NA1, NA2, NB1 and ND1 antigens and a specific granulocyte xenoantiserum. In 10 cases a complete loss of alloantigens was detected. In one patient a partial loss was found. A significant correlation was established between this loss and an accelerated activity (impending blast crisis) of the disease.

Epitopes↗

PubMed1976

Effect of granulocyte chalone on acute and chronic granulocytic leukaemia in man. Report of seven cases.

This study reports results from the first clinical tests in which 7 patients with myeloid leukaemia (5 acute and 2 chronic leukaemias in metamorphosis) were treated from 4 to 45 days with granulocyte chalone, the tissue-specific endogenous inhibitor of granulopoiesis. It was observed that i.v. injection of partially purified chalone inhibits proliferation of leukaemic, and presumably also normal granulocytic cells, leaving all other cell types unaffected. Inhibition of leukaemic growth was distinct in 6 of the 7 patients; in 5 cases the inhibition was followed by acutal regression of the leukaemia, lasting up to several months in the absence of any maintenance therapy, and in one case the treatment led to a complete remission. Chalone treatment also resulted in an enhancement of erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, and in phenomena some of which were totally unexpected, such as immunostimulation and a remarkable resistance to bacterial infections in the presence of extreme granulocytopenia. This study shows that granulocyte chalone is biologically active against myeloid leukaemia in man, but not that the therapeutic value of the impure chalone is superior to modern cytostatic drugs. Long-term therapeutic trials were not possible with the partially purified preparations available, mainly because of side-effects which prevented adequate dosing.

Adult↗