The hated patient and his hating attendants.
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Adult↗
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Results for “HATE”
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Clinical and developmental dimensions of hate.
Bridging concepts of aggression, affect, and attitude, hate emerges during the process of separation-individuation concurrent with ego development and persisting intrapsychic conflict and fantasy. Rage precedes hate developmentally, though later the two are amalgamated both developmentally and clinically. Hate is the negative pole of ambivalence and is a component of all self- and object representations and object relationships. When excessive and unmodulated, hate interferes with object relations and personality development. Paradoxically, hate may also subserve adaptation and personality organization. Transference hate is often a greater problem for the psychoanalyst or psychotherapist than is transference love. Transference hate threatens the analyst's narcissism and neutrality and tests the analyst's tolerance and patience. The patient's intense hate is often experienced as a direct assault on the analytic relationship and the analytic process. Countertransference hate and the need to defend against it are of great clinical importance. Because it runs counter to analytic ideals and values, the analyst's hatred of the patient may be denied, minimized, rationalized, enacted, or vicariously gratified and may occasion great resistance to analytic self-scrutiny. Countertransference hate is often an unrecognized determinant in cases of analytic and therapeutic impasse. A classic contribution by D.W. Winnicott to the recognition and elucidation of countertransference hate is reevaluated.
Adult↗
Youth hate crimes: identification, prevention, and intervention.
OBJECTIVE: Youth hate crimes are a societal problem in which young people turn extremist ideas into acts of violence. To develop methods for prevention, early identification, and intervention, mental health professionals must have an awareness and understanding of this issue. To provide a basis for developing such an understanding, the authors review the current research related to youth hate crimes. METHOD: The authors review the literature primarily from the past 10 years on youth hate crimes. RESULTS: Studies have established that most hate crimes are committed by single or small groups of young males unaffiliated with organized hate groups. Although limited information is available about the causative factors of hatred, a variety of prevention and intervention strategies have been employed. Yet, little has been done to evaluate these various initiatives. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of literature available to guide mental health professionals in the identification, evaluation, and treatment of offenders, despite increasing concerns and awareness regarding the profound consequences of acts of hatred and extremism. CONCLUSIONS: Heightened public awareness and greater understanding of the epidemiology and nature of hate crimes is necessary if perpetrators are to be recognized and effective interventions developed. To achieve this goal, databases of juvenile hate crimes must be developed nationwide, and the success of preventive, educational, and alternative sentencing programs must be assessed. Mental health professionals play a critical role in the detection and treatment of juvenile perpetrators, and it is incumbent upon them to develop interventions for individuals and communities affected by hate crimes.
Adolescent↗
Hate in the rehabilitation setting.
Hate has been overlooked as a clinical issue in the rehabilitation setting. Factors are discussed which make hate an intrinsic part of the rehabilitation process. Four common situations that involve hate are described. Dealing with hate is difficult because the natural responses, retaliation or aversion, are harmful. New ways of understanding hate that enable therapeutic responses are provided. These include viewing hate as: 1) an expression of powerlessness, not strength, which frequently results from the clinical state of regression; 2) a maladaptive way to maintain, not end a relationship; and 3) a result of staff-patient interaction, not a purely objective phenomenon. An understanding of these concepts leads to the proper use of the two major therapeutic responses to hate: empathy and nonpunitive limit setting.
Adult↗
Hate crime violence and its emergency department management.
As the 21st century approaches, the United States is moving, toward a more pluralistic society with regard to race, ethnicity, and national origin. With this increase in diversity has come a resurgence of hate crime violence. Scant information is available in the medical literature about hate crime violence, hate groups, hate crime violence legislation, or the physical and psychologic sequelae of hate crime violence on the individual and its effects on the community. Guidelines for the treatment of victims of hate crime violence in the prehospital care setting, ED, and inpatient setting are proposed.
Clinical Protocols↗
Hate crimes against gay males: an overview.
As the United States has become more multicultural and diverse, there has been an increase in violence motivated by hate. Hate crimes against gay males are the most prevalent of the hate crimes based on sexual orientation. Hate crimes have their roots in normative, individual, and societal attitudes and ideologies that lead to intimidation, bullying, teasing, physical assault, rape, and murder. This paper provides an overview of the issues specific to hate crime assaults against gay males. Mental health nurses may find this knowledge useful in developing further nursing inquiry, education, and clinical practice related to hate crime and violence prevention.
Crime↗
Hate revisited: power, envy, and greed in the rehabilitation setting.
Hate has been recognized as an important psychological element in the rehabilitation setting. Hate emanates from a variety of sources, including the patient, his family, and staff; it can also stem from various systems influences and is perpetuated by power, envy, and greed. This article examines several systems factors that contribute to hate and conflict in the rehabilitation setting. It is argued that the growth and rapid expansion of rehabilitative services, the incorporation of rehabilitation enterprises along with new career opportunities, and quests for power potentially contribute to the enhancement of hate. Ultimately, this hate can interfere with the quality of care and outcomes in rehabilitation if it is not recognized and addressed.
Career Choice↗
Vicarious annihilation: the effect of mortality salience on perceptions of hate crimes.
Previous research has found that reminding participants of their mortality creates a need for individuals to maintain and defend subjective cultural worldviews. As a result, mortality salient participants typically strive to uphold legal sanctions and also react negatively to individuals who espouse alternative worldview beliefs, exhibiting behaviors toward those targets ranging from verbal derogation to physical aggression. This paper extends this line of research by examining perceptions of hate crimes. Hate crimes represent a unique class of crime where both the perpetrator and victim may be viewed as worldview violators. Study 1 revealed that mortality salient participants were more supportive of hate crime legislation than were control participants when hate crimes were described in abstract terms and no specific victim was mentioned. In Study 2, a specific victim who posed a potential worldview threat was identified. In this case, mortality salient participants were less punitive toward offenders who attacked these specific worldview-threatening victims.
Analysis of Variance↗
Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.
Questionnaire data about criminal victimization experiences were collected from 2,259 Sacramento-area lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (N = 1,170 women, 1,089 men). Approximately 1/5 of the women and 1/4 of the men had experienced victimization because of their adult sexual orientation. Hate crimes were less likely than nonbias crimes to have been reported to police. Compared with other recent crime victims, lesbian and gay hate-crime survivors manifested significantly more symptoms of depression, anger, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. They also displayed significantly more crime-related fears and beliefs, lower sense of mastery, and more attributions of their personal setbacks to sexual prejudice than did nonbias crime victims and nonvictims. Comparable differences were not observed among bisexuals. The findings highlight the importance of recognizing hate-crime survivors' special needs in clinical settings and in public policy.
Adult↗
Hate crimes on the internet.
The Internet serves as a channel for electronic communication on an international level. While communication on the Internet has grown exponentially, the proliferation of crimes in cyberspace has become rampant. Hate crimes, in particular, have become increasingly prevalent on the Internet. In this past decade, the United States government has taken significant measures to combat the proliferation of hate crimes. This paper reports six cases of "cyberhate" crimes and emphasizes pertinent legal issues surrounding them. Current modes of intervention are discussed, ranging from local to national levels. The forensic psychiatrist may undertake a challenging role in the interpretation of the hateful criminal mind at the interface of psychiatry and the law.
Crime↗
Technical approaches to transference hate in the analysis of borderline patients.
Transference hate presents a major obstacle to effective analytic work with borderline patients. In a subgroup of these patients, the analyst is hated relentlessly in a manner that seems unresponsive to interpretation. The persistent projective identification of hated aspects of the patient's internal world may erode the analyst's ability to maintain his analytic posture and lead to various forms of countertransference acting out. A prolonged period of containment is required for both patient and analyst before they are likely to converge in an 'analytic space' where interpretation will be effective.
Adult↗
The impact of hate violence on victims: emotional and behavioral responses to attacks.
Criminal acts stemming from prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity--frequently referred to as "hate violence"--have increased during recent years. This study explored the nature of hate attacks and victims' responses to them. The sample consisted of 59 victims and included black, white, and Southeast Asian people. Data were obtained through focus group meetings, individual interviews, and questionnaires. More than half of the victims reported experiencing a series of attacks rather than a single attack. Anger, fear, and sadness were the emotional responses most frequently reported by victims. About one-third of the victims reported behavioral responses such as moving from the neighborhood or purchasing a gun. The responses of hate violence victims were similar to those of victims of other types of personal crime. Implications for social work intervention are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Ferenczi's Clinical Diary: on loving and hating.
The author considers that Ferenczi's work has had a significant influence both on theorising and on the clinical practice of psychoanalysis. His 'Diary', written with such personal candour and presented with such consistency of reflective orientation, reveals many of the assumptions that found Ferenczi's work and thought. One enormously significant aspect of Ferenczi's work concerns his rendering of hatred and hate-reactions as 'insane' and 'unreal'. This understanding is based on a view of the infant/child as originally non-instinctually-driven, as gentle, tender and, in a definite sense, wise/omniscient. Love between individuals would be the only emotional tie proper to this natural arrangement. Given such a rendering, the interpretation of the significance of the patient's own hate/hatred in the treatment setting is inevitably and necessarily foreclosed. In place of this, the analyst's/Ferenczi's own hatred is revealed in 'mutual analysis' in the hope that through this 'confession' the analyst's emotional failings and limitations may be 'forgiven'. It is argued that this foreclosure of the interpretation and handling of hate in the treatment only increases its persecutory aspect. It is further argued that 'love-offerings' within or even outside of treatment, in any form, are never an adequate response to persecutory hate, and this for precise reasons.
Adult↗
Hate crimes against lesbians and gay men. Issues for research and policy.
Antigay hate crimes (words or actions that are intended to harm or intimidate individuals because they are lesbian or gay) constitute a serious national problem. In recent surveys, as many as 92% of lesbians and gay men report that they have been the targets of antigay verbal abuse or threats, and as many as 24% report physical attacks because of their sexual orientation. Assaults may have increased in frequency during the last few years, with many incidents now including spoken references to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by the assailants. Trends cannot be assessed, however, because most antigay hate crimes are never reported and no comprehensive national surveys of antigay victimization have been conducted. Suggestions are offered for research and policy.
Crime↗
Love, hate, anger, and jealousy in close relationships: a prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis.
The aim of this research was to make a prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis of 4 emotions within marriage. In Study 1, 160 Ss recalled and wrote about a partner-related love, hate, anger, or jealousy incident. Distinct prototypes and appraisal patterns were obtained. In Study 2, 80 Ss wrote accounts of hypothetical love, hate, anger, and jealousy events in marriage. The results suggested both recalled and hypothetical accounts were derived from the same knowledge structures. In Study 3, Ss matched emotions to events described with varying amounts of prototypical and appraisal information, derived from Study 1. Adding such information significantly increased emotion-matching accuracy over the event-description-only condition. The results are discussed in relation to prototype and cognitive appraisal theories of emotion in close relationships.
Adult↗
Taking care of the hateful patient.
"Hateful patients" are not those with whom the physician has an occasional personality clash. As defined here they are those whom most physicians dread. The insatiable dependence of "hateful patients" leads to behaviors that group them into four stereotypes: dependent clingers, entitled demanders, manipulative help-rejecters and self-destructive deniers. The physician' negative reactions constitute important clinical data that should facilitate better understanding and more appropriate psychological management for each. Clingers evoke aversion; their care requires limits on expectations for an intense doctor-patient relationship. Demanders evoke a wish to counterattack; such patients need to have their feelings of total entitlement rechanneled into a partnership that acknowledges their entitlement--not to unrealistic demands but to good medical care. Help-rejecters evoke depression; "sharing" their pessimism diminishes their notion that losing the symptom implies losing the doctor. Self-destructive deniers evoke feeling of malice; their management requires the physician to lower Faustian expectations of delivering perfect care.
Adult↗
Patients who hate.
Few experiences in the life of the mental health professional are more unpleasant than being intensely hated by a patient he is trying to help. In most cases the hatred is mitigated by periods where the patient sees the treater as more helpful and less malevolent, a shift that makes the treatment process more tolerable. However, there are patients who hate relentlessly, presenting a challenge that taxes the therapist's emotional and intellectual resources to an extraordinary degree.
Borderline Personality Disorder↗
On hating in the first person plural: thinking psychoanalytically about racism, homophobia, and misogyny.
On the basis of personal, cultural, and clinical references, misogyny, homophobia, and racism are conceptualized as structured forms of hatred grounded in a defensive use of the first person plural voice. This use of hatred defends against dangers associated with desires linked to the first person singular. In these hatreds, "I want" is defensively transformed into "we hate." Disidentification from and hatred of the object appear where identification and yearning had been. Along with this defensive move into plurality, with these forms of hatred comes the use of what is conceptualized as the "hermeneutics of transparency." Here the hated qualities of the objects in question are sensed to be transparently obvious, a matter not of thought but of perception. The underlying premises of these hatreds are then contrasted with the underlying premises of psychoanalysis. Effective psychoanalytic work with these hatreds entails resisting the moral pressure to disidentify from them, while bearing the often profound discomfort linked with identifying with them.
Attitude↗