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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1979

[Detection of HBsAg and HBeAg in cleaning, rinsing and storage solutions of contact lenses and in tear fluid of carriers of HBsAg (author's transl)].

Hepatitis-B-surface antigen (HBsAg) was not detected by sensitive radioimmunoassays in the tear fluids of 6 HBsAg carriers with low and medium titers of HBsAg (less than 1:10,000) in the serum. However, HBsAg could be demonstrated in low concentrations in tear fluids of 5 of 6 HBsAg carriers with high serum titers (greater than 1:10,000). The concentration of HBsAg in the tear fluid was at least 100 times lower than in the sera of these 5 persons. Correspondingly HBsAg could be found in only 1 of the rinsing and in none of the storage solutions of the contact lenses of 7 persons with high titers of HBsAg in the serum (greater than 1:32,000). HBsAg was not adsorbed to smooth HEMA-lenses. Because of the low concentration of HBsAg in tear fluids and the dilution effect (about 5 x 10(-10)) the transmission of hepatitis B by multiple use of contact lenses by several persons during adaption is lighly unlikely. In addition, a special cleaning solution (Liprofin) can destroy nearly completely the antigenicity of HBsAg at 60 degrees C.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1976

[Immune response to HBsAg, HBcAg and e-antigen in patients with acute hepatitis and HBsAg carriers with and without liver diseases].

Humoral and/or cell-mediated (CMI) immune responses to HBAg components, human and rabbit liver specific proteins (HLP and RLP) and tuberculin were tested in patients with acute virus B and non-B-hepatitis, asymptomatic HBsAg carriers and HBsAg positive chronic active hepatitis (CAH). Furthermore, the presence of HBsAg, HBcAg and/or "e"-antigen has been studied in patients with sera and/or liver tissue. Asymptomatic HBsAg carriers are characterized by a status of immunological tolerance against HBsAg. HBcAg in liver nuclei could not be detected. All sera were positive for anti-HBc, some had anti "e". - Patients with uneventful acute virus-B-hepatitis developed CMI against HBsAg 4-6 weeks and anti-HBs 4-6 months after onset of the disease. Acute virus hepatitis without detectable HBsAg are defined as non-B-hepatitis by negative humoral and cell-mediated immune reaction against HBsAg 1-12 months after onset of the disease. - Patients with type B chronic active hepatitis are characterized by inadequate CMI against HBsAg without immune elimination of virus and virusantigens. Acute and chronic type-B-hepatitis showed temporary or constant CMI against HLP. These findings suggest an alteration or a carrier function of membrane antigens of virus infected hepatocytes or an induction of new membrane antigens by a virus. The results indicate that recovery from type B-hepatitis is associated with the ability to elicit a specific immune response to HBsAg. Furthermore immune responses to virus, virus antigens and virusinfected hepatocytes seemed to be the pathogenic principle of virus induced acute and chronic liver diseases.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1979

Labeling of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) synthesized in a HBsAg-producing hepatoma cell line.

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) could be studied until recently only by isolating it from the blood of carriers, thus making incorporation of radioactive precursors into this protein(s) impossible. The isolation of a cell line producing HBsAg [Alexander et al, 1978] has eliminated this obstacle. The cell line was therefore used for labeling HBsAg either with 35S-methionine or with 35S-cystine. HBsAg was purified by pelleting the component and by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl gradients. HBsAg-positive fractions (as determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay) were isolated from the gradients and analyzed in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels. It was found that although HBsAg contains substantial amounts of 35S-cystine, very little 35S-methionine was incorporated into this protein. In contrast, both labels were found in other structures having a buoyant density of about 1.3 gm/cm3 in CsCl. It was concluded that HBsAg is very low in methionine, and therefore this amino acid should not be used for labeling HBsAg in cells or in a cell-free system. Analysis of 35S-cystine-labeled HBsAg-positive material (buoyant density about 1.2 gm/cm3 in CsCl) revealed five proteins with molecular weights in the range of 48,000-82,000.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed1979

Failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in feces of HBsAg-positive persons.

Since previous studies did not provide conclusive data regarding the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the feces of HBsAg carriers, the feces of 20 HBsAg carriers and six patients with HBsAg-positive active liver disease were examined with use of a reproducible method for concentrating and detecting HBsAg in feces in which bovine serum, which has been shown to protect HBsAg destruction by fecal components, was added to the fecal specimens. HBsAg was not detected in 66 fecal specimens from the 26 HBs-Ag-positive persons. Furthermore, HBsAg could not be detected in the feces of a carrier who had ingested 4 ml of his own serum. This finding suggests that there are factors in the gastrointestinal tract that interfere with the immunoreactivity of the HBsAg and possibly destroy the hepatitis B virus. These findings explain why oral/fecal spread does not play a major role in the transmission of hepatitis B virus.

Carrier State↗

PubMed1977

Detection, by three techniques, of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and determination of HBsAg and anti-HBs titres in patients with chronic liver disease.

The sensitivities of three technqiues used to detect serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were compared in 411 patients with various types of chronic liver disease. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved an unreliable test. Two haemagglutination technqiues were slightly less sensitive than radioimmunoassay but were more rapidly performed. Less sensitive techniques were particularly unreliable in active liver disease where HBsAg titres were low. HBsAg was detected in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, chronic active liver disease with or without cirrhosis, and primary liver cell carcinoma. Forty-six of the 68 (68%) HBsAg positive subjects were males coming from outside the United Kingdom. The HBsAg titres in 13 subjects with chronic persistent hepatitis were significantly higher (P less than 0-001) than those in 43 subjects with chronic active liver disease. Corticosteroid therapy did not alter the HBsAg titre significantly. None of the 28 HBsAg positive subjects studied serially for up to two years cleared HBsAg from the serum. Anti-HBs was examined by passive haemagglutination and found in 35 subjects, 26 of whom had no evidence of liver disease, 80% came from abroad. Anti-HBs was believed to be of epidemiological rather than of pathological importance.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1979

[Histotopographic demonstration of hepatitis-B-surface-antigen (HBSAg) in liver-biopsies with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)-method in symptomfree HBSAg-carriers].

In 241 paraffin-embedded liver-biopsies of HBSAg-positive, voluntary blood-donors hepacellular HBSAg was demonstrated with the immunomorphologic peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)-method. In all sections, HBSAg-positive liver-cells were estimated, their distribution-pattern was assessed and different types of cytoplasmatic localisation of HBSAg were described. Despite high sensitivity of the PAP-method, 24% of seropostive cases were histologically negative. A correlation of HBSAg-content and histologic diagnosis was lacking. An association of high HBSAg-content with non-aggressive liver-disease and of low HBSAg-content with aggressive liver-disease in a single biopsy could not be found in our material in contrast to the literature. 34 patients were followed up through 4-6 years. Constant or improved liver-histology was associated with increased, deterioration with decreased HBSAg-tissue-content.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1976

[Histocompatibility-(HLA) antigens in patients with HBsAg positive and negative hepatitis and healthy carriers of HBsAg and anti-HBs. (author's transl)].

New own data and a survey of published data concerning the frequencies of 23 HLA antigens in patients with HBsAg positive and negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and healthy carriers of Hepatitis-surface antigen (HBsAg) and high titers of antibodies to HBaAg (Anti-HBs) allow to conclude as follows: 1. Patients with CAH and persistence of HBsAg show a normal frequency of HLA-B8. 2. There is no increased frequency of HLA-B8 in HBsAg negative CAH without autoimmune antibodies. 3. Only in patients with HBsAg negative CAH with autoimmune antibodies is the frequency of HLA-B8 is statistically significantly increased (p less than 0.01 after correction for the number of antigens and different groups of patients compared). These are patients with the autoimmune form of CAH. 4. There exist no significant differences in the frequencies of the HLA antigens tested in patients with HBsAg positive CAH and healthy carriers of HBsAg and Anti-HBs. Thus no indications could be found for HLA-associated factors in the different behaviour to the hepatitis-B virus.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) infection in a hemodialysis unit. II. Factors affecting host immune response to HBsAg.

Serum from 86 hemodialysis patients, 105 healthy hospital staff "at risk" and 160 regular hospital staff was screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs). The combined prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was higher in the staff of the artificial kidney unit (57.7%) than in the hemodialysis patients (33.7%). The healthy subjects with HBsAg infection responded significantly more often by producing anti-HBs compared with the hemodialysis patients. Twelve of 29 (41.4%) hemodialysis patients with HBsAg infection produced anti-HBs, while 17 (58.6%) remained positive for HBsAg. This differential response could not be attributed to age, sex, time spent undergoing hemodialysis, delayed cutaneous reactivity or response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). However, a much larger proportion of patients with HBsAg than with anti-HBs had previously received blood transfusions (88.2% v. 33.3%). Our results indicate that development of the chronic HBsAg carrier state or production of anti-HBs in uremic patients may be influenced by the route of immunization or the dose of antigen, or both. Although uremic patients maintain normal in vitro response to PHA and PWM, they may have depressed immunity in vivo because of a decreased total number of T-lymphocytes.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of HBsAg and the related antibody (HBsAb) with the radioimmunological method. Behavior of the HBeAg-HBcAb system in HBsAg-positive patients].

A radioimmunological assay was made of HBsAg and HBsAb in 183 patients during the course of acute viral hepatitis, 23 with prior HBsAg-positive hepatitis, 72 with chronic liver disease, 822 blood donors, 44 patients and 28 staff members from two dialysis centres, and the medical and paramedical staff of several high-risk departments. Microimmunodiffusion on agar was also used to determine HBeAg and HBeAb in the same 183 acute hepatitis patients, 37 HBsAg+ blood donors, 20 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, the patients of two haemodialysis centres and the staff of departments at high risk for hepatitis B. Attention is drawn to the marked incidence (5.5%) of chronic HBsAg carriers in the blood donors, and the considerable circulation of virus B in the population examined, HBsAb-positivity (27.6%) being also an expression of this. Stress is also laid on the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the study of the HBsAg-HBsAb system during acute and chronic hepatitis. The importance of serum hepatitis B markers in the transmission of this disease in dialysis centres and other high-risk departments and in its prevention is underscored. Lastly, emphasis is laid on the appreciable progress that analysis of the e-anti-e system offers in the prognostic assessment of type B hepatitis, attention being also drawn to the fact that the dynamics of this system is even more complex and interesting than had first been thought. An assessment of this kind is useful in the differentiation of "contagious" and "non-contagious" HBsAg carriers.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1978

Evaluation of assay methods for hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) antigen and its antibody (anti-HBs) in viral hepatitis B (VHB)-HBsAg-positive.

The sensitivity of methods for the detection of HBsAg and its anti-HBs was compared in serial 1200 sera samples from 30 patients with VHB-HBsAg-positive. HBsAg was tested by gel-diffusion (GD), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), reversed haemogglutination (rHA), redioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RIA and EIA methods are statistically significantly more sensitive compared with the other methods (P less than 0.0005). By these methods the minimal concentrations of HBsAg in sera can be proved. Although there is no statistically significant difference in the sensitivity between RIA and EIA, the latter is more sensitive if the subtype ay-HBsAg is considered (12 sera samples). In 24 patients the subtype was ay, in two ad, and in four it could not be differentiated. In 70% of patients anti-HBs was proved by RIA and in 10% by CIE, i.e., in 73% and 9% of sera samples, respectively. In 117 sera samples of these patients the sensitivity of RIA and EIA was compared for determination of anti-HBs. No statistically significant difference between the methods for determination of anti-HBs was found (50.42%: 40.17%). No immune response to HBsAg has been observed in 9 cases, but 6 of them have remained permanent carriers of this antigen.

Aged↗

PubMed1978

Properties of delipidated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and preparation of its proteolytic cleavage fragments carrying HBsAg-specific antigenic determinants.

Treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with either chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) or 50% 1,1',3,3'-tetramethylurea did not affect the morphological integrity of the particles (about 20 nm in diameter), although the major portion of lipids was released as indicated by their increased buoyant density in CsCl (1.27 g/cm3 as compared with 1.20 g/cm3 for intact HBsAg). The antigenicity and polypeptide composition of HBsAg was not altered by delipidation. The carbohydrate chains of HBsAg contain penultimate beta-D-galactosyl residues. HBsAg was cleaved by chymotrypsin into fragments which were smaller than intact HBsAg by two orders of magnitude and which contained both the a and d determinants.

Chymotrypsin↗

PubMed1976

Induction of antibody to the "y" determinant of HBsAg in a chimpanzee carrier of HBsAg subtype "adw".

Antibody to the y determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was induced in a chimpanzee chronically infected with hepatitis B virus and circulating HBsAg subtype adw. The chimpanzee was immunized with purified preparations of HBsAg subtypes adw and ayw. Six weeks after immunization, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) specific for the y determinant, appeared. No change occurred in titers of HBsAg or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and "e" antigen remained detectable. The circulating HBsAg subtype adw remained present despite the persistence of anti-y for greater than 8 months.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Prevention of chronic HBsAg carrier state in infants of HBsAg-positive mothers by hepatitis B immunoglobulin.

21 children of HBsAg-carrier mothers were given 0.5 ml/kg hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) within 48 h after birth and subsequently 0.16 ml/kg every month for 6 months; 20 children were not treated. None of the HBIg-treated children became HBsAg positive, compared with 5 of the untreated children (p less than 0.02). 2 of 3 children who were not started on HBIg until the fourth or fifth day after birth also became HBsAg positive. 4 children of mothers who had acute hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy were treated with HBIg and remained HBsAg negative, whereas another, untreated, child became HBsAg positive.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1978

Epidemiology of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg in hospital personnel.

The epidemiology of hepatitis B in hospital personnel was studied by testing of sera from 3,770 employees of the Medical School of Hannover (Hannover, West Germany) for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its corresponding antibody (anti-HBs) by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. An average prevalence of 2.2% for HBsAg and 11.7% for anti-HBs was found. Physicians (18.2%), nurses (20.1%), and members of the cleaning service (26.3%) showed the highest frequencies of HBsAg or anti-HBs carriage. In a study of age- and sex-matched personnel, nurses showed a significantly (P less than 0.01) higher rate of infection than a control group with less exposure to infectious materials. The frequency of HBsAg or anti-HBs was highest in persons associated with dialysis (31.3%), anesthesiology (31.0%), ophthalmology (29.4%, neurosurgery (28.0%), and surgery (24.4%). The rate of infection was significantly higher in surgical departments (24.4%) than in nonsurgical ones (13.3%). Persons who had been nursing patients with hepatitis were significantly (P less than 0.05) more frequently carriers of HBsAg or anti-HBs than a comparable control group.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Radioimmunological determination of HBeAg/anti-HBe in HBsAg-positive liver diseases and in "healthy" HBsAg carriers].

This paper describes a "solid-phase"-radioimmunoassay for the demonstration of HBeAg and anti-HBe. The investigations revealed the following results: 1. HBeAg is positive in all patients with acute type B-hepatitis during the acute phase of illness. During the normal course of the disease HBeAg turns to negative followed by an anti-HBe lasting for several months. 2. Cases with a persistent virus B-replication as HBsAg-positive CPH, CAH or patients on hemodialysis are positive for HBeAg in their serum. By means of the fluorescent antibody technique these patients have demonstrable HBcAg and HBeAg in their liver biopsies. 3. Healthy HBsAg carriers are anti-HBe-positive in their serum. In their liver biopsies there are no signs of an on-going virus B-replication (HBsAg and HBeAg negative). 4. The radioimmunological determination of HBeAg and anti-HBe enables us to differentiate between the groups with HBsAg positive acute or chronic hepatitis and the group of healthy HBsAg-carriers.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1978

[The different biochemical course of HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive hepatitis (author's transl)].

In 73 patients with HBsAg negative hepatitis and in 94 patients with HBsAg positive hepatitis (hepatitis B) laboratory findings were compared: GOT, GPT, AP, gamma-GT, bilirubin, sedimentation rate and gamma-globulins. In the beginning of the disease there was little difference. But comparing the maximal values patients with hepatitis B showed significantly higher GOT, GPT, de-Ritis, and bilirubin levels than patients with HBsAg-negative hepatitis. There was a correlation between de Ritis quotient and bilirubin. The difference of HBsAg negative and HBsAg positive hepatitis might be due to different reactions of cellular mediated immunity.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Immune response to HBsAg and the spectrum of liver lesions in HBsAg-positive patients with chronic renal disease.

Evidence of chronic hepatitis was found on histological examination in nine out of 15 patients positive for hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) who had either chronic renal failure or a functioning renal transplant. Cirrhosis had already developed in three of the patients, who deteriorated rapidly and died. Liver biopsies from the remaining 12 patients showed the features of chronic aggressive hepatitis in two, chronic persistent hepatitis in four, and minor histological lesions in six. The persistence of HBsAg in patients with renal failure or in those receiving immunosuppressive drugs after a transplant must indicate some impairment of the normal immune response to hepatitis-B viral antigens. Nevertheless, cellular or humoral immunity to HBsAg was detected in all eight patients with chronic hepatitis tested compared with only one out of five with minimal liver lesions, which suggests that the severity of the liver damage may be directly related to the degree of immunocompetence.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Correlations between the detection of e antigen or antibody and electron microscopic pattern of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) associated particles in the serum of HBsAg carriers.

The distribution of HBsAg associated particles, especially the presence of Dane particles, was studied by electron microscopy in coded sera of 68 chronic HBsAg carriers. Results were correlated with the detection of eAg or Ab and clinical diagnosis. Sera from haemodialysis and chronic hepatitis patients showed a high prevalence of e antigenaemia (9/13, 69-2% and 8/19, 42-1%) and Dane particles (11 and 16 respectively, 84%). By contrast, out of 36 chronic asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg, 28 (77-7%) were positive for e antibody but only 1 (2-7%) had eAg. Dane particles were found in 13/36 (36-1%). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the detection of eAg and the presence of Dane particles (94-4%) in the serum. However, Dane particles were still observed in 10/28 (35-7%) of anti-e positive sera. The data suggest that eAg may be linked to complete HB virions.

Antibodies↗